中考英语一轮复习 考点详解+真题练习专项突破39 阅读理解之说明文（含解析）

专项39阅读理解之说明文＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。1.who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2.what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4.how：通过什么方式表现出来的？5.why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。A（2022·西藏·中考真题）TheFuxingtrainhasstartedrunninginsouthwestChina’sTibetalongtheLhasa—NyingchiRailway(拉萨—林芝铁路).The435-kilometerrailwaylinksLhasaandNyingchi.ItisChina’sfirstelectrified(电气化的)railroadonthe“RoofoftheWorld”.ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.Thenewrailwaycoversanareaof226,000squarekilometers.Itgoesthrough47tunnels(隧道)andcrosses121bridges.Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butit’sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.Therailwaynotonlymakeslocalpeople’slifeeasier,butalsobringsmoretouriststothearea.“Therailwaytripissorelaxingandfast.Thenewtrainhasbroughtourfamilymemberscloserthaneverbefore,”saidateacherwholivesinNyingchi.SheusedtodrivemorethanfivehoursfromNyingchitoLhasatovisitherparentsduringthesummervacation.Besidescarryingpassengers,therailwayalsoprovidesgoodchancesforfarmerstoselllocalproductstomoreplaces.It’ssuretoputnewenergyintoTibet’seconomic(经济的)development.1．HowmanyhoursdoesthejourneytakebetweenLhasaandNyingchibyFuxingtrain?A．About5hours. B．About4hours. C．About3.5hours. D．About1.5hours.2．What’sthetopspeedofFuxingtrainfromLhasatoNyingchi?A．160kilometersperhour. B．121kilometersperhour.C．47kilometersperhour. D．160metersperhour.3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“shortens”meaninChinese?A．克扣 B．下降 C．缩短 D．缺少4．What’sspecialabouttheLhasa—NyingchiRailway?A．Itcoversalargearea.B．Itcancarrypassengers.C．Thetraingoesthroughlotsoftunnelsandbridges.D．It’sChina’sfirstelectrifiedrailwayonthe“RoofoftheWorld”.5．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．Therailwaytripisnotrelaxingorfast.B．Therailwaydoesnotbringmoretouriststothearea.C．Thetraingoesthrough121tunnelsand47bridges.D．It’sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountry.【答案】1．C

2．A

3．C

4．D

5．D【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍拉萨—林芝铁路的相关信息。1．细节理解题。根据“ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.”可知，它将拉萨和林芝之间的路程从5个多小时缩短到约3.5小时。所以是3.5小时，故选C。2．细节理解题。根据“Thetrainhasatopspeedof160kilometersperhour.”可知，这列火车的最高时速为160公里。故选A。3．词句猜测题。分析“ItshortensthejourneybetweenLhasaandNyingchifromoverfivehourstoabout3.5hours.”可知，它将拉萨和林芝之间的路程从5个多小时缩短到约3.5小时。所以shortens的意思是“缩短”，故选C。4．细节理解题。根据“ItisChina’sfirstelectrified(电气化的)railroadonthe‘RoofoftheWorld’.”可知，它是中国第一条在“世界屋脊”上的电气化铁路。故选D。5．细节理解题。根据“Itisthefastesttrainonthehighland,butit’sabitslowerthansomeotherFuxingtrainsinourcountrybecauseofthespecialenvironment.”可知，它是高原上最快的火车，但由于特殊的环境，它比我们国家的一些其他复兴列车要慢一些。故选D。B（2022·江苏南京·中考真题）SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.Thenoneday,SuesawJim’smusiccollection.ShenoticedararepunkrockCDthatshealsoowned.Atthatmoment,sherealizedthattheybothhadthesameinterestinmusicandtheystartedtalking.Suesaid,“Ithoughtwehadnothingincommon(相同)untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.”Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.Somepsychologists(心理学家)thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto(有联系的)yourpersonality.AspartofatestattheUniversityofTexas,Austin,USA,volunteerscreatedaCDoftheirfavouritesongs.Thevolunteersthenlistenedtoeachother’sCDsandmadeguessesabouttheCDcreator’spersonality—outgoing,adventurous,happy,andsoon.Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers’personalitiesthroughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.Forexample,SueandJimlovepunkmusic,whichmeanstheyhaveoutgoingpersonalities.ThepsychologistswhodidthetestfoundSnoopDogg(hip-hop)fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.PeoplewholikeU2(rock/popmusic)aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong(jazz)fanstendto(倾向于)beseriousandintelligent.Whilefansofclassicalmusicarealsolikelytoenjoyjazzmusicandtendtobeshy.Thepsychologistsweresurprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.Title:Musicand____6____Anopinion◆Your____7____inmusicisrelatedtoyourpersonality.Findings◆One’sclothesortasteinfilmsis____8____importantthanhis/herCDsinatestofguessingaboutone’spersonality.◆Itis____9____thathip-hopfansareenergeticandtalkative.◆Peoplewho____10____rockorpopmusicareusuallyindependentandadventurous.◆Jazzfanstendtobe____11____andintelligent.◆It’s____12____thatrapandheavymetalfansareshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.An____13____◆____14____SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyears,theywereneverinterestedineachother.◆AfterSuenoticedtheybothhadrarepunkrockCDs,shefoundtheyhad____15____incommon.◆Theyarenowmarriedandlivingwitheachother.【答案】Personality

7．taste

8．less

9．likely

10．like

11．serious

12．surprising

13．example

14．Though##Although

15．something【导语】本文主要通过一个事例和一个实验介绍了音乐和个性之间的关系。6．根据第二段“Somepsychologists(心理学家)thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto(有联系的)yourpersonality.”可知，本文主要谈论的是音乐和个性的关系，personality“个性”，名词，与名词“Music”构成并列关系。标题首字母要大写，故填Personality。7．根据第二段“Somepsychologists(心理学家)thinkthatyourtasteinmusicisrelatedto(有联系的)yourpersonality.”可知，一些心理学家认为你对音乐的品味与你的个性有关。形容词性物主代词“Your”修饰名词，taste“品味”，名词。故填taste。8．根据第二段“Thesestrangerscorrectlyguessedmuchmoreabouteachothers’personalitiesthroughtheirCDsthanthroughtheirclothesortasteinfilms.”这些陌生人通过CD更能正确地猜测了彼此的个性，而不是通过衣服或在电影中的品味。可知在猜测一个人的个性时，一个人的衣服或品味不如她的CD重要。根据空后的比较词“than”，所以用“important”的比较级lessimportant“较不重要的”。故填less。9．根据第三段“SnoopDogg(hip-hop)fansarelikelytobeenergeticandtalkative.”可知，嘻哈音乐的粉丝们可能精力充沛且健谈。belikelytodo“可能做某事”，和It’slikelythat…“……是可能的”为同义句。本小题为主语从句，系动词后跟形容词作表语。故填likely。10．根据第三段“PeoplewholikeU2(rock/popmusic)aregenerallyindependentandadventurous.”可知，喜欢摇滚和流行音乐的人通常是独立和冒险的。故填like。11．根据最后一段“ThepsychologistsalsofoundthatLouisArmstrong(jazz)fanstendto(倾向于)beseriousandintelligent.”可知，心理学家还发现，路易斯·阿姆斯特朗（爵士乐）迷们倾向于严肃和聪明。故填serious。12．根据最后一段“Thepsychologistsweresurprisedtofindthatrapandheavymetalfanswerealsoshierandquieterthanmanyothermusiclovers.”可知，说唱乐和重金属音乐爱好者也比许多其他音乐爱好者更害羞、更安静，这个发现是令人惊奇的，系动词后跟形容词作表语，surprising“令人惊奇的”，形容词。填surprising。13．根据右栏的内容可知，此处以“SueandJim”的这一事例举例说明，example“例子”，名词。根据“An”，可知填名称单数修饰，故填example。14．根据第一段“SueandJimwereneighboursforfiveyearsbuttheywereneverinterestedineachother.”可知，尽管苏和吉姆五年来一直是邻居，但他们从来没有对彼此感兴趣。though/although“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。故填Though/Although。15．根据第一段“Ithoughtwehadnothingincommon(相同)untilIsawhisCDbytheNewYorkDolls.”可知，直到Sue看到他的CD，她才认为他们有共同之处。固定搭配havesomethingincommon意为“有一些共同之处”。故填something。C（2022·重庆璧山·一模）Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.Manypeopledieasaresultofbreathingsmokeorfromcookingoverwoodpoweredorcoalpoweredstoves.Onewaytoreducethenumberofdeathsisthroughcookingequipment(设备)poweredbythesun.CrosbyMenzies,asolarpowerexpertinaSouthAfricancompany,describedhislatestsolarcookercalledthe“Sol4”.“Itisfoursquaremetersofmirrors,sixtoeightmetersinlength.Itisquitealargecooker.”The“Sol4”worksbyreflecting(反射)lightfromthesunofflargemirrors.Themirrorsdirect(把……对准)thelightatacookingpan.Thenthelightheatsthepanwithsolarenergy.Withintwominutes,thepanishotenoughtocooksausagesandonions.Injustfourminutes,watercanbeboiled.Thatisasfastascookingwithnaturalgasorelectricity.Thecookerisalsomuch“friendlier”thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.Atpresent,thecookeronlyworkswhenthesunisshining.Butengineersareworkingonawaytomakeitworkwithoutsunlight.Eachcookercostsabout$2,000,whichisalargeamountofmoneyformostAfricans.Tosolvethatproblem,CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental(非官方)organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplanstoraisemoneythroughdonations(捐款)toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.16．Thewriterstartsthepassageby________.A．comparingfacts B．sharingexperiences C．listingnumbers D．givingreasons7．Theunderlinedword“individuals”mostprobablymeans“________”.A．cookers B．people C．mirrors D．experts18．Whichofthefollowingaboutthe“Sol4”isTRUE?A．Itissixtoeightsquaremetersofmirrors.B．Itcanworkinanyweatherconditionnow.C．Itcanalsoheatthepanbylightingfirewood.D．Itismoreenvironment-friendlythanothercookers.19．Fromthepassage,wecaninferthat________.A．the“Sol4”willbedesignedinasmallersizeB．moreAfricanscanusethesolarcookersinthefutureC．the“Sol4”isthefirstproductoftheSouthAfricancompanyD．theAfricangovernmentwillprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcooker【答案】16．C

