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Coal

Petroleum

NaturalGasisarockconsistingalmostentirelyoforganicmaterial.Coalconsistsoffragmentsof

land

plantmaterial,includingwood,cuticle(thewaxysurfacefoundonsomeleaves),sap(amber),sporesandpollen.Eachofthesecanbepresentinvaryingdegreesofdegradationduetodecaynearthesurfaceandcookingduetoburialinthicksediments.orcrudeoilisanaturallyoccurring,flammableliquidconsistingofacomplexmixtureofhydrocarbonsofvariousmolecularweights,andotherorganiccompounds,thatisfoundingeologicformationsbeneaththeEarth'ssurface.isagasconsistingprimarilyofmethane.Itisfoundassociatedwithotherfossilfuels,incoalbeds,andiscreatedbymethanogenicorganismsinmarshes,bogs,andlandfills.Itisanimportantfuelsource,andthecleanestburningofthethreefossilfuels.CoalPetroleumNaturalGasCoalisoneofourfossilfuelsbecauseitwasformedfromtheremainsofterrestrialvegetationthatgrewaslongas400millionyearsago.

?Mostofourcoalwasformedabout300millionyearsagoduringtheCarboniferousPeriod,whenmuchoftheEarthwascoveredbysteamyswamps.Asplantsandtreesdied,theirremainssanktothebottomoftheswampyareas,accumulatinglayeruponlayerandeventuallyformingasoggy,densematerialcalledpeat.CoalisoneofourfossilfuelHistoryofCoalUse?Humanuseofcoaldatesback35,000yearsBP?Industrializationbroughtaboutanescalationintheneedfortheenergycontainedincoal,andnowwecollectitintwoways:?Surfacemining?UndergroundminingInsciencewedatethings“beforepresent”.(BP)HistoryofCoalUse?HumanusCoal?ItisburnedinpowerplantstoproducemorethanhalfoftheelectricityweuseintheUnitedStates?Eventhoughyoumayneverseeit,youeachuseseveraltonsofiteveryyearAmericahasmorecoalresources,andreservesthananyotherfossilfuel.Coal?ItisburnedinpowerplFourTypesofCoalMinedTodayintheUS?

Lignite

?

Subbituminous

?

Bituminous

?

Anthracite

?

PeatPlantmaterialsburiedundersedimentsdecaytoformpeat,acompressedmassofplantremains.Compactionforceswateroutofthesedimentstoformlignite,asoft,browncoal.Furthercompressionandagingturnligniteintobituminouscoal,asoft,blackcoal.Heatandpressuremetamorphosebituminouscoaltoanthracite,ahardcoalthatisalmostpurecarbon.AstagebetweenligniteandbituminousFourTypesofCoalMinedTodayOilandgasformedinourgeologichistoryduringasimilartimeascoal…from400millionybpto150millionybp.Duringthistimetheseaswererichinmicroscopicandmacroscopiczooplanktonandphytoplankton(NOTDINOSAURS!!!)

Whenthesediedtheyslowlysanktothebottomformingthicklayersoforganicmaterial.Thisinturnbecamecoveredinlayersofmudthattrappedtheorganicmaterial,whichovertimebecamecompressedanddecomposedintooilandnaturalgas.OilandgasformedinourgeolHistoryofOilUseintheUS?

Oilusegoesback150years

?Ouroilfieldsaresomeoftheoldeststillproducingintheworld?Wehaveusedapproximately175billionbarrelsofoilinthattime?Therearestillanestimated350billionbarrelsleft?ProbablybillionsmoreinfieldsyettobediscoveredHistoryofOilUseintheUS?OilUses?OilkeepsAmericamoving?Usedtoproducelubricants?Usedtomakeplastics?UsedtomakefertilizersWhilecoalisthemostabundantfossilfuel,oilisthemostusedintheUS.Oilsupplies40%ofallenergythiscountryconsumes.

Gasoline,Dieselfuel,aviationfuel?Usedtokeephomesand

businesseswarmOilUses?OilkeepsAmericamCrudePetroleummustberefined?fromoilrigs?Thentopipeline?ThentotherefineryNearly75%ofrefinedoilgoestowardstransportation!CrudePetroleummustberefineWhatisanoilreservoir??TinydropletsofoilaretrappedinsideporesinrocksTheseporescanonlybeseenwithamicroscopeThinkabouttheaquiferwhichtransferswaterfreelytoabovetheground.Insteadofwater…

Whatisanoilreservoir??TinOilTechnologyandProduction?Drillingwellsandoilrigs?Gushers?Blowoutpreventors?Primaryproduction?Secondaryrecovery?Christmastree?Grasshoppers?Waterflooding?Problems:Veryexpensive,andonlyrecoversonly1/5ofoilOilTechnologyandProductionNaturalGas?Colorless,shapeless,andodorless?

Consideredworthlessformanyyears,andsimplyburnedoffduringprimaryoilproduction.?Methaneisthechiefchemicalcomponentofnaturalgas?Itishighlyflammable?burnscompletely?producesnoash?verylittleairpollution(cleanestburningfossilfuel)NaturalGas?Colorless,shapeUseofNaturalGas?Only1/5ofenergyusedinUSisnaturalgas.?Mostlyusedinhomesforheating,andcookingGascompaniesaddachemicaltomakeitsmell.WhatdoyounoticeabouttheplacementofnaturalgasresourcesintheUnitedStates?UseofNaturalGas?Only1/5HistoryofNG?Norecordofcollectionoruseuntil1821?Usedexclusivelyinstreetlampsuntilelectricitywasharnessed.?RobertBunsen?WeldingafterWWII,pipesmanufacturingHistoryofNG?NorecordofcWhyUseNaturalGas??Plentiful?Easytopipefromonelocationtoanother?CleanburningEasyandDifficultGas?Ea

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