独立担保一个概念的界定

独立担保一个概念的界定一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle独立担保，作为一种特殊的担保方式，近年来在金融、商业和国际贸易等领域中逐渐显现出其独特的价值和重要性。然而，由于独立担保涉及的法律、商业和实务问题较为复杂，其概念界定在实践中存在一定的模糊性和争议。因此，本文旨在深入剖析独立担保的概念内涵，明确其法律特征和运作机制，以期对独立担保的理论研究和实践操作提供有益的参考。Independentguarantee,asaspecialformofguarantee,hasgraduallydemonstrateditsuniquevalueandimportanceinthefieldsoffinance,commerce,andinternationaltradeinrecentyears.However,duetothecomplexlegal,commercial,andpracticalissuesinvolvedinindependentguarantee,thereisacertaindegreeofambiguityandcontroversyinthedefinitionofitsconceptinpractice.Therefore,thisarticleaimstodeeplyanalyzetheconceptandconnotationofindependentguarantee,clarifyitslegalcharacteristicsandoperatingmechanism,inordertoprovideusefulreferencesforthetheoreticalresearchandpracticaloperationofindependentguarantee.本文将回顾独立担保的发展历程和现状，揭示其产生和发展的背景，阐述其在现代经济生活中的作用和意义。通过对独立担保相关文献的梳理和评价，本文将分析当前学术界对独立担保概念的界定及其存在的争议，为后续的探讨奠定基础。本文将结合独立担保的实践案例，深入探讨独立担保的法律特征、运作机制及其在实际操作中的应用问题，以期为我国独立担保制度的完善和发展提供有益的借鉴。Thisarticlewillreviewthedevelopmentprocessandcurrentsituationofindependentguarantee,revealthebackgroundofitsemergenceanddevelopment,andexplainitsroleandsignificanceinmoderneconomiclife.Throughthereviewandevaluationofliteraturerelatedtoindependentguarantee,thisarticlewillanalyzethecurrentacademicdefinitionoftheconceptofindependentguaranteeandtheexistingcontroversies,layingafoundationforsubsequentexploration.Thisarticlewillcombinepracticalcasesofindependentguaranteetoexploreindepththelegalcharacteristics,operationalmechanisms,andpracticalapplicationsofindependentguarantee,inordertoprovideusefulreferencefortheimprovementanddevelopmentofChina'sindependentguaranteesystem.通过本文的研究，我们期望能够为独立担保的概念界定提供更为清晰、准确的理论依据，为相关领域的理论研究和实践操作提供有益的参考，进而推动独立担保制度在我国的健康发展。Throughtheresearchinthisarticle,wehopetoprovideaclearerandmoreaccuratetheoreticalbasisforthedefinitionofindependentguarantee,andprovideusefulreferencesfortheoreticalresearchandpracticaloperationsinrelatedfields,therebypromotingthehealthydevelopmentofindependentguaranteesysteminChina.二、独立担保的定义与特性Thedefinitionandcharacteristicsofindependentguarantee独立担保，作为一种特殊的担保方式，其定义和特性在担保法律体系中占有独特地位。独立担保，又称为“见索即付担保”或“无条件担保”，其核心特征在于其无条件性和独立性。在独立担保中，担保人（通常是银行或其他金融机构）在收到受益人提出的符合担保文件规定的索赔请求时，必须无条件地支付担保金额，而无需对基础交易进行实质审查。担保人在此过程中不享有传统担保法中的抗辩权，即使受益人的索赔请求存在错误或欺诈行为，担保人亦需在一定期限内完成付款义务。Independentguarantee,asaspecialformofguarantee,holdsauniquepositioninthelegalsystemofguaranteeintermsofitsdefinitionandcharacteristics.Independentguarantee,alsoknownas"demandguarantee"or"unconditionalguarantee",itscorefeatureliesinitsunconditionalandindependentnature.Inindependentguarantee,theguarantor(usuallyabankorotherfinancialinstitution)mustunconditionallypaytheguaranteeamountuponreceivingaclaimfromthebeneficiarythatmeetstherequirementsoftheguaranteedocuments,withouttheneedforsubstantivereviewoftheunderlyingtransaction.Theguarantordoesnothavetherightofdefenseintraditionalguaranteelawsduringthisprocess,andevenifthebeneficiary'sclaimisincorrectorfraudulent,theguarantorisstillrequiredtocompletethepaymentobligationwithinacertainperiodoftime.