四名初中英语学习者个案研究

四名初中英语学习者个案研究一、本文概述Overviewofthisarticle本文旨在对四名初中英语学习者的个案进行深入研究，以揭示他们在英语学习过程中的不同经历、挑战和策略。通过深入了解这些个案的背景、学习习惯、学习策略以及他们在面对困难和挑战时的应对方式，我们希望能够为初中英语教育提供有益的启示和建议。Thisarticleaimstoconductin-depthresearchonthecasestudiesoffourmiddleschoolEnglishlearners,inordertorevealtheirdifferentexperiences,challenges,andstrategiesintheprocessofEnglishlearning.Bygainingadeeperunderstandingofthebackground,learninghabits,learningstrategies,andtheircopingstrategieswhenfacingdifficultiesandchallenges,wehopetoprovideusefulinsightsandsuggestionsformiddleschoolEnglisheducation.我们将关注以下几个方面：首先是学习者的学习动机和目标，即他们为什么学习英语以及他们希望通过学习达到什么水平；其次是学习者的学习策略和方法，包括他们在课堂上和课后如何有效地学习英语；再次是学习者的学习困难和挑战，例如词汇记忆、语法理解和口语表达等方面的难题；最后是学习者的进步和成就，以及他们在英语学习过程中取得的显著成果。Wewillfocusonthefollowingaspects:firstly,thelearningmotivationandgoalsoflearners,namelywhytheylearnEnglishandwhatleveltheyhopetoachievethroughlearning;Secondly,therearelearningstrategiesandmethodsforlearners,includinghowtheycaneffectivelylearnEnglishinandafterclass;Onceagain,therearelearningdifficultiesandchallengesforlearners,suchasvocabularymemory,grammarcomprehension,andoralexpression;Finally,itistheprogressandachievementsoflearners,aswellasthesignificantachievementstheyhavemadeintheprocessoflearningEnglish.通过对这四个个案的详细分析，我们希望能够为初中英语教育者提供关于学生个体差异、学习需求和学习策略的深入理解，以便他们能够更好地满足学生的需求，提高教学效果，并帮助学生在英语学习过程中取得更大的进步。我们也希望这些个案研究能够激发更多学者和教育工作者对初中英语教育进行更深入的研究和探讨。Throughadetailedanalysisofthesefourcases,wehopetoprovidemiddleschoolEnglisheducatorswithadeepunderstandingofindividualdifferences,learningneeds,andlearningstrategiesamongstudents,sothattheycanbettermeettheirneeds,improveteachingeffectiveness,andhelpstudentsmakegreaterprogressintheEnglishlearningprocess.Wealsohopethatthesecasestudiescaninspiremorescholarsandeducatorstoconductmorein-depthresearchandexplorationonjuniorhighschoolEnglisheducation.二、个案一：李明——天赋异禀的英语学习者Case1:LiMing-agiftedEnglishlearner李明是我们班级里的一名特殊学生，他以其非凡的英语天赋和执着的学习精神，在英语学习的道路上走得既稳又快。李明从小就展现出了对语言学习的浓厚兴趣，尤其是对英语。他对于英文字母、单词和语法的敏感度，使得他在课堂上总能迅速掌握新知识。LiMingisaspecialstudentinourclass.WithhisextraordinaryEnglishtalentandpersistentlearningspirit,hehaswalkedsteadilyandquicklyonthepathofEnglishlearning.LiMinghasshownastronginterestinlanguagelearningsincechildhood,especiallyinEnglish.HissensitivitytoEnglishletters,words,andgrammarenableshimtoquicklygraspnewknowledgeintheclassroom.李明的学习能力不仅体现在课堂上的高效吸收，更在于他自主学习的能力。他会利用课余时间阅读英文原著，观看英语原声电影，甚至在社交网络上与国外的朋友进行实时交流，以提升自己的英语听说读写能力。他的英语词汇量丰富，语法结构清晰，口语流利，写作能力强，多次在学校的英语竞赛中获奖。LiMing'slearningabilityisnotonlyreflectedinhisefficientabsorptionintheclassroom,butalsoinhisabilitytolearnindependently.HewillusehissparetimetoreadEnglishoriginalworks,watchEnglishoriginalmovies,andevenengageinreal-timecommunicationwithforeignfriendsonsocialnetworkstoimprovehisEnglishlistening,speaking,reading,andwritingabilities.HisEnglishvocabularyisrich,hisgrammarstructureisclear,hisspokenlanguageisfluent,andhiswritingabilityisstrong.HehaswonnumerousawardsinschoolEnglishcompetitions.