现代英语词汇学概论chapter2

MORPHOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFENGLISHWORDSChapterTwo11.Content2.1Morphemes2.2Allomorphs2.3Classificationsofmorphemes22.MorphologicalstructureofthewordTheinternalstructuralofwordsandrulebywhichwordsareformed.Awordisthesmallestunitofalanguagethatstandsalonetocommunicatemeaning.Structurally,however,awordisnotthesmallestunitbecausemanywordscanbeseparatedintosmallermeaningfulunits.Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.33.2.1MorphemesThemorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,notdivisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.

Themorphemedenotesthesmallestunitsortheminimumdistinctivefeatureofsomeclassofthings.Amorphemeisalsotwo-facetlanguageunitwhichpossessesbothsoundandmeaning.Onemorpheme:nationTwomorphemes:nation-alThreemorphemes:nation-al-izeFourmorphemes:de-nation-al-ize44.Anallomorph

(词/语素变体)anyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.

Differentformsofthesamemorpheme.(Anallomorphisoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalormorphologicalenvironments.)caps,classes

:※-s(plural)-ion,-tion,-ation,-sion

positionalallomorphsofthesamesuffix动词过去时态变化–ed,-ied2.2Allomorphs55.2.3ClassificationsofmorphemesIngeneral,therearetwomaintypesofclassificationofmorphemesFreemorphemesandboundmorphemesRootsandaffixes66.2.3.1FreemorphemesandboundmorphemesFreemorphemesAfreemorphemeisonethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences,i.e.,freeroots(自由词根).Afreemorphemeisaword,intraditionalsense.E.g.:earth,wind,boy,bite,etc77.BoundmorphemesAboundmorphemecannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance;itmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,freeorbound.Inflectionalelementsandaffixesareboundmorphemes.theyhaveattachedmeaning(un-kind,hope-ful)orgrammaticalmeaning(cat-s,slow-ly,walk-ing,call-ed).Theyarealsocalledgrammaticalmorphemes.88.2.3.2Rootsandaffixes

Roots,i.e.,rootmorphemesArootisthebasicunchangeablepartofaword,anditconveysthemainlexicalmeaningoftheword.work,workable,worker,worked,andworkingRootsareeitherfreeorboundFreeroots:InEnglish,manyrootsarefreemorphemes,suchasboy,walketc.Freeroots,justlikesimplewords,belongtothebasicword-stock.Boundroots:Quiteanumberofrootsderivedfromforeignsources,especiallyfromGreekandLatin,belongtotheclassofboundmorphemes,suchastaininwordslikecontain,detain99.Aroot,whetheritisfreeorbound,generallycarriesthemaincomponentofmeaninginaword.E.g.:revivevitalvitaminvivaciousvivideachconsistsoftheLatinrootvit-orviv-,meaning“life”or“tolive.”E.g.:contradict,predict,dictate,diction,dictionary…dict-conveysthemeaningof‘sayorspeak’---Aknowledgeofrootscanhelponetoanalyzeandunderstandmanywordsalmostonsight.KnowingthemeaningoftheserootscanhelpclarifythemeaningofmanyEnglishwords.1010.Affixes

Affixisa“collectivetermfortypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.”Affixes,therefore,areconsideredboundmorphemes.Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Accordingtothefunctionsofaffixes,affixesmaybedividedintoinflectional(曲折词缀)

andderivational(派生词缀)

types.1111.InflectionalaffixesAffixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectional,thusknownasinflectionalmorphemes.Forexample:cats,walked,walking,John’sbook…Aninflectionalaffixservestoexpresssuchmeaningsasplurality,tense,andthecomparativeorsuperlativedegree.Itdoesnotformanewwordwithnewlexicalmeaningwhenitisaddedtoanotherword.1212.DerivationalaffixesAffixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwords.Theycanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes.Prefixes(前缀)Suffixes(后缀)Derivationalaffixeshavenotonlyindependentlexicalmeaningbutalsoaffectivemeaning.1313.Englishwordscanbeclassifiedonthemorphemiclevel:(1)simplewords:asinglemorpheme(2)derivedwords:resultofaderivationalprocess,consistingofafreemorphemeandone(ormorethanone)boundmorpheme,e.g.,fruitless(3)compoundwords:thosewhicharecomposedoftwoormorefreemorphemes14Diagramofmorphemes14.SUMMARYMorphemeAllomorphsClassificationofmorphemes Freeorbound RootoraffixesClassificationofwordsont