《基础医学英语》

FundamentalMedicalEnglish《基础医学英语》主编谢崇国宋军张宏中国海洋大学出版社2021/10/10星期日1Unit7TheUrinarySystemUnit2TheMusculoskeletalSystemUnit1HolisticMedicineContentsIntroductionUnit3TheNervousSystemUnit4TheCirculatorySystemUnit5TheRespiratorySystemUnit6TheDigestiveSystem2021/10/10星期日2Unit8TheImmuneSystemUnit11CloningandGenesUnit12PathologyUnit13MedicationUnit14MicrobiologyUnit15ASurveyofMedicine2021/10/10星期日3IntroductionIntroductoryquestions：WhatdoyouknowaboutmedicalEnglish?2.CanyourecallthenamesofyourmedicalcoursesinEnglish?3.Whatdoyouexpecttolearnorimprovefromthiscourse?2021/10/10星期日4CourseDescriptionThiscoursewillprovideapproachtocontemporaryEnglishreadingsbasedonselectionsfromthetextsrelatedtothefieldofmedicine.CourseGoalsToconsolidatethestudents’knowledgeofthetypeofEnglishthatcouldbeusedformedicine.

2021/10/10星期日5

CourseObjectives1.Vocabulary1)understanding----English←→Chinese2)word-formation----basicrules3)pronunciation----syllables&stress2.ReadingSkills3.ReadingPractice2021/10/10星期日6CourseContent

1.Introduction

1）Introductiontothiscourse

2）BasicKnowledgeofMedicalEnglish

2.FundamentalMedicalEnglish

3.ClinicalMedicalEnglish

CourseEvaluation1.Homework/classperformance(20%)2.FinalExamination(80%)2021/10/10星期日7ReadingSkills----SkimmingandScanningSkimming

referstotheprocessofreadingonlymainideaswithinapassagetogetanoverallimpressionofthecontentofareadingselection.2021/10/10星期日8HowtoSkim:*Readthetitle.*Readtheintroductionorthefirstparagraph.*Readthefirstsentenceofeveryotherparagraph.*Readanyheadingsandsub-headings.*Noticeanypictures,charts,orgraphs.*Noticeanyitalicizedorboldfacewordsorphrases.*Readthesummaryorlastparagraph. 2021/10/10星期日9Scanning

isareadingtechniquetobeusedwhenyouwanttofindspecificinformationquickly.Inscanningyouhaveaquestioninyourmindandyoureadapassageonlytofindtheanswer,ignoringunrelatedinformation.

2021/10/10星期日10HowtoScan:*Statethespecificinformationyouarelookingfor.*Trytoanticipatehowtheanswerwillappearandwhatcluesyoumightusetohelpyoulocatetheanswer.Forexample,ifyouwerelookingforacertaindate,youwouldquicklyreadtheparagraphlookingonlyfornumbers.2021/10/10星期日11*

Useheadingsandanyotheraidsthatwillhelpyouidentifywhichsectionsmightcontaintheinformationyouarelookingfor.*Selectivelyreadandskipthroughsectionsofthepassage.2021/10/10星期日12

FundamentalMedicalCourses

Biology

Physiology

Biochemistry,PhysicalChemistry,Organicchemistry/inorganicchemistry,

Anatomy(SystematicAnatomyandRegionalAnatomy)

2021/10/10星期日13Microbiology

Parasitology

Histoembryology

Pharmacology

Genetics

Pathology(Pathophysiology/Pathoanatomy)

MedicalPsychologyMedicalEthics2021/10/10星期日14ClinicalMedicalCourses

Diagnostics

Generalsurgery

InternalMedicine

Obstetricsandgynecology

Pediatrics

Imageology

TraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)

Nursingscience2021/10/10星期日15

TheFeaturesofMedicalEnglish

1.

Style:objective

2.Structure:rigorous

3.LogicalRelation:tight

4.LongSentences

5.SpecialStructures:passivevoice,It-sentencestructure,non-predicateform,nominalization,etc.

6.

Alargequantityofspecializedwordsandphrases

2021/10/10星期日16Example

(1)Unusualbleedingandthegrowthoflumps

inthewombarethetwospecialsignsof

cancerofthewomb.

