英国文学期末复习资料整理

大三·下英国文学期末复习资料张旭一、名词解释{5题/10分}apostrophe:afigureofspeechinwhichthespeakeraddressesadeadorabsentperson,orananimal,objectorabstractidea.dramaticmonologue:akindofpoeminwhichasinglefictionalorhistoricalcharacterotherthanthepoetspeakstoasilentlistener,revealingunwittinglythingsabouthimselforherself.satire:akindofwritingthatexpressesthevicesandfolliesofindividuals,institutions,orsocietiestoridiculeandscorn.ode:arhymedlyricalpoemwhichexpressesnoblefeelingsoftenaddressedtoaperson,anobjectorcelebratinganevent.terzarima:apoeticformconsistingofaseriesofunitsofthreelinesrhymingaba,bcb,cdc,ded,etc.Byronichero:arebeloroutlawwhoisstrong-willed,disillusioned,friendless,alwaysatwarwiththeconventionalworld.parody:theimitativeuseofwords,style,attitude,toneandideasofanauthorinsuchawayastomakethemridiculous.epistolarynovel:anovelwrittenintheformofaseriesoflettersexchangedamongthecharactersofthestory,withextractsfromtheirjournalssometimesincluded.二、文学史常识：作家作品，相关流派{10题/10分}1．WilliamWordsworth(华兹华斯1770-1850)【1】作品特点{P6}：Closetonature——hehadaprofoundlovefornature.Hethoughtthatnaturehadamoralvalueandhasitsphilosophicalsignificance.【2】相关作品{P6}：TheRecluse:longpoemwhichillustratedhisthinkingoflife,butitremainsunfinished.ThePrelude(1850):longpoemwhichtellsthegrowthofhismind.LyricalBallads(1798):animportantpieceofliteraturecriticisminEnglishliterature.Itcanbereadasadeclarationofromanticism.【3】代表作品{P17}：IWanderedLonelyAsaCloudIwanderedlonelyasacloud

Thatfloatsonhigho'ervalesandhills,

WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,

Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils;

Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,

Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.

Continuousasthestarsthatshine

Andtwinkleonthemilkyway,

Theystretchedinnever-endingline

Alongthemarginofabay:

TenthousandsawIataglance,

Tossingtheirheadsinsprightlydance.

Thewavesbesidethemdanced;butthey

Out-didthesparklingwavesinglee:

Apoetcouldnotbutbegay,

Insuchajocundcompany:

Igazed--andgazed--butlittlethought

Whatwealththeshowtomehadbrought:

Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie

Invacantorinpensivemood,

Theyflashuponthatinwardeye

Whichistheblissofsolitude;

Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,

Anddanceswiththedaffodils.2．GeorgeGordonByron(拜伦1788-1824)【1】作品特点：Heisinterestedindemocracy【2】关于作者{P41-42}：Bornofanoblebloodbothonpaternalandmaternallines.HewasgoodfriendswithShellyInthestyleofPope,hesatiricallyattackedWordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey,andtheEdinburghcritics.AfterheattainedhisM.A.degree,hestayedforsometimeonhisestateandledadissipated(奢靡的)lifeFrom1809to1811,hemadeagrandtouroftheContinent.【3】相关作品：EnglishBardsandScotchReviewers:hisfirstimportantpoemHoursofIdleness：acollectionoflyricalverseChildeHarold’sPilgrimage:firsttwocantos(篇章)OrientalTales:aseriesofromanticnarrativeversesPrometheus,SonnetonChillon,andthePrisonerofChillon.ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage:histhirdandfourthcantos.【4】代表作品{P59}：SheWalksinBeautyShewalksinbeauty,likethenightOfcloudleeclimesandstarryskies:Andallthat’sbestofdarkandbrightMeetinheraspectandhereyes:ThusmellowedtothattenderlightWhichheaventogaudydaydenies.Oneshadethemore,oneraytheless,HadhalfimpairedthenamelessgraceWhichwavesineveryraventress,Orsoftlylightenso’erherface;WherethoughtsserenelysweetexpressHowpure,howdeartheirdwellingplace.Andonthatcheek,ando’erthatbrow,Sosoft,socharm,yeteloquent,Thesmilesthatwin,thetintsthatglow,Buttellofdaysingoodnessspent,Amindatpeacewithallbelow,Aheartwhoseloveisinnocent!3．PercyByssheShelley(雪莱1792--1822)【1】关于作者{P61-62}：Heelopedwithayounggirl,Harriet,atlastshewascommittedsuicide.ShemetGodwinandfellinlovewithhisdaughterMaryGodwin.HermotherwasMaryWollstonecraft(1759-1797),achampionforwomen’srightsandtheauthoressofAVindicationoftheRightsofWoman(1792)HewasdrownedinatempestwhilesailinginaboatalongthecoastofItaly.【3】相关作品：Alastor(1816),TheRevoltofIslam(1818),TheMaskofAnarchy(1819):allegorical〔讽喻的〕poemsPrometheusUnbound(1820),Hellas〔1822〕，andTheCenci(1819):lyricaldramas.Adonis(1821):apoemhewroteonthedeathofKeatsOdetotheWestWind(1819):themostwell-knownone.TheDefenceofPoetry(1821):publishedin1840afterthepoet’sdeath.【4】代表作品{P67-70}：OdetotheWestWind1、OWildWestWind,thoubreatheofAutumn’sbeingThou,fromwhoseunseenpresencetheleavesdeadAredriven,likeghostsfromanenchanterfleeing,Yellow,andblack,andpale,andhecticred,Pestilence-strickenmultitudes:OthouWhochariltesttotheirdarkwintrybedThewingedseeds,wheretheyliecoldandlow,Eachlikeacorpsewithinitsgrave,untilThineazuresisteroftheSpringshallblowHerclariono'erthedreamingearth,andfill(Drivingsweetbudslikeflockstofeedinair)Withlivinghuesandodorsplainandhill:WildSpirit,whichartmovingeverywhere;Destroyerandpresserver;hear,oh,hear!4、IfIwereadeadleafthoumightestbear;IfIwereaswiftcloudtoflywiththee:Awavetopantbeneaththypower,andshareTheimpulseofthystrength,onlylessfreeThanthou,Ouncontrollable!IfevenIwereasimmyboyhood,andcouldbeThecomradeofthywanderigsoverHeaven,Asthen,whentooutstripthyskieyspeedScarceseem'davision;Iwouldne'erhavestrivenAsthuswiththeeinprayerinmysoreneed.Oh,liftmeasawave,aleaf,acloud!Ifalluponthethornsoflife!Ibleed!AheavyweightofhourshaschainedandbowedOnetoolkethee:tameless,andswift,andproud.5、Makemethylyre,evenastheforestis:Whatifmyleaversarefallinglikeitsown!ThetmultofthymightyharmoniesWilltakefrombothadeep,autumnaltone,Sweetthoughinsadness.Bethou,Spiritfierce,Myspirit!Bethoume,impetuousone!DrivemydeadthoughtsovertheuniverseLikewitheeredleavestoquickenanewbirth!And,bytheincantationofthisverse,Scatter,isfromanunextinguishedhearthAshesandsparks,mywordsamongmankind!BethroughmylipstounawakenedearthThetrumpetofaprophecy!OWind,IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind4.JohnKeats(约翰·济慈1795-1821)【1】关于作者{P74}：UnlikeByronandShelley,KeatswasborninLondon,oflowlyorigin.Hisparentsdiedearly.Hewasforcedtoservehisapprenticeshipandheworkedasthesurgeon’shelperformorethantwoyears.Hediedwhenhewasonly25yearsold.Mostofhisbestpoemswerewrittenintheshortthreeyearsfrom1817tothetimeofhisdeath.名家名言：Beautyistruth,truthisbeauty.【2】相关作品：Endymion(1818):hislongallegoricalpoem,aboutlovebetweenaGreekshepherdandthemoongoddessIn1817heabandonedhisprofessionandpublishedhisfirstcollectionofpoems.【3】作品特点：Hispoetryisconcernedwithjoyinthebeautyofthisworld.Hehadatasteofbeautyofnatureandworksofart.Hispoetryisalwayssenshous,colorfulandrichinimaginarywhichexpresstheacutenessofhissense.【4】代表作品{P76}：OdetoaNightingaleI.MYheartaches,andadrowsynumbnesspains

