外研版中考英语复习现在完成时语法讲解

现在完成时一、现在完成时定义：(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间，但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet等副词修饰。例如：—Haveyouhadlunchyet?你（已经）吃午饭了吗？—Yes,Ihave.I’vejusthadit.是的，吃过了。我刚刚吃过。（现在我不饿了）(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止，可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。（注意：句中谓语动词要用延续性动词，对“for…和since…提问要用howlong）例如：Hehastaughtheresince1981.他自1981年就在这儿教书。（可能还要继续教）Ihaven’tseenherforfouryears.我有四年没见到她了。

(3)现在完成时还可以表示一个动作到现在为止发生过多少次。常带有twice,ever,never,threetimes等时间状语。例如：Ihavealreadyreadthisbookthreetimes.这本书我已经看过三次了。IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.我去过北京两次。★对多少次提问要用：Howmanytimes二、现在完成时构成：have\has+过去分词（have\has为助动词，有人称变化）四个基本句型：肯定句： Hehasfinishedthework.一般疑问句：Hashefinishedthework?否定句：Hehasnotfinishedthework.Yes,hehas./No,hehasn’t.特殊疑问句：Whathashedone? 现在完成时与一般过去时的比较现在完成时与一般过去时都表示在过去发生的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，如对现在产生的结果、影响等。而一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。所以，表示过去固定时间的状语只能与一般过去时连用，而不能与现在完成时连用。比较：=1\*GB3①他把我的钢笔拿走了A:Hehastakenmypenaway.{强调我现在没有钢笔用}B:Hetookmypenaway,(陈述“他拿走了钢笔”这一情况)=2\*GB3②ShehasgonetoShanghai.她已去上海了。（强调结果是人不在这儿）=3\*GB3③ShewenttoShanghaiayearago.她一年前去过上海。（只表明她去过这件事实）【辨别】1.already.adv.“已经”多用于肯定句中，通常与动词的完成时或进行时连用。①I’veseenthefilmalready.我已经看过这部电影了。②Thetrainhasalreadyleft.火车已经开走了。2.yet.adv“已经、仍然、还”一般只用于否定句或疑问句，且常常置于句末。如：①Hehasn’tfoundhisbikeyet他还没有找到他的自行车。②HaveyoureadTreasureIslandyet?你读过《金银岛》？【注意】already也可用于疑问句，但不表真心的疑问，而表“惊奇”。它多置于句中。有时为了强调而置于句末。Haveyoualreadyhadbreakfast?难道你已经吃过早餐了？【练习】用适当的时态填空Where______(be)mybike?It_________(be)herejustnow.___________you______(see)mybook?Yes,he______(take)itawayhalfanhourago._____he_____(eat)allthefood?Yes,I__allthefood,becauseI___(be)veryhungry.Nanjing_________________(change)inthepasttwentyyears.Mary______(want)_____(collect)moreinformationbeforeshe____(do)thehistoryproject.Greatchanges__________(take)placeinShanghaisince1996.Mymother___________(teach)Mathsfor20years.Daniel_______(join)theswimmingclubwhenhe_____(be)18.He_____(be)amemberoftheclubfor20years.Wouldyoulike_____(go)totheparkwithme?I’dliketo.ButI______(nothave)dinner.Millie_____(just)_________(finish)herhomework.She_________(watch)TV.Myparents____________(live)thereforyears._______you______(read)thisbook?Yes,I__________.When________you____(read)it?I________(read)ittwomonthsago.Joe______(be)hereforthreehourssincehe______(come)here.I___________(notsee)sobeautifulparkbefore.She_______already________(learn)how_______(drive)acarfortwoweeks.Howlong________yourfather________(work)atthisschool?Formorethantenyears.There___(be)freshairandgreenhillsonLautauIslandinthepast.I__________myhomeworkalready.(finish)Youwon'tknowifitfitsyouuntilyou_________iton.(try)It'ssaidthathe______senttoAustraliatoimprovehisEnglish.(be)ThelivingstandardofthepeopleinNanjing_____since1983.(rise)Tom_______for40years.(marry)三大结构have/hasbeento曾经去过某地现在已不在那里了，后可接次数，once，twice，threetimes等，表示“去过某地几次”，也可和just，never，ever等连用。MyfatherhasbeentoBeijingtwice．我父亲去过北京两次。have/hasgoneto到某地去说话时该人不在现场—WhereisJim？吉姆在哪里？—HehasgonetoEngland．他去英国了。havebeenin在某地呆了多少时间常与时间段状语连用IhavebeeninShanghaiforthreeyears．我到上海已有三年了考点2当havebeento后面接副词，如here,there,home时，to要省略。变为havebeenhere/there/homeYousaidthatZhijinCaveisverybeautiful.___you_____there？ A.Have；goneB.Have；beenC.Have；gonetoD.Have；beento考点3 ever,never常与现在完成时连用，是现在完成时态的提示词。everadv.曾经；在任何时候neveradv.从未 —Haveyoueverbeenthere？你曾去过那里吗？—No,Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.不，我以前从未去过那里。【练习】一．填空。1)Where’sJim?he____________Guiling.2)She_____________thepark,shewillbebackintwohours.3)I__________theWestlake,Look,Ihavetakenmanyphotosonit.4)Tom_____________Jim’shome,buthehasn’tcomeback.5)They__________________theforestaloneandreturnedsafely.6)TheWhites_________________theU.S.A,Theywon’tcomeback.7)We_________________thebookshopandboughtmanybooks.8)She________herhomeland;sheiscomingtomyhomenextweek.9)I__________________HongKongtwice.10)We________________theMountTai,weallenjoyedourselves.11)I_____never_________________thebeachinSonya.12)Hemissedhismotherverymuch,sohe___already_____hishome.13)They______________Hangzhou,theyfounditveryinteresting.14)Tom__________________theW.C,soIhavetowaitforhim..15)Howmanytimes_____you_______________Shanghai.考点：since和for是现在完成时当中常见的标志词。since＂自从……＂，for＂持续了……＂。since用来说明动作的开始时间，for用来说明动作延续的时间长度。since和for是现在完成时的重要标志。1.since和for的用法（1）since的用法①since+过去的时间点。如：年、月、日、几点等since1990自从1990年起since5o’clock自从五点起②since+时间段+agosince3monthsago自从三个月以前③since+一般过去时的从句sinceyoulefthome自从你离开家以后④since的一个固定句式＂Itis＋时间段＋since＋一般过去时的从句.＂。ItisfiveyearssinceIcamehere.我来这儿5年了。2.for的用法：for＋时间段在现在完成时当中，若对since和for引导的时间状语进行提问，都可以用howlong来提问。since和for的句式转换：since＋时间段＋ago＝for＋时间段Theyhaven'tchangedsincetwentyyearsago.＝Theyhaven'tchangedfortwentyyears.他们已经二十年没有改变了。在现在完成时中，非延续性性动词不能和一段时间状语连用例：Hehasboughtthebookfor3years.（错）因buy这个一次性动词不能和一段时间for3years连用,改正的办法有五种：①Hehasboughtthebook.. (去掉一段时间for3years)②Heboughtthebook3yearsago(改为一般过去时，使句子的意思不变)③It’s3yearssinceheboughtthebook.=3yearshaspassedsinceheboughtthebook.（改为固定句型Itissince）④Hehasnotboughtthebookfor3years.（改为否定句）⑤Hehashadthebookfor3years.（用延续性动词have代替buy）其他非延续性动词也是这样，前四种改法都一样。第五种改法各不相同，举例如下：(come/arrive/getto/reach→behere)(leave/go→beaway)(begin/start→beon)(open/close→beopen/beclosed)(die→bedead)(finish/end→beover)(join→bein/the+组织/beamemberof…)(catch→have…)(borrow/buy→keep)(marry/getmarried→bemarried)(return→beback)break→bebrokengetup→beupbecome→be lose→belostend→beoff comehome→behomegoout→beout sitdown→beseatedputon→wear/bein fallill/sick/asleep→beill/sick/asleep练习：()1、Both

