(积极心理学英文课件)chapter4-happiness

Chapter3

PleasureandPositiveExperienceChapter3

PleasureandPositiv1Contents:PleasurePositiveemotionandaffectivityPositivesubjectivestate:flowengagementContents:Pleasure2IPleasurePleasureencompassesafamilyofsubjectivepositivepsychologicalstates.Joyorecstasy:intense,aroused,andsharpContentmentorserenity:quiet,mellow,diffusePleasurefeelsgood,mostofusappreciateitgreatlywhenitoccurs,tryingtomaintainitorenhanceit.IPleasurePleasureencompasses3(积极心理学英文课件)chapter4-happiness4(积极心理学英文课件)chapter4-happiness5Peak-endtheory:Ourrecollectionofpleasureisnotafaithfulsummaryofitsindividualmoments.People’ssummaryevaluationscloselyreflectanaverageoftheexperience’smost-extremeratingandhowitwasratedjustbeforeitended.Durationneglect:howlongtheexperiencelasted(pleasantorunpleasant)isneglectedPeak-endtheory:Ourrecollecti6Anticipationofpleasure:Expectedutility(Anticipatedhappiness)Peoplearenotcompletelycluelessaboutfuturepleasure,buttheymakesystematicerrorsinpredictinghowtheywillfeelatalaterdate.Ex:mereexposureeffect:ourtendencyto“like”objectstowhichwearefrequentlyexposedTheendowmenteffect:ourtendencytolikeobjectsgiventous,evenwedidnotespeciallywantorvaluetheminthefirstplaceoneofthebest-documentedmistakesthatpeoplemakeinpredictingfuturepleasureiswithrespecttohowlonggoodfeelingwilllast:thedurationoftheirreactionisoftenoverestimated.Anticipationofpleasure:Expec7Adaptation:Whenwerepeatedlyencounterthesamepleasure-producingstimulus,weexperienceincreasinglylesspleasureinresponse.Adaptation:Whenwerepeatedly8Whydoweadapt?Adaptationprotectsusfrombeingoverwhelmedbytheexternalstimulithatproduceoursensation.Adaptionmakesusespeciallysensitivetochangesinourenvironment,wherethesurvivalactionisapttobefound.Andadaptationdoesnotpermanentlyalterourabilitytoexperienceagivenpleasure.Whydoweadapt?Adaptationpro9IIPositiveemotionsPositivefeelings:pleasure,affects,emotion,moods,andsoon.HowlongtheylastTheirattachmenttospecificstimuliorsituationsTheircomplexityPleasureareoftenbrief,tiedtospecificstimuliandindeedspecificsensorysystems,andarerathersimple.Emotion:morecomplex,involvenotjustsubjectivefeelingsbutalsocharacteristicpatternsofphysiologicalarousal,thoughtsandbehaviors.Movethroughusandperhapsdriveus.Havebeginningsandendings.Andismoreprolonged.IIPositiveemotionsPositivef10CharlesDarwin“Theexpressionofemotionsinmanandanimals”,1872“Emotionincreasechancesforsurvivalbecausetheyareappropriateresponsesinthesituationwheretheyareexperienced”.Focusonnegativeemotionslikefear,sadness,disgust,,andanger.CharlesDarwin“Theexpression11DissimilarityNegativeemotionoftenislinkedtoaspecificbehavioralpredisposition(specificactiontendency),whilepositiveemotionsarenotlinkedtosuchspecificactiontendencies.NEareexperiencedinlife-threateningsituation,whereaspositiveemotionsarenot.Researchershavebeenunabletodistinguishamongthedifferentpositiveemotionswithrespecttotheirunderlyingphysiologicalmechanisms.DissimilarityNegativeemotion12Psychology’sinterestinpositiveemotionsBarbaraFredricksonPositiveemotionsshouldbelookedatintheirownright.Positiveemotionsnotonlyfeeldifferentbutfunctiondifferently.Positiveemotionssignalsafety,andourinherentresponsetothemisnottonarrowouroptionsbuttobroadenandbuilduponthem.Thepayoffofpositiveemotionsisnotinthehereandnowbutinthefuture.Psychology’sinterestinposit13ResearchesParticipantsinducedinthelaboratorytoexperienceapositiveemotionshowcognitivechangesinaccordwiththesepredictions,e.g.,broaderattention,greaterworkingmemory,enhancedverbalfluency,andincreasedopennesstoinformation.Positiveemotionsundothephysiologicaleffectsofnegativeemotions.ResearchesParticipantsinduced14Broaden-and-buildtheoryLaboratoryexperimentationandpsychophysiologicalassessment.Provideareadyrationaleforintervention.Severalquestions:Candistinctionsbemadeamongvariouspositiveemotions?Whataboutemotionsthatfeelgoodbutseemtodoquitetheoppositeofbroadenandbuild,atleastformostofus.Considerlust.Broaden-and-buildtheoryneedstomakecontactwiththeoriesofpersonalitythataddresshabitualindividualdifferences.Broaden-and-buildtheoryLabora15IIIPositiveAffectivityMoodsometimesreferstoanattenuatedemotion,isabarometerofgeneralwell-being.Tousepsychologicaljargon,moodsinthissensearetrait-like,whereasemotionsarestate-like.Moodsarelesslikelytohaveaspecificobjectormeaningassociatedwiththemandlesslikelytobefrontandcenterinconsciousness.Moodsaremorelong-lastingthanemotions.IIIPositiveAffectivityMoods16GoodmoodsGoodmoods:Zest,Vitality,Ebullience,Enthusiasm,ExuberanceGoodmoodsinfusenotjustourmindsbutourverybodies.Goodmoodsareexperiencedasfulfilling.GoodmoodsGoodmoods:Zest,Vi17HedoniccapacityPaulMeehl(1975):TheabilitytoexperiencepositivefeelingsItwasastableindividualdifferencerootedingeneticsItwaslinkedtothepersonalitytraitofextraversion.Itwaslargelydistinctfromtheexperience-habitualornot-ofnegativeemotionslikeangerandanxiety.HedoniccapacityPaulMeehl(19718HedoniccapacityNowisreferredto“positiveaffectivity”——theextenttowhichanindividualexperiencespositivemoodslikejoy,interest,andalertness.PANAS:positiveandnegativeaffectschedulePositiveaffectivityisindependentofnegativeaffectivity.Andbothaffectivityprovehighlystableacrossweeks,months,years,andevendecades.HedoniccapacityNowisreferre19Positiveaffectivityisnotonlythatitsmeanlevelforanindividualisconsistentacrosstimeandsituation,butsotooisitsvariability.PAisindeedmorelikelytobeobservedamongextravertedindividuals,andingeneral,peoplehighinpositiveaffectivityaresociallyactive.AndpeoplehighinPAaremorelikelythanthosewhoarelowtobemarried-especiallyhappilyso-andalsotoliketheirjobs.Peoplewhodescribethemselvesasreligiousorspiritualscoreespeciallyhighonpositiveaffectivity.Positiveaffectivityisnoton20HeritabilityTheproportionofitsvariationduetogeneticfactors.Accordingtotwinstudies,positiveaffectivityprovesheritable-influencedbygenetics-lesssothanintelligencebuttoaboutthesamedegreeasmostpersonalitytraits.Butwestillarefreetoincreaseourpositiveaffectivity.HeritabilityTheproportionof21IVFlowFlow:MihalyCsikszentimihalyi,thepsychologicalstatethataccompanieshighlyengagingactivities.Intervieweddifferentpeopleandfoundacharacterizationofengagementthatwashighlysim