独立担保的独立性体现在其不受基础交易合同的影响。即便基础交易合同无效、被撤销或终止，担保人仍需按照担保文件的规定履行担保义务。这种独立性使得独立担保在国际贸易、金融等领域中得到了广泛应用，尤其是在跨境交易中，独立担保能够为当事人提供更为快捷、有效的风险保障。Theindependenceofindependentguaranteeisreflectedinitsindependencefromtheunderlyingtransactioncontract.Eveniftheunderlyingtransactioncontractisinvalid,revokedorterminated,theguarantorshallstillfulfilltheguaranteeobligationsinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheguaranteedocuments.Thisindependencehasmadeindependentguaranteeswidelyusedininternationaltrade,financeandotherfields,especiallyincross-bordertransactions.Independentguaranteescanprovidefasterandmoreeffectiveriskprotectionforpartiesinvolved.然而，独立担保的无条件性和独立性也带来了法律风险和操作难度。担保人在提供独立担保时，需要谨慎评估风险，制定严格的索赔处理程序，以防止滥用索赔权或欺诈行为的发生。受益人在接受独立担保时，亦应充分了解其权利和义务，确保在索赔过程中能够依法合规地行使权利。However,theunconditionalandindependentnatureofindependentguaranteesalsobringslegalrisksandoperationaldifficulties.Whenprovidingindependentguarantees,theguarantorneedstocarefullyevaluaterisksandestablishstrictclaimshandlingprocedurestopreventabuseofclaimrightsorfraudulentbehavior.Whenreceivingindependentguarantees,beneficiariesshouldalsofullyunderstandtheirrightsandobligationstoensurethattheycanexercisetheirrightsinaccordancewiththelawandregulationsduringtheclaimprocess.独立担保作为一种特殊的担保方式，其定义和特性在担保法律体系中具有独特地位。其无条件性和独立性为当事人提供了更为快捷、有效的风险保障，但同时也带来了法律风险和操作难度。因此，在实践中，当事人应充分了解独立担保的特性和风险，谨慎选择担保方式和担保人，以确保交易的顺利进行。Independentguarantee,asaspecialformofguarantee,hasauniquedefinitionandcharacteristicsinthelegalsystemofguarantee.Itsunconditionalandindependentnatureprovidespartieswithfasterandmoreeffectiveriskprotection,butitalsobringslegalrisksandoperationaldifficulties.Therefore,inpractice,partiesshouldfullyunderstandthecharacteristicsandrisksofindependentguarantee,carefullychoosetheguaranteemethodandguarantortoensurethesmoothprogressofthetransaction.三、独立担保的法律基础与理论依据TheLegalBasisandTheoreticalBasisofIndependentGuarantee独立担保作为一种特殊的担保方式，其法律基础主要源于国际商事实践的发展以及国际商事法律规范的完善。在现代国际经济交往中，随着交易的复杂化和风险的增加，传统的从属性担保已经无法满足某些特定交易的需求。因此，独立担保应运而生，并在国际商事交易、国际融资、国际招投标等领域得到了广泛应用。Asaspecialformofguarantee,independentguaranteehasitslegalbasismainlyderivedfromthedevelopmentofinternationalcommercialpracticeandtheimprovementofinternationalcommerciallegalnorms.Inmoderninternationaleconomicexchanges,withthecomplexityoftransactionsandtheincreaseofrisks,traditionalcollateralbasedonattributescannolongermeettheneedsofcertainspecifictransactions.Therefore,independentguaranteeshaveemergedandbeenwidelyusedininternationalcommercialtransactions,internationalfinancing,internationalbiddingandotherfields.合同自由原则：根据合同自由原则，当事人可以在合同中约定任何不违反法律强制性规定的条款。独立担保正是当事人根据自身需要，在合同中约定的一种特殊担保方式。担保人在独立担保中的付款义务并不依赖于基础合同的履行情况，而是根据担保合同本身的约定来确定。