然而，李明并没有因为自己的天赋而沾沾自喜，反而更加努力地学习英语。他深知语言学习的道路上没有捷径，只有不断地积累和实践才能取得进步。因此，他每天都会坚持复习已学知识，预习新知识，积极参与课堂讨论，向老师和同学们请教问题。However,LiMingdidnottakeprideinhistalent,butinsteadworkedhardertolearnEnglish.Heiswellawarethatthereisnoshortcutonthepathoflanguagelearning,onlythroughcontinuousaccumulationandpracticecanprogressbemade.Therefore,heinsistsonreviewingtheknowledgehehaslearned,previewingnewknowledge,activelyparticipatinginclassroomdiscussions,andaskingquestionsfromteachersandclassmateseveryday.李明的学习方法值得我们借鉴。他善于利用各种资源，包括课本、辅导书、网络等，形成自己的学习体系。他还善于总结归纳，将零散的知识点串联起来，形成系统的知识网络。他注重实践应用，将所学知识运用到实际生活中，提高了自己的语言运用能力。LiMing'slearningmethodisworthlearningfrom.Heisgoodatutilizingvariousresources,includingtextbooks,tutoringbooks,andtheinternet,toformhisownlearningsystem.Heisalsogoodatsummarizingandsummarizing,linkingscatteredknowledgepointstogethertoformasystematicknowledgenetwork.Heemphasizespracticalapplicationandappliestheknowledgehehaslearnedtopracticallife,improvinghislanguageproficiency.李明的故事告诉我们，天赋固然重要，但后天的努力和实践同样不可或缺。只有不断地积累和实践，才能将天赋转化为真正的能力。我们应该向李明学习，发掘自己的潜能，不断追求进步。LiMing'sstorytellsusthatwhiletalentisimportant,hardworkandpracticeareequallyindispensable.Onlythroughcontinuousaccumulationandpracticecantalentbetransformedintotrueabilities.WeshouldlearnfromLiMing,tapintoourpotential,andconstantlystriveforprogress.三、个案二：张晓——英语基础薄弱的学习者Case2:ZhangXiao-AlearnerwithweakEnglishfoundation张晓是我们四位个案学习者中的一位，他的情况颇具代表性。张晓是一名典型的英语基础薄弱的学习者。他在进入初中之前，对英语几乎没有任何接触，因此对英语的认知仅停留在字母和简单的单词上。面对初中英语课程的深度和广度，张晓显得力不从心。ZhangXiaoisoneofourfourcaselearners,andhissituationisquiterepresentative.ZhangXiaoisatypicallearnerwithaweakfoundationinEnglish.Beforeenteringjuniorhighschool,hehadalmostnocontactwithEnglish,sohisunderstandingofEnglishonlystayedatlettersandsimplewords.FacedwiththedepthandbreadthofjuniorhighschoolEnglishcourses,ZhangXiaoxian'sabilityisinadequate.在英语学习过程中，张晓面临的主要困难是词汇量和语法知识的匮乏。由于基础不扎实，他在课堂上难以跟上老师的步伐，对于复杂的语法结构和词汇运用感到无比困惑。他的发音和口语表达能力也因此受到影响，常常因为发音不准确或词汇使用不当而遭到同学们的笑话。ThemaindifficultiesZhangXiaofacesintheprocessoflearningEnglisharealackofvocabularyandgrammarknowledge.Duetohislackofsolidfoundation,hefindsitdifficulttokeepupwiththeteacherintheclassroomandfeelsextremelyconfusedaboutcomplexgrammarstructuresandvocabularyusage.Hispronunciationandoralexpressionabilityarealsoaffectedasaresult,oftenbeinglaughedatbyhisclassmatesduetoinaccuratepronunciationorimproperuseofvocabulary.尽管面临重重困难，张晓并没有放弃。他明白自己的不足，因此更加努力地学习英语。他利用课余时间，积极向老师和同学请教，不断积累词汇和语法知识。他还参加了英语角等课外活动，努力提高自己的口语表达能力。