Mysense,asthoughofhemlockIhaddrunk,

Oremptiedsomedullopiatetothedrains

Oneminutepast,andLethe-wardshadsunk:

'Tisnotthroughenvyofthyhappylot,

Butbeingtoohappyinthinehappiness,—

Thatthou,light-wingedDryadofthetrees,

Insomemelodiousplot

Ofbeechengreen,andshadowsnumberless,

Singestofsummerinfull-throatedease.II.O,foradraughtofvintage!thathathbeen

Cool'dalongageinthedeep-delvedearth,

TastingofFloraandthecountrygreen,

Dance,andProvencalsong,andsunburntmirth!

OforabeakerfullofthewarmSouth,

Fullofthetrue,theblushfulHippocrene,

Withbeadedbubbleswinkingatthebrim,

Andpurple-stainedmouth;

ThatImightdrink,andleavetheworldunseen,

Andwiththeefadeawayintotheforestdim:

III.Fadefaraway,dissolve,andquiteforget

Whatthouamongtheleaveshastneverknown,

Theweariness,thefever,andthefret

Here,wheremensitandheareachothergroan;

Wherepalsyshakesafew,sad,lastgrayhairs,

Whereyouthgrowspale,andspectre-thin,anddies;

Wherebuttothinkistobefullofsorrow

Andleaden-eyeddespairs,

WhereBeautycannotkeepherlustrouseyes,

OrnewLovepineatthembeyondto-morrow.5.CharlesDickens(狄更斯1812-1870)【1】关于作者{P135-136}：Hewasonceputintoprisonwithhisfather.Althoughhewasthereonlyforhalfayear,thisexperienceofhischildhoodleftsuchadeepimpressiononhismindthatitbecamearecurringsubjectinhisnovels.Helaterbecameaparliamentaryreporter.In1858hebegantogivepublicreadingswhichcontinueduntilhisdeath.【2】相关作品：(1)1836：SketchesbyBoz;(2)1836-1837:ThePapersofthePickwickClub:rapidlybroughthimfameandwealth.(3)1837-1838:TheOrphaninOliverTwist(雾都孤儿)(4)1838-1839:NicholasNickleby(5)1840-1841:TheOldCuriosityShop(6)1843-1844:MartinChuzzlewit(7)1843-1845:ChristmasstorieswhichincludedAChristmasCarol,TheChimesandTheCricketontheHearth:heshowedhisprofoundsympathyforthepooranddescribedhowtherichwereconvertedafterundergoingseveretests.ThesestoriesarepermeatedwiththespiritofbrotherhoodandareregardedasrepresentativesofthespiritofChristmas.(8)After1844:hebegantowritenovelsofbittersocialcriticism,suchasDombeyandSon(1848),BleakHouse(1853),HardTimes(1854),LittleDorrit(1857),OurMutualFriend(1865)(9)代表作：DavidCopperfield【3】作品特点：Hehasatendencytodepictthegrotesque(veryoddorunusually,fantasticallyuglyorabsurd)charactersorevents.Mostofhischaractershaveapeculiarhabit,manner,behavior,dressandcatchphraseofhisorherown.Helovestoinstilllifeintoinanimatethingsandtocompareanimatebeingstoinanimatethings.Heisnotedforhisdescriptionofpatheticscenesthataimtoarousepeople’ssympathy.Pathos(激起怜悯)isadistinctivequalityinhiswritings.6.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray(萨克雷1811-1863)【1】关于作者{P157-158}：HeandDickenswerecontemporaries(同时代的).TheywerebothnovelistsandhumoristsandtheycriticizedtheVictoriansocietysatirically.Hewasborninawell-to-dofamily.名家名言：Ihavenobrainsabovemyeyes;andIdescribewhatIsee.