PrincipleofContractFreedom:Accordingtotheprincipleofcontractfreedom,thepartiesmayagreeonanyclauseinthecontractthatdoesnotviolatemandatorylegalprovisions.Independentguaranteeisaspecialformofguaranteeagreeduponbythepartiesinthecontractbasedontheirownneeds.Thepaymentobligationoftheguarantorinindependentguaranteedoesnotdependontheperformanceofthebasiccontract,butisdeterminedbasedontheprovisionsoftheguaranteecontractitself.意思自治原则：在国际商事交往中，意思自治原则得到了广泛的认可和应用。独立担保作为当事人之间的一种协议，体现了当事人的意思自治。当事人可以通过约定独立担保条款，自主分配风险，平衡各自利益。Theprincipleofautonomyofwill:Ininternationalcommercialexchanges,theprincipleofautonomyofwillhasbeenwidelyrecognizedandapplied.Independentguarantee,asanagreementbetweentheparties,reflectstheautonomyoftheparties.Thepartiescanindependentlyallocaterisksandbalancetheirrespectiveinterestsbyagreeingonindependentguaranteeclauses.公平与诚信原则：虽然独立担保具有独立性，但并不意味着担保人可以无限制地免除其责任。在担保人承担担保责任后，如果基础合同中存在欺诈等不诚信行为，担保人仍有权向被担保人进行追偿。这体现了公平与诚信原则在独立担保中的应用。Theprincipleoffairnessandintegrity:Althoughindependentguaranteeshaveindependence,itdoesnotmeanthattheguarantorcanbeexemptedfromliabilitywithoutlimitation.Aftertheguarantorassumestheguaranteeresponsibility,ifthereisanydishonestbehaviorsuchasfraudinthebasiccontract,theguarantorstillhastherighttorecoverfromtheguarantor.Thisreflectstheapplicationoftheprinciplesoffairnessandintegrityinindependentguarantees.独立担保的法律基础与理论依据主要建立在合同自由原则、意思自治原则以及公平与诚信原则之上。这些原则为独立担保的合法性和有效性提供了有力支撑，同时也为国际商事交往的顺利进行提供了重要保障。Thelegalbasisandtheoreticalbasisofindependentguaranteearemainlybasedontheprinciplesoffreedomofcontract,autonomyofwill,andfairnessandgoodfaith.Theseprinciplesprovidestrongsupportforthelegalityandeffectivenessofindependentguarantees,andalsoprovideimportantguaranteesforthesmoothprogressofinternationalcommercialexchanges.四、独立担保的适用范围与限制Thescopeandlimitationsofindependentguarantee独立担保作为一种特殊的担保方式，其适用范围广泛，但同时也受到一定的限制。Asaspecialformofguarantee,independentguaranteehasawiderangeofapplications,butitisalsosubjecttocertainlimitations.独立担保通常适用于国际商事交易、项目融资、招投标、政府采购等领域。在这些领域中，独立担保以其独特的优势，如无条件性、不可撤销性、与基础交易相分离等，为当事人提供了更加灵活和高效的担保方式。特别是在国际商事交易中，独立担保被广泛用于保障合同义务的履行，降低交易风险，促进交易的顺利进行。Independentguaranteeisusuallyapplicabletointernationalcommercialtransactions,projectfinancing,bidding,governmentprocurement,andotherfields.Inthesefields,independentguaranteeprovidespartieswithmoreflexibleandefficientguaranteemethodsduetoitsuniqueadvantagessuchasunconditional,irrevocable,andseparationfromunderlyingtransactions.Especiallyininternationalcommercialtransactions,independentguaranteesarewidelyusedtoensuretheperformanceofcontractualobligations,reducetransactionrisks,andpromotesmoothtransactions.尽管独立担保具有诸多优势，但其适用范围也受到一定的限制。独立担保通常只适用于书面合同，且合同中必须明确约定独立担保条款。独立担保的适用范围受到法律的限制。各国法律对独立担保的认可程度不同，一些国家可能禁止或限制独立担保的使用。因此，在使用独立担保时，当事人必须了解并遵守相关法律规定。独立担保的适用范围还受到当事人意思自治的限制。当事人可以在合同中约定排除独立担保的适用，或者在独立担保条款中约定特定的限制条件。