计算机英语单词汇总

ComputerEnglishWordSummaryComputerFundamentalsVocabularyProgrammingLanguageandTerminologyCommonoperatingsystemandcommandlinetermsProfessionalterminologyfordatabasemanagementsystems目录ProfessionalexpressioninthefieldofnetworksecurityHotVocabularyinCloudComputingandBigDataIndustry目录01ComputerFundamentalsVocabulary0102CPU(Centra…The"brain"ofthecomputer,responsibleforexecutinginstructionsRAM(Random…TemporarystoragefordataandprogramsthattheCPUiscurrentlybeingusedHDD(HardD…PermanentstoragedevicesfordataandprogramsGPU(Graphi…SpecializedprocessorforrenderinggraphicsMotherboardThemaincircuitboardthatconnectsallthecomponentsofacomputer030405HardwarerelatedvocabularyThebasesoftwarethatmanagesthecomputer'shardwareandsoftwareresourcesOperatingSystemProgramsdesignedtoperformspecifictasksfortheuserApplicationSoftwareProgramsthatcontroltheoperationofthecomputeranditsdevicesSystemSoftwareSoftwaredesignedtodamageordisablecomputersandcomputersystemsMalwareSoftwarerelatedvocabulary0102IPAddressAuniqueidentifierforadeviceonanetworkDNS(Domain…ThesystemthattranslateswebsitenamesintoIPaddressesRouterAdevicethatforwardsdatapacketsbetweencomputernetworksFirewallAsecuritysystemthatmonitorsandcontrolsincomingandoutgoingnetworktrafficbasedonpredefinedsecurityrulesVPN(Virtua…Asecureconnectionbetweentwoormoredevicesovertheinternet030405Networkcommunicationvocabulary02ProgrammingLanguageandTerminologyCommonprogramminglanguagenamesPythonAhighlevel,interpretedlanguageknowledgeforitsreadabilityandeaseofuseJavaAclassbased,objectorientedlanguagedesignedtobeportableandsecureCAnextensionoftheClanguage,addingobjectorientedfeaturesandothercapabilitiesJavaScriptAscriptinglanguageprimarilyusedinwebdevelopment,allowingforinteractivewebpagesFunctionsNamedsequencesofinstructionsthatperformaspecifictaskSyntaxThesetofrulesthatdefinesthestructureofaprogramminglanguageVariablesNamedcontainersusedtostoredatainaprogramLoopsStructuresthatallowasetofinstructionstoberepeatedmultipletimesConditionsStructuresthatallowaprogramtomakedecisionsbasedoncentralconditionsProgrammingconceptsandterminologyDatastructureAwayoforganizingdatainacomputersothatitcanbeusedeffectivelyAlgorithmAstepbystepprocedureforsolvingaproblemorcompletingataskArrayAlineardatastructurethatstoreselementsofthesametypeincontinuousmemorylocationsTreeAnon-lineardatastructurecomposedofnodesconnectedinahierarchicalmanualLinkedlistAlineardatastructurecomposedofnodesthatcontainsdataandlinkstoothernodesVocabularyrelatedtoalgorithmsanddatastructures03CommonoperatingsystemandcommandlinetermsKernel:Thecoreoftheoperatingsystem,responsibleformanaginghardwareresourcesandprovidingbasicservicestoapplicationsShell:Auserinterfacethatallowsuserstointeractwiththeoperatingsystem,boththroughacommandlineinterface(CLI)oragraphicaluserinterface(GUI)Filesystem:Asystemfororganizingandstoringfilesonacomputer,whichincludesdirectoriesandfilesProcess:AninstanceofaprogramthatisbeingexecutedbytheoperatingsystemMemorymanagement:Theoperatingsystem'sresponsibilitytoallocateanddeallocatememorytoprocesses,aswellastohandlememoryprotectionandvirtualmemory0102030405BasicconceptsandcomponentsofoperatingsystemsCommandlineoperationsandcommonlyusedcommandsBasiccommands:commandssuchascd(changedirectory),ls(listfiles),mkdir(makedirectory),rm(removefile),etcFilemanipulationcommands:commandssuchascp(copy),mv(move/rename),find,grep,etcSysteminformationcommands:commandssuchas'unname'(printsysteminformation),'df'(diskusage),'du'(estimatefilespaceusage),'top'(displayrunningprocesses),etcNetworkcommands:commandssuchas'ping','ifconfig'/'ipaddr'(displaynetworkinterfaceinformation),'netstat'(displaynetworkconnections),'ssh'(secureshell),etcFileAnamedcollectionofdatastoredonacomputer'sharddriveorotherstoragedeviceAcontainerthatholdsfilesandotherdirectories,usedtoorganizefilesonacomputerThelocationofafileordirectory,specifiedbyasequenceofdirectoriesandsubdirectoriesAspecialtypeoffilethatpointstoanotherfileordirectory,allowingforflexibleorganizationoffilesanddirectoriesRulesthatdeterminewhichusersorgroupscanaccessormodifyafileordirectoryDirectorySymboliclinkPermissionsPathVocabularyrelatedtofilemanagement04ProfessionalterminologyfordatabasemanagementsystemsAtypeofdatabasethatstoresdataintableswithrowsandcolumns,andallowsforthedefinitionofrelationshipsbetweentablesRelativeDatabase(RDBMS)Anonrelationaldatabasethatstoresdatainavarietyofformatssuchaskeyvaluepairs,documents,orwidecolumnstoresNoSQLDatabaseAdatabasethatisspreadacrossmultiplephysicallocations,allowingfordatatobeaccessedandmanagedfromanylocationDistributedDatabaseThestructureororganizationofadatabase,includingtables,columns,datatypes,andrelationshipsDatabaseschemaDatabasetypeandstructureSELECTDELETEJOINFunctionssucha…UPDATEInsertUsedtoretrievedatafromoneormoretablesinadatabaseUsedtoaddnewrowsofdatatoatableinadatabaseUsedtomodifyexistingrowsofdatainatableinadatabaseUsedtoremoverowsofdatafromatableinadatabaseUsedtocombinerowsfromtwoormoretablesbasedonrelatedcolumnsUsedtoperformcalculationsonsetsofvaluesinadatabaseSQLlanguagekeywordsandfunctionsConceptssuchasdatabackupandrecoveryoptimizationDataBackup:TheprocessofcreatingacopyofadatabaseoritscomponentstoprotectagainstdatalossDataRecovery:TheprocessofrestoringadatabasetoapreviousstateafterafailureorcorruptionOptimization:Theprocessofimprovingtheperformanceofadatabasemanagementsystembyadjustingconfigurationsettings,redesigningthedatabaseschema,orimplementingindexingandcachingtechniquesDisasterRecoveryPlan(DRP):Aplanthatoutlinesproceduresandstrategiesforrecoveryfromanaturaldisasterorothercatastrophiceventthatcouldcausesignificantdataloss05ProfessionalexpressioninthefieldofnetworksecurityMalwareSoftwaredesignedtodamageordisablecomputersandcomputersystemsPhishingAfraudulentattacktoattractsensitiveinformationsuchaspasswordsandcreditcarddetailsbyquestioningoneselfasatrustworthyentityRansomwareAtypeofmalwarethatencryptsfilesonavictim'scomputeranddemandsaransomtorestoreaccessZerodayattackAnattackthatexploitsapreviouslyunknownvulnerabilityinacomputersystemBasicConceptsandThreatTypesofNetworkSecurityFirewallAnetworksecuritydevicethatmonitorsincomingandoutgoingnetworktrafficanddecisionsthatalloworblockspecifictrafficbasedondefinedsecurityrulesIntrusionDetectionSystem(IDS)AdeviceorsoftwareapplicationthatmonitorsnetworktrafficforsurveillanceactivityandgeneratesalertswhenpotentialintrusionsaredetectedVirtualPrivateNetwork(VPN)Atechnologythatcreatesasecure,encryptedconnectionoveralesssecurenetwork,soastheinternetVocabularyrelatedtosecuritydevicessuchasfirewallsandintrusiondetectionEncryptionTechnologyandAlgorithmNamesAdvancedEncryptionStandard(AES):AsymmetricencryptionalgorithmthatiswidelyusedtosecureelectronicdataRivestShamirAdleman(RSA):AnasymmetricencryptionalgorithmthatusesapublickeytoencryptdataandaprivatekeytodecryptitDataEncryptionStandard(DES):AsymmetricencryptionalgorithmthatwasonceapopularstandardbuthasbeenlargelyreplacedbymoresecurealgorithmssuchasAESSecureSocketsLayer(SSL)/TransportLayerSecurity(TLS):Policiesthatprovidesecurecommunicationsovertheinternetbyencryptingdatasentbetweentwosystems06HotVocabularyinCloudComputingandBigDataIndustryCloudcomputingservicepatternsanddeploymentmodelsIaaS(InfrastructureasaService):ProvidesvirtualizedcomputingresourcesovertheinternetExamplesincludeAmazonWebServices(AWS)EC2andMicrosoftAzureVirtualMachinesPaaS(PlatformasaService):Deliversacomputingplatformandsolutionstackasaservice,oftenincludingdatabases,webservers,anddevelopmenttoolsGoogleAppEngineandHerokuarepopularPaaSprovidersSaaS(SoftwareasaService):Offerssoftwareapplicationsovertheinternet,typicallyaccessedthroughwebbrowsersCommonSaaSapplicationsincludeGoogleDocs,Salesforce,andDropboxPublic,Private,andHybridClouds:Describethetype