【2】代表作品：VanityFair〔名利场〕thePilgrim’sProgress(天路历程)【3】作品特点：和Dickens相比(1)Theworldtheydescribedwasdifferent.Thackeraymainlydescribedthelivesofaristocratsandrichbusinessmen,thatispeopleoftheupperclassesandmiddleclasses,whereasDickensmainlydescribedtheunderdogsandheunprivileged(例：TheOrphaninOliverTwist)(2)Dickenswasasentimentalist.Helikedtoavailhimselfofeveryopportunitytoarousetheemotionsofhisreaders.AsforThackeray,healsoshowedangerandindignationathypocrisy,vanity,snobberyetc.buthealwaysheidhimselfundercontrol.Hewasseldomsentimental,beingusuallyquietandeffective.(3)Dickenswasaromantistinmanyaspectsbylettingloosehisimagination.Thackeraywasagainstaffectation,Byronicattitudes.7.MatthewArnold(1822-1888)【1】关于作者{P191}：Hewasborninaclergyman’sfamily.HebecameaninspectorofschoolsafterheleftOxford;hewasprofessorofpoetryatOxfordfrom1857to1867.Hewasbothapoetandaliterarycritic.Inhispoetryhereflectsonthedoubtofhisage,andtheconflictbetweenscienceandreligion.【2】相关作品：1865and1888:EssaysinCriticism1889:CultureandAnarchy(无政府状态)特点：Heattackedthebarbarians(野蛮人)8.DanielDefoe(丹尼尔·笛福1661-1731)【1】关于作者{上册，P238}：HeisknownasapioneernovelistofEngland,andalsoaprolificwriterofbooksandpamphlets(小册子)onagreatvarietyofsubjects.代表作：RobinsonCrusoe〔鲁滨逊漂流记1719〕MollFlanders〔摩尔·弗兰德斯1722〕9.SamuelJohnson(1709-1784)【1】关于作者{上册，P289}：HewasthegreatestEnglishmanoflettersbetweenPopeandWordsworth.Hefoundedaclubandmanymenoflettersgatherdaroundhim.代表作：(1)ADictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage(2)TheRambler:AnimitationofAddison’sTheSpectator(3)LettertotheRightHonorableTheEarlofChesterfield(致**爵爷书,上P291)【2】名家名言Themostfamousone:Patriotismisthelastrefugeofascoundrel(流氓).Curiosityisoneofthepermanentandcertaincharacteristicsofavigorousmind.Amanshouldkeephisfriendshipsinconstantrepair.Ifamandoesnotmakenewacquaintancesasheadvancesthroughlife,hewillsoonfindhimselfalone.Praise,likegoldanddiamond.Whatiswrittenwithouteffortisingeneralreadwithoutpleasure.Thetruemeasureofamanishowhetreatssomeonewhocandohimabsolutelynogood.【3】代表作再现LettertotheRightHonorableTheEarlofChesterfieldMyLord,Ihavebeenlatelyinformed,bytheproprietorofTheWorld,thattwopapers,inwhichmyDictionaryisrecommendedtothepublic,werewrittenbyyourlordship.Tobesodistinguishedisanhonourwhich,beingverylittleaccustomedtofavoursfromthegreat,Iknownotwellhowtoreceive,orinwhattermstoacknowledge.When,uponsomeslightencouragement,Ifirstvisitedyourlordship,Iwasoverpowered,liketherestofmankind,bytheenchantmentofyouraddress,andcouldnotforbeartowishthatImightboastmyselfLevainqueurduvainqueurdelaterre;—thatImightobtainthatregardforwhichIsawtheworldcontending;butIfoundmyattendancesolittleencouraged,thatneitherpridenormodestywouldsuffermetocontinueit.WhenIhadonceaddressedyourLordshipinpublic,Ihadexhaustedalltheartofpleasingwhicharetiredanduncourtlyscholarcanpossess.IhaddoneallthatIcould;andnomaniswellpleasedtohavehisallneglected,beiteversolittle.Sevenyears,mylord,havenowpassed,sinceIwaitedinyouroutwardrooms,orwasrepulsedfromyourdoor;duringwhichtimeIhavebeenpushingonmyworkthroughdifficulties,ofwhichitisuselesstocomplain,andhavebroughtit,atlast,tothevergeofpublication,withoutoneactofassistance,onewordofencouragement,oronesmileoffavour.SuchtreatmentIdidnotexpect,forIneverhadapatronbefore.TheshepherdinVirgilgrewatlastacquaintedwithLove,andfoundhimanativeoftherocks.Isnotapatronsmylord,onewholookswithunconcernonamanstrugglingforlifeinthewater,and,whenhehasreachedground,encumbershimwithhelpThenoticewhichyouhavebeenpleasedtotakeofmylabours,haditbeenearly,hadbeenkind;butithasbeendelayedtillIamindifferent,andcannotenjoyit:tillIamsolitary,andcannotimpartit;tillIamknown,anddonotwantit.Ihopeitisnoverycynicalasperitynottoconfessobligationswherenobenefithasbeenreceived,ortobeunwillingthatthepublicshouldconsidermeasowingthattoapatron,whichprovidencehasenabledmetodoformyself.Havingcarriedonmyworkthusfarwithsolittleobligationtoanyfavoureroflearning,IshallnotbedisappointedthoughIshouldconcludeit,iflessbepossible,withless;forIhavebeenlongwakenedfromthatdreamofhope,inwhichIonceboastedmyselfwithsomuchexultation,MyLord,10.补充几个作家【1】LordAlfredTennyson:〔1〕Break，Break，Break〔2〕Ulysses(3)PoemsbyTwobrothers(4)TheLadyofShalott(5)Morted’sArthur【2】RobertBrowning：HeisfamousfordramaticMonologues〔1〕MyLastDuchess〔2〕MeetingatNight【3】EmilyBronte：WutheringHeights〔吼叫山庄〕【4】WilliamBlake:(1)London(2)Tyger【5】DanielDefoe:RobinsonCrusoe〔鲁滨逊漂流记〕三、简答题：二选一，〔要有自己观点〕20分【I】浪漫主义特点{下册，P4-5}1.Subjectivism〔主观想象主义〕:Insteadofregardingpoetryas“amirrortonature〞,thesourceofwhichisintheouterworld,romanticpoetsdescribepoetryas“thespontaneous(自发的)overflowofpowerfulfeelings〞whichexpressesthepoet’smind〞.Theinterestoftheromanticpoetsisnotintheobjectiveworldorintheactionofmen,butinthefeelings,thoughts,andexperiencesofthepoetsthemselves.Inshort,romanticismisrelatedtosubjectivism,whileneo-classicismisrelatedtoobjectivism.ThepoetryoftheRomanticAgeinEnglandisfamousforitshighdegreeofimagination.2.Spontaneity(自发性)Wordsworthdefinespoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings〞.Itreflectsspontaneityisopposedtothe“rules〞and“regulations〞imposedonthepoetsbyneoclassicwriters.Romanticismisanassertion(主张)ofindependence，adeparturefromtheneo-classicrules.Aworkofartmustbeoriginal3.Singularity(奇特性)Romanticpoetshaveastronglovefortheremote,theunusual,thestrange,thesupernatural,themysterious,thesplendid,thepicturesque,andtheillogical.4.Worshipofnature(钟爱自然)Theromanticpoetsareworshipersofnature,especiallythesublime〔超群的〕aspectofanaturalscene.Romanticpoetsreadinnaturesomemysteriousforce.SomeevenregardnatureastherevelationofGod.5.Simplicity(简单朴实)Romanticpoetstaketousingeverydayl