Althoughindependentguaranteehasmanyadvantages,itsscopeofapplicationisalsolimitedtoacertainextent.Independentguaranteeisusuallyonlyapplicabletowrittencontracts,andthecontractmustclearlyspecifytheindependentguaranteeclause.Thescopeofapplicationofindependentguaranteeislimitedbylaw.Thedegreeofrecognitionofindependentguaranteesvariesindifferentcountries,andsomecountriesmayprohibitorrestricttheuseofindependentguarantees.Therefore,whenusingindependentguarantees,thepartiesmustunderstandandcomplywithrelevantlegalprovisions.Thescopeofapplicationofindependentguaranteeisalsolimitedbytheautonomyofthepartiesinvolved.Thepartiesmayagreeinthecontracttoexcludetheapplicationofindependentguarantee,orspecifyspecificrestrictiveconditionsintheindependentguaranteeclause.独立担保作为一种特殊的担保方式，在适用范围上具有广泛性，但同时也受到一定的限制。在使用独立担保时，当事人应当充分了解其特点、优势以及限制条件，并根据实际情况做出合理的选择。立法和司法机关也应当不断完善相关法律制度，为独立担保的健康发展提供有力的法律保障。Independentguarantee,asaspecialformofguarantee,hasawiderangeofapplications,butitisalsosubjecttocertainlimitations.Whenusingindependentguarantee,thepartiesshouldfullyunderstanditscharacteristics,advantages,andlimitations,andmakereasonablechoicesbasedontheactualsituation.Legislativeandjudicialorgansshouldalsocontinuouslyimproverelevantlegalsystemstoprovidestronglegalprotectionforthehealthydevelopmentofindependentguarantees.五、独立担保的实践问题与案例分析PracticalIssuesandCaseAnalysisofIndependentGuarantee独立担保作为一种特殊的担保方式，在实际操作中面临诸多实践问题。以下将通过几个典型案例，对独立担保在实践中的应用进行深入分析。Independentguarantee,asaspecialformofguarantee,facesmanypracticalproblemsinpracticaloperation.Thefollowingwillprovideanin-depthanalysisoftheapplicationofindependentguaranteeinpracticethroughseveraltypicalcases.案例一：某国际工程承包项目中，承包方要求业主提供独立担保，以确保在工程实施过程中，业主能够按照合同约定支付工程款项。然而，在项目执行过程中，由于业主资金链断裂，无法按时支付款项。承包方依据独立担保条款，直接向担保银行提出索赔。担保银行在审核相关文件后，认为索赔请求符合独立担保条件，遂按照担保金额进行了支付。此案例表明，独立担保能够有效地保护受益人的权益，降低交易风险。Case1:Inacertaininternationalengineeringcontractingproject,thecontractorrequirestheownertoprovideindependentguaranteestoensurethattheownercanpaytheprojectfundsaccordingtothecontractduringtheimplementationprocess.However,duringtheprojectexecutionprocess,duetotheowner'sfundingchainbreaking,paymentcouldnotbemadeontime.Thecontractorshalldirectlyfileaclaimwiththeguaranteebankbasedontheindependentguaranteeclause.Afterreviewingtherelevantdocuments,theguaranteebankdeemedthattheclaimmettheconditionsforindependentguaranteeandmadepaymentaccordingtotheguaranteeamount.Thiscasedemonstratesthatindependentguaranteescaneffectivelyprotecttheinterestsofbeneficiariesandreducetransactionrisks.案例二：某国内贸易中，买方要求卖方提供独立担保，以确保交付的货物质量符合合同约定。然而，在货物交付后，买方发现货物存在严重质量问题，遂向担保机构提出索赔。担保机构在调查后发现，卖方所交付的货物确实存在质量问题，但买方在索赔过程中未能提供符合独立担保条款要求的文件。因此，担保机构拒绝了买方的索赔请求。此案例表明，受益人在提出索赔时，必须严格按照独立担保条款的要求提供文件，否则可能导致索赔失败。Case2:Inadomestictrade,thebuyerrequeststhesellertoprovideindependentguaranteestoensurethatthequalityofthedeliveredgoodsmeetsthecontractualrequirements.However,afterthedeliveryofthegoods,thebuyerdiscoveredseriousqualityissueswiththegoodsandfiledaclaimwiththeguaranteeagency.Afterinvestigation,theguaranteeagencyfoundthattherewereindeedqualityissueswiththegoodsdeliveredbytheseller,butthebuyerfailedtoprovidedocumentsthatmettherequirementsoftheindependentguaranteeclauseduringtheclaimprocess.Therefore,theguaranteeagencyrejectedthebuyer'sclaimrequest.Thiscasedemonstratesthatthebeneficiarymuststrictlyprovidedocumentsinaccordancewiththerequirementsoftheindependentguaranteeclausewhenmakingaclaim,otherwiseitmayleadtothefailureoftheclaim.