his

parents

look

sad.Maybethey

_________what's

happened

to

him.Ａ.

knew

Ｂ.

haveknown

Ｃ.

mustknow

Ｄ.willknow()2、He

has

_______been

to

Shanghai,has

he?Ａ.

already

Ｂ.never

Ｃ.ever

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you

met

Mr

Li______？Ａ.

just

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ago

Ｃ.before

Ｄ.

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writing

Ｂ.was

writing

Ｃ.wrote

Ｄ.has

written()5、-Ourcountry

___alotsofar.-Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven____.Ａ.has

changed;well

Ｂ.

changed;goodＣ.has

changed;betterＤ.

changed;better()6、ZhaoLan______already

______inthisschoolfortwoyears.Ａ.was;studying

Ｂ.will;studyＣ.has;studied

Ｄ.are;studying()7、We______Xiao

Li

since

she

was

a

little

girl.Ａ.know

Ｂ.

had

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Ｃ.have

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Ｄ.

knew()8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_______ittwice.Ａ.

will

see

Ｂ.

have

seen

Ｃ.

saw

Ｄ.see()9、-These

farmers

have

been

to

the

United

States.-Really?When_____

there?Ａ.will

they

go

Ｂ.

did

they

goＣ.

do

they

go

Ｄ.

have

they

gone()10、-______you___your

homework

yet?-Yes.I_____

it

a

moment

ago.Ａ.

Did;do;finished

Ｂ.

Have;done;finishedＣ.

Have;done;have

finished

Ｄ.

will;do;finish()11、His

father

______the

Party

since

1978.Ａ.

joined

Ｂ.

hasjoined

Ｃ.

wasinＤ.

has

been

in()12、-Doyouknowhimwell?-

Sure.We_____friendssincetenyearsago.Ａ.

were

Ｂ.havebeen

Ｃ.havebecome

Ｄ.havemade()13、-Howlonghaveyou

____here?-Abouttwomonths.Ａ.

been

Ｂ.

gone

Ｃ.

come

Ｄ.

arrived()14、Hurry

up!The

play__________for

ten

minutes.Ａ.

has

begunＢ.

had

begunＣ.

has

been

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_____ten

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since

he

left

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army.Ａ.

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will

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Green

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the

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the

library.Ａ.has

gone

Ｂ.went

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has

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parents______

Shandong

for

ten

years.Ａ.

have

been

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Ｂ.have

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toＣ.

have

gone

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