Despitefacingnumerousdifficulties,ZhangXiaodidnotgiveup.Heunderstandshisshortcomings,soheworkshardertolearnEnglish.Heactivelyseeksadvicefromteachersandclassmatesinhissparetime,constantlyaccumulatingknowledgeofvocabularyandgrammar.HealsoparticipatedinextracurricularactivitiessuchasEnglishcorners,strivingtoimprovehisoralexpressionability.为了帮助张晓更好地学习英语，我们为他制定了一套个性化的学习计划。我们鼓励他每天背诵一定数量的单词和短语，以扩大词汇量；同时，我们还引导他通过练习和模拟测试来巩固语法知识。我们还建议他多听、多说、多读、多写，全面提升英语能力。InordertohelpZhangXiaolearnEnglishbetter,wehavedevelopedapersonalizedlearningplanforhim.Weencouragehimtomemorizeacertainnumberofwordsandphraseseverydaytoexpandhisvocabulary;Atthesametime,wealsoguidehimtoconsolidatehisgrammarknowledgethroughpracticeandsimulationtests.Wealsosuggestthathelisten,speak,read,andwritemoretocomprehensivelyimprovehisEnglishproficiency.经过一段时间的努力，张晓的英语水平有了明显的提高。他的词汇量得到了扩充，语法知识也更加扎实。在课堂上，他能够积极参与讨论，发表自己的观点；在课外活动中，他也能流利地与其他同学交流。虽然他的英语水平仍然与班级其他同学存在一定的差距，但他的进步已经得到了老师和同学们的认可。Afteraperiodofeffort,ZhangXiao'sEnglishproficiencyhassignificantlyimproved.Hisvocabularyhasbeenexpandedandhisgrammarknowledgehasbecomemoresolid.Intheclassroom,heisabletoactivelyparticipateindiscussionsandexpresshisownviews;Inextracurricularactivities,hecanalsocommunicatefluentlywithotherclassmates.AlthoughthereisstillacertaingapinhisEnglishproficiencycomparedtootherclassmatesintheclass,hisprogresshasbeenrecognizedbytheteachersandclassmates.张晓的案例告诉我们，即使英语基础薄弱，只要付出足够的努力和坚持，也能够取得显著的进步。他也提醒我们，在英语教学中，应该关注学生的个性化需求，为他们量身定制合适的学习计划，帮助他们更好地掌握英语知识和技能。ZhangXiao'scasetellsusthatevenifourEnglishfoundationisweak,aslongasweputinenougheffortandpersistence,wecanstillmakesignificantprogress.HealsoremindsusthatinEnglishteaching,weshouldpayattentiontothepersonalizedneedsofstudents,tailorsuitablelearningplansforthem,andhelpthembettermasterEnglishknowledgeandskills.四、个案三：王琳——对英语产生浓厚兴趣的学习者Case3:WangLin-alearnerwithastronginterestinEnglish王琳是我们班级中一位特别的学生，她对于英语的兴趣远远超过了其他学生。这种浓厚的兴趣使得她在英语学习上展现出了极高的自觉性和主动性。WangLinisaspecialstudentinourclass,andherinterestinEnglishfarexceedsthatofotherstudents.Thisstronginteresthasshownherahighlevelofself-awarenessandinitiativeinEnglishlearning.王琳从小就对英语有着浓厚的兴趣，她喜欢看英语动画片，听英语歌曲，甚至尝试阅读英文原著。这种兴趣促使她主动寻找各种英语学习资源，不断提高自己的英语能力。在课堂上，她总是积极参与讨论，勇于发表自己的观点，她的英语口语表达能力在班级中名列前茅。WangLinhashadastronginterestinEnglishsincechildhood.SheenjoyswatchingEnglishcartoons,listeningtoEnglishsongs,andeventryingtoreadEnglishoriginalworks.ThisinterestencourageshertoactivelyseekvariousEnglishlearningresourcesandcontinuouslyimproveherEnglishproficiency.Inclass,shealwaysactivelyparticipatesindiscussionsandisbraveenoughtoexpressherownopinions.HerEnglishoralexpressionabilityranksamongthetopintheclass.除了课堂学习，王琳还利用课余时间参加了英语角、英语演讲比赛等活动，与其他英语爱好者交流，锻炼自己的英语听说能力。她还会定期阅读英文报纸和杂志，以扩大自己的词汇量，提高阅读理解能力。