17．B

18．D

19．B【导语】本文主要介绍了一种可以通过太阳能来烹饪的设备及其工作原理。目前，该设备只是在阳光灿烂的时候工作，但工程师们正在努力工作，使它在没有阳光的情况下也能工作。16．细节理解题。根据“Pollutioninsidehomesandotherbuildingskillsmorethan4millionpeopleeachyear.”（家庭和其他建筑物内的污染每年导致400多万人死亡。）可知作者以列举数字开始这篇文章。故选C。17．词义猜测题。根据“Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.”及“wouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.”可知，这里的individuals是主语，表示使用这种灶具的people“人”也不太可能因有害烟雾而患呼吸疾病。故选B。18．细节理解题。根据“Thecookerisalsomuch‘friendlier’thanothermodelsbecausepeopledonothavetostandinthesuntouseit.Andpeoplecanpreparemealswithouthavingtocollectfirewoodorspendmoneyoncoal.Suchindividualswouldbelesslikelytohavebreathingillnessesfromharmfulsmoke.”（这种炊具也比其他型号“友好”得多，因为人们不用站在阳光下使用它。人们可以在不必捡柴火或花钱买煤的情况下做饭。这些人不太可能因有害烟雾而患上呼吸疾病。）可知，这种新灶具比其他炊具更环保。故选D。19．推理判断题。根据“Tosolvethatproblem,CrosbyMenzieshascreatedanongovernmental(非官方)organizationcalledSolarCookersforAfrica.Itplanstoraisemoneythroughdonations(捐款)toprovidepoorpeoplewithsolarcookingequipment.”（为了解决这个问题，克罗斯比·孟基斯创建了一个名为“非洲太阳能炊具”的非官方组织。它计划通过捐赠筹集资金，为穷人提供太阳能烹饪设备。）可以推断出未来会有更多的非洲人用上太阳能炊具。故选B。D（2022·重庆开州·二模）①Facial-recognition(人脸识别)camerasareeverywhere,eveninyoursmartphone.Manypeopleusethistechnologytounlocktheirphones,opendoors,ormakequickpayments.Butduringthepandemic(疫情),canitstillworkwhenpeopleputonmasks?②Theanswerisno.Scientistsaretryingtosolvethisproblem.Forexample,Engineering&Technology(E＆T)magazinereportsthatHanwang,atechcompanyinBeijing,hasmadeanewsystem(系统).Itcanrecognize95percentofpeoplewhentheywearmasks.③What’sthesecret?It’sallaboutyoureyes.④MariosSavidesfromCarnegieMellonUniversity,US,studiesfacialrecognition.Aswegetolder,hesays,ourfaceschangeshape.Buttheareaaroundoureyesdoesn’t.Itstaysthesame—evenifweputonweight.Aslongasthereareenoughdata(数据)fromtheareaofoureyes,thecamerascanrecognizeus.⑤Tech5isanotherfacial-recognitioncompany.TheSwisscompany’sproductscans(扫描)theshapeofyourface.Italsoscansyouriris(虹膜),whichisthecoloredpartofyoureyes.Tech5hopestoleaveout(忽略)allofthefacebelowthenose.⑥Thiskindofsoftwareismoreimportantthanjustunlockingyourphone.“Itcans