案例三：某跨国投资项目中，投资者要求东道国政府提供独立担保，以保障其投资安全。然而，在项目执行过程中，由于政策变化等原因，东道国政府无法履行担保义务。投资者遂向担保银行提出索赔。担保银行在审核相关文件后认为，索赔请求符合独立担保条件，但由于东道国政府的违约行为属于政治风险范畴，担保银行有权根据独立担保条款中的除外条款拒绝索赔。此案例表明，在独立担保中，担保人可能会利用除外条款来规避风险。Case3:Inamultinationalinvestmentproject,investorsrequestindependentguaranteesfromthehostcountrygovernmenttoensuretheirinvestmentsafety.However,duringtheprojectexecutionprocess,duetopolicychangesandotherreasons,thehostcountrygovernmentisunabletofulfillitsguaranteeobligations.Theinvestorthenfiledaclaimwiththeguaranteebank.Afterreviewingtherelevantdocuments,theguaranteebankbelievesthattheclaimmeetstheconditionsforindependentguarantee.However,duetothepoliticalriskcategoryofthehostcountrygovernment'sbreachofcontract,theguaranteebankhastherighttorefusetheclaimbasedontheexclusionclauseintheindependentguaranteeclause.Thiscasedemonstratesthatinindependentguarantees,theguarantormayuseexclusionclausestomitigaterisks.通过以上案例分析可以看出，独立担保在实践中既具有保障交易安全的作用，也面临着诸多挑战和问题。为了充分发挥独立担保的作用，各方当事人需要充分了解独立担保的特点和风险，并在合同条款中明确约定相关事宜。担保机构和担保银行也需要加强风险管理和审核力度，确保独立担保的合法性和有效性。Fromtheabovecaseanalysis,itcanbeseenthatindependentguaranteenotonlyplaysaroleinensuringtransactionsecurityinpractice,butalsofacesmanychallengesandproblems.Inordertofullyleveragetheroleofindependentguarantee,allpartiesneedtofullyunderstandthecharacteristicsandrisksofindependentguarantee,andclearlystipulaterelevantmattersinthecontractterms.Guaranteeinstitutionsandguaranteebanksalsoneedtostrengthenriskmanagementandrevieweffortstoensurethelegalityandeffectivenessofindependentguarantees.六、独立担保的发展趋势与挑战TheDevelopmentTrendsandChallengesofIndependentGuarantees随着全球经济的深度融合和国际贸易的日益频繁，独立担保作为一种重要的信用工具，正呈现出日益显著的发展趋势。一方面，独立担保的应用领域不断拓展，从传统的贸易融资、项目融资，逐渐拓展到能源、基础设施、服务业等多个领域。另一方面，独立担保的形式也在不断创新，如电子担保、区块链担保等新型担保方式的出现，为独立担保注入了新的活力。Withthedeepintegrationoftheglobaleconomyandtheincreasingfrequencyofinternationaltrade,independentguarantee,asanimportantcredittool,isshowinganincreasinglysignificantdevelopmenttrend.Ontheonehand,theapplicationareasofindependentguaranteeareconstantlyexpanding,graduallyexpandingfromtraditionaltradefinancingandprojectfinancingtomultiplefieldssuchasenergy,infrastructure,andserviceindustry.Ontheotherhand,theformsofindependentguaranteeareconstantlyinnovating,suchastheemergenceofnewguaranteemethodssuchaselectronicguaranteeandblockchainguarantee,injectingnewvitalityintoindependentguarantee.然而，独立担保的发展也面临着诸多挑战。独立担保的滥用问题日益突出。由于独立担保的无条件性和不可撤销性，一些不法分子利用这一特点进行欺诈行为，给担保人带来了巨大的风险。独立担保的法律环境亟待完善。尽管《联合国独立担保和备用信用证公约》等国际公约对独立担保的规范提供了指导，但各国在立法和实践上仍存在较大差异，这在一定程度上制约了独立担保的跨国应用。随着科技的发展，独立担保的风险也呈现出新的特点，如网络安全风险、数据泄露风险等，这些都对独立担保的发展提出了新的挑战。