Inadditiontoclassroomlearning,WangLinalsousedhersparetimetoparticipateinactivitiessuchasEnglishcornersandEnglishspeechcompetitions,communicatewithotherEnglishenthusiasts,andexerciseherEnglishlisteningandspeakingabilities.ShealsoregularlyreadsEnglishnewspapersandmagazinestoexpandhervocabularyandimproveherreadingcomprehensionskills.王琳的英语学习方法也值得其他同学借鉴。她注重培养自己的语感，通过大量阅读和听力练习来提高自己的语言感知能力。她也善于总结归纳，将所学的知识点系统化，形成自己的知识体系。WangLin'sEnglishlearningmethodsarealsoworthlearningfrombyotherstudents.Shefocusesoncultivatingherlanguagesenseandimprovesherlanguageperceptionabilitythroughextensivereadingandlisteningexercises.Sheisalsogoodatsummarizingandsummarizing,systematizingtheknowledgepointsshehaslearned,andformingherownknowledgesystem.在王琳的案例中，我们可以看到兴趣对于英语学习的重要性。只有真正喜欢英语，才能在学习中保持持久的动力和热情。王琳的学习方法也告诉我们，英语学习需要不断的积累和实践，只有通过大量的听说读写练习，才能真正提高自己的英语水平。InWangLin'scase,wecanseetheimportanceofinterestinEnglishlearning.OnlybytrulylikingEnglishcanonemaintainlastingmotivationandenthusiasminlearning.WangLin'slearningmethodsalsotellusthatEnglishlearningrequirescontinuousaccumulationandpractice.Onlythroughalargeamountoflistening,speaking,reading,andwritingpracticecanonetrulyimprovetheirEnglishproficiency.五、个案四：赵阳——在英语学习中找到自我动力的学习者Case4:ZhaoYang-AlearnerwhofindsselfmotivationinEnglishlearning在众多初中英语学习者中，赵阳是一个独特的存在。他并非天赋异禀，也非家境优渥，但他的英语学习之路却走得既坚实又自信。他的故事，是一个关于如何在英语学习中找到自我动力，进而实现自我超越的范例。AmongnumerousmiddleschoolEnglishlearners,ZhaoYangisauniquepresence.Heisnotnaturallygiftedorfromanaffluentfamily,buthispathtolearningEnglishhasbeensolidandconfident.HisstoryisanexampleofhowtofindselfmotivationandachieveselftranscendenceinEnglishlearning.赵阳的学习动力源于他对英语的热爱和对自我成长的追求。他深知，在这个全球化的时代，英语不仅仅是一门学科，更是通向世界的桥梁。因此，他始终以积极的态度面对英语学习中的挑战，不断地寻找适合自己的学习方法。ZhaoYang'slearningmotivationstemsfromhisloveforEnglishandpursuitofpersonalgrowth.Heiswellawarethatinthiseraofglobalization,Englishisnotonlyasubject,butalsoabridgetotheworld.Therefore,healwaysfacesthechallengesinEnglishlearningwithapositiveattitudeandconstantlyseekssuitablelearningmethodsforhimself.在赵阳的学习过程中，他特别注重培养自己的自主学习能力。他善于利用各种资源，如网络、图书馆等，来拓宽自己的知识视野。同时，他也善于与同学、老师交流，取长补短，共同进步。这种积极主动的学习态度，使他在英语学习中不断取得新的突破。DuringZhaoYang'slearningprocess,heparticularlyfocusedoncultivatinghisabilityforself-directedlearning.Heisgoodatutilizingvariousresources,suchastheinternet,library,etc.,tobroadenhisknowledgehorizon.Atthesametime,heisalsogoodatcommunicatingwithclassmatesandteachers,learningfromeachother'sstrengthsandweaknesses,andmakingprogresstogether.ThisproactivelearningattitudehasenabledhimtoconstantlymakenewbreakthroughsinEnglishlearning.除了自主学习能力，赵阳还非常注重培养自己的英语实践能力。他积极参加各种英语角、演讲比赛等活动，努力提高自己的口语和听力水平。通过这些实践经历，他不仅锻炼了自己的英语能力，还增强了自己的自信心。Inadditiontoindependentlearningability,ZhaoYangalsoattachesgreatimportancetocultivatinghisEnglishpracticalability.HeactivelyparticipatesinvariousEnglishcorners,speechcompetitions,andotheractivities,strivingtoimprovehisoralandlisteningskills.Throughthesepracticalexperiences,henotonlyhonedhisEnglishproficiency,butalsoenhancedhisself-confidence.在赵阳看来，英语学习的过程也是一个自我认知和自我提升的过程。他相信，只要保持对英语的热爱和对自我成长的追求，就一定能够在英语学习的道路上不断前行，实现自己的梦想。InZhaoYang'sview,theprocessoflearningEnglishisalsoaprocessofself-awarenessandself-improvement.HebelievesthataslongashemaintainshisloveforEnglishandthepursuitofpersonalgrowth,hewillbeabletocontinuouslymoveforwardonthepathofEnglishlearningandachievehisdreams.赵阳的故事告诉我们，学习英语并不仅仅是为了应对考试或获取知识，更重要的是通过这个过程发现自己的潜力，培养自己的兴趣和动力。当我们能够从中找到乐趣和成就感时，英语学习就会变得更加有趣和有效。因此，我们应该像赵阳一样，用心去感受英语的魅力，去探索适合自己的学习方法，去勇敢地追求自己的梦想。ZhaoYang'sstorytellsusthatlearningEnglishisnotjustaboutpreparingforexamsoracquiringknowledge,butmoreimportantly,itisaboutdiscoveringone'spotential,cultivatingone'sinterestsandmotivationthroughthisprocess.Whenwecanfindjoyandasenseofachievementinit,Englishlearningbecomesmoreinterestingandeffective.Therefore,likeZhaoYang,weshouldfeelthecharmofEnglishwithourhearts,exploresuitablelearningmethods,andbravelypursueourdreams.六、综合分析与讨论Comprehensiveanalysisanddiscussion通过对四名初中英语学习者的个案进行深入研究，我们不难发现，尽管他们各自在学习背景、学习习惯、学习策略等方面存在差异，但他们在英语学习过程中都展现出了共同的挑战和成长点。Throughin-depthresearchonthecasestudiesoffourmiddleschoolEnglishlearners,itisnotdifficulttofindthatalthoughtheyhavedifferencesintheirlearningbackgrounds,habits,strategies,andotheraspects,theyalldemonstratecommonchallengesandgrowthpointsintheprocessofEnglishlearning.从学习动机来看，四名学生均表现出对英语的浓厚兴趣，这是他们持续学习的关键动力。然而，动机的强弱和来源却不尽相同。有的学生受外部因素如考试成绩、家长期望等驱动，而有的学生则更多源于内部需求，如对外国文化的兴趣、对未来国际交流的期待等。这提示我们，在激发和维持学生学习动机时，应充分考虑个体差异，采取多元化的激励策略。Fromtheperspectiveoflearningmotivation,allfourstudentsshowedastronginterestinEnglish,whichisthekeydrivingforcefortheircontinuouslearning.However,thestrengthandsourcesofmotivationvary.Somestudentsaredrivenbyexternalfactorssuchasexamscoresandparentalexpectations,whileothersaremoredrivenbyinternalneeds,suchasinterestinforeigncultureandexpectationsforfutureinternationalexchanges.Thissuggeststhatwhenstimulatingandmaintainingstudentlearningmotivation,individualdifferencesshouldbefullyconsideredanddiversifiedincentivestrategiesshouldbeadopted.在学习策略方面，四名学生都展现出了不同的学习偏好和策略选择。有的学生善于利用记忆宫殿、联想记忆等技巧来记忆单词和语法，而有的学生则更偏爱通过阅读和写作来提升英语能力。这再次印证了学习策略个性化的重要性。作为教师，应引导学生发现和总结适合自己的学习策略，而非一味推崇某种“标准”方法。Intermsoflearningstrategies,allfourstudentsshoweddifferentlearningpreferencesandstrategychoices.Somestudentsaregoodatusingtechniquessuchasmemorypalaceandassociativememorytomemorizewordsandgrammar,whileothersprefertoimprovetheirEnglishproficiencythroughreadingandwriting.Thisonceagainconfirmstheimportanceofpersonalizedlearningstrategies.Asateacher,weshouldguidestudentstodiscoverandsummarizelearningstrategiesthatsuitthem,ratherthanblindlyadvocatingacertain"standard"method.学习环境对英语学习的影响也不容忽视。个案研究显示，家庭支持、学校资源、同伴互助等因素都在一定程度上影响了学生的学习效果。