However,thedevelopmentofindependentguaranteesalsofacesmanychallenges.Theabuseofindependentguaranteesisbecomingincreasinglyprominent.Duetotheunconditionalandirrevocablenatureofindependentguarantees,someunscrupulousindividualstakeadvantageofthischaracteristictoengageinfraudulentactivities,bringingenormousriskstotheguarantor.Thelegalenvironmentforindependentguaranteeurgentlyneedstobeimproved.AlthoughinternationalconventionssuchastheUnitedNationsConventiononIndependentGuaranteesandstandbylettersofcreditprovideguidanceontheregulationofindependentguarantees,therearestillsignificantdifferencesinlegislationandpracticeamongcountries,whichtosomeextentrestrictsthecross-borderapplicationofindependentguarantees.Withthedevelopmentoftechnology,therisksofindependentguaranteeshavealsoshownnewcharacteristics,suchasnetworksecurityrisks,dataleakagerisks,etc.,allofwhichposenewchallengestothedevelopmentofindependentguarantees.面对这些挑战，我们需要从多个层面进行应对。加强国际合作，推动独立担保法律环境的统一和完善。通过加强国际间的交流与合作，制定更加统透明的国际规则，减少法律冲突和不确定性。加强风险管理和防控，提高独立担保业务的风险意识。担保人应建立完善的风险评估机制，对担保对象进行严格的审查，及时发现和防范风险。还应加强对担保业务的监督和管理，确保担保业务的合规性和稳健性。加强技术创新和应用，推动独立担保业务的数字化转型。利用大数据等先进技术，提高独立担保业务的效率和准确性，降低业务成本和风险。Facedwiththesechallenges,weneedtoaddressthemfrommultiplelevels.Strengtheninternationalcooperationandpromotetheunityandimprovementofthelegalenvironmentforindependentguarantees.Bystrengtheninginternationalexchangesandcooperation,developingmoreunifiedandtransparentinternationalrules,andreducinglegalconflictsanduncertainties.Strengthenriskmanagementandprevention,andenhancetheriskawarenessofindependentguaranteebusiness.Theguarantorshouldestablishasoundriskassessmentmechanism,conductstrictreviewoftheguaranteeobject,andtimelydetectandpreventrisks.Weshouldalsostrengthenthesupervisionandmanagementofguaranteebusinesstoensureitscomplianceandrobustness.Strengthentechnologicalinnovationandapplication,andpromotethedigitaltransformationofindependentguaranteebusiness.Utilizeadvancedtechnologiessuchasbigdatatoimprovetheefficiencyandaccuracyofindependentguaranteebusiness,andreducebusinesscostsandrisks.独立担保作为一种重要的信用工具，在全球经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用。面对未来的发展趋势和挑战，我们需要积极应对、不断创新，推动独立担保业务的健康、可持续发展。Independentguarantees,asanimportantcredittool,areplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleintheglobaleconomy.Inthefaceoffuturedevelopmenttrendsandchallenges,weneedtoactivelyrespond,continuouslyinnovate,andpromotethehealthyandsustainabledevelopmentofindependentguaranteebusiness.七、结论与建议Conclusionandrecommendations经过对独立担保概念的深入研究和分析，我们可以清晰地看到，独立担保作为一种特殊的担保方式，在金融市场和商务活动中扮演着越来越重要的角色。其独特的法律特征和运作机制，使得它在保障交易安全、促进资金融通、优化资源配置等方面具有显著的优势。Throughin-depthresearchandanalysisoftheconceptofindependentguarantee,wecanclearlyseethatindependentguarantee,asaspecialformofguarantee,playsanincreasinglyimportantroleinfinancialmarketsandbusinessactivities.Itsuniquelegalcharacteristicsandoperationalmechanismsgiveitsignificantadvantagesinensuringtransactionsecurity,promotingfundfinancing,andoptimizingresourceallocation.然而，独立担保在实践中也面临着一些问题和挑战。比如，独立担保的滥用可能会损害担保人的合法权益，影响金融市场的稳定。独立担保的适用条件和范围也需要进一步明确和规范，以避免产生法律纠纷和误解。However,independentguaranteealsofacessom