例如，家庭支持度高的学生往往能在课外得到更多的辅导和练习机会，从而巩固和拓展课堂所学。因此，优化学习环境、整合各方资源、构建学习共同体，对于提升初中生的英语学习效果具有积极意义。TheimpactoflearningenvironmentonEnglishlearningcannotbeignored.Casestudieshaveshownthatfactorssuchasfamilysupport,schoolresources,andpeerassistanceallhaveacertainimpactonstudents'learningoutcomes.Forexample,studentswithhighlevelsoffamilysupportoftenreceivemoretutoringandpracticeopportunitiesoutsideofclass,therebyconsolidatingandexpandingwhatislearnedintheclassroom.Therefore,optimizingthelearningenvironment,integratingresourcesfromallparties,andbuildingalearningcommunityareofpositivesignificanceforimprovingtheEnglishlearningeffectivenessofjuniorhighschoolstudents.值得注意的是，虽然四名学生在英语学习过程中都遇到了不同程度的困难和挑战，但他们都能以积极的态度面对，不断调整学习策略，努力实现自我突破。这种学习韧性和自我调整能力是他们能够持续进步的关键因素。因此，在英语教学过程中，除了知识的传授和技能的训练外，还应注重培养学生的学习韧性和自我调整能力，帮助他们建立正确的学习心态和应对策略。ItisworthnotingthatalthoughallfourstudentsencounteredvaryingdegreesofdifficultiesandchallengesintheirEnglishlearningprocess,theywereabletofacethemwithapositiveattitude,constantlyadjustingtheirlearningstrategies,andstrivingtoachieveselfbreakthroughs.Thislearningresilienceandselfadjustmentabilityarekeyfactorsthatenablethemtocontinuouslyimprove.Therefore,intheprocessofEnglishteaching,inadditiontoimpartingknowledgeandtrainingskills,attentionshouldalsobepaidtocultivatingstudents'learningresilienceandselfadjustmentability,helpingthemestablishcorrectlearningattitudesandcopingstrategies.通过对四名初中英语学习者的个案研究，我们获得了宝贵的启示：在英语教学过程中，应充分考虑学生的个体差异，激发他们的学习动机，引导他们发现和总结适合自己的学习策略，优化学习环境，同时注重培养学生的学习韧性和自我调整能力。这些措施将有助于提升初中生的英语学习效果，促进他们的全面发展。ThroughcasestudiesoffourmiddleschoolEnglishlearners,wehavegainedvaluableinsights:intheprocessofEnglishteaching,individualdifferencesofstudentsshouldbefullyconsidered,theirlearningmotivationshouldbestimulated,theyshouldbeguidedtodiscoverandsummarizelearningstrategiesthataresuitableforthemselves,thelearningenvironmentshouldbeoptimized,andattentionshouldbepaidtocultivatingstudents'learningresilienceandselfadjustmentability.ThesemeasureswillhelpimprovetheEnglishlearningeffectivenessofjuniorhighschoolstudentsandpromotetheircomprehensivedevelopment.七、结论Conclusion通过对这四名初中英语学习者的个案研究，我们得出了一些具有启示性的结论。不同的学习者在英语学习过程中表现出各自独特的学习特点和策略。例如，李明注重词汇积累，常常通过制作词汇卡片来记忆新单词；王芳则更擅长通过模仿和角色扮演来提高口语能力；张强对语法规则有很高的敏感度，善于通过练习来巩固知识；而赵敏则更加注重英语学习的实用性，常常尝试用英语进行实际交流。ThroughcasestudiesofthesefourmiddleschoolEnglishlearners,wehavedrawnsomeenlighteningconclusions.DifferentlearnersexhibittheiruniquelearningcharacteristicsandstrategiesintheprocessoflearningEnglish.Forexample,LiMingfocusesonvocabularyaccumulationandoftenremembersnewwordsbymakingvocabularycards;WangFangisbetteratimprovingheroralskillsthroughimitationandrole-playing;ZhangQianghasahighsensitivitytogrammarrulesandisgoodatconsolidatingknowledgethroughpractice;Zhao