(2)Abnormalhemorrhageandtumorous

enlargementoftheuterusarethetwocharacteristicfeaturesofcarcinoma

oftheendometrium.2021/10/10星期日17TheSourcesofMedicalTerminologiesWordsrelatedtomedicineingeneralEnglish

Wordsfromotherlanguages

Newwordscreatedaccordingtoneed

2021/10/10星期日18WordsrelatedtomedicineingeneralEnglish

hand,foot,arm,ear,eye,bone,heart

windpipe/trachea(气管)

whooping-cough/pertussis(百日咳)

pinkeye/epidemicconjunctivitis(结膜炎)

athlete’sfoot/tineapedis(脚癣)

lockjaw/tetanus(破伤风)piles/hemorrhoids(痔疮)fits/convulsion(惊厥)chilblain/erythemapernio(冻疮)2021/10/10星期日19

AmphibiousWords

resistance抵抗力

tolerance耐受性rejection排异

incubation潜伏期

rupture疝

abortion流产

angry（患处）肿痛发炎的

carrier带菌者

attack（疾病）侵袭，发作

administration（药的）服法，用法

appendix阑尾

2021/10/10星期日20WordsfromotherlanguagesMedicalwordsfromLatin:acutecell3)

cortex:EnteringEnglishin1653fromLatin,originallymeaning‘barkofatree’.Specificreferenceof‘theouterlayerofthebrain’wasfirstrecordedin1741.2021/10/10星期日21Moreexamples:

cutis(皮)aorta(主动脉)

cervix(颈)sinus(窦)

bronchus(支气管)os(骨)abdomen(腹)membrane(膜)

vertebra(椎骨)cartilage(软骨)

2021/10/10星期日222.MedicalwordsfromGreek:colon:ItenteredEnglishin1398,basedonGreekKolon(largeintestine,food,meat)2)

coma:ItwasborrowedfromGreekkoma

(deepsleep)in1646.3)

pneumonia:Greekpneumonia(inflammationofthelungs)enteredEnglishin1603.2021/10/10星期日234)

psychology:Coinedin1653fromGreekpsykhe-

(breath,spirit,soul)andlogia(studyof),itoriginallymeant‘studyofthesoul’.Meaning‘studyofthemind’wasfirstrecordedin1748.

2021/10/10星期日24Moreexamples:

stoma(口,小孔)soma(身体,躯干)

glottis(声门)aden(腺)

derma(真皮)larynx(喉)

nephron(肾单位)rachis(脊柱)

pharynx(咽)phalanx(指骨)2021/10/10星期日253.MedicalwordsfromFrench:

malaise

（不适）

faint（虚弱；昏厥）

disease

（疾病）

bruit（杂音）

massage（按摩）

4.

MedicalwordsfromItalian:influenza(流感)

malaria(疟疾)

quarantine(检疫，隔离)2021/10/10星期日265.MedicalwordsfromSpanish:mosquito（蚊）

quinine（奎宁）6.MedicalwordsfromGermanchemotherapy（化疗）chromosome（染色体）neuron（神经元）2021/10/10星期日27Newwordscreatedaccordingtoneed

antibiotic（抗生素）electrocardiogram（心电图）AIDS（爱滋病）SARS（非典型性肺炎）Alzheimer’sdisease(早老性痴呆症)

Parkinson’sdisease(帕金森病)

2021/10/10星期日28

Asweknow,medicaltermscomefromdifferentorigins,includingLatin,Greek,Frenchandotherlanguages.Oneresultofsuchdiversityinoriginisthatdifferentelementsorevenwordsareusedtorefertothesameconcept,thing,oridea.Overlappinginreferenceisverycommoninmedicalterminology.SynonymousPhenomenonofMedicalTerms2021/10/10星期日29

SynonymousPhenomenonofMedicalTerms

人体部位

英语拉丁词根

希腊词根

体

body

corporo-

somato--some

头head

capito-

cephalo-心

heart

cordi-

cardio-

手hand

mano-/manu-cheiro-

手指

finger

digito-

dactylo-血管

vesselvaso-

angio-

2021/10/10星期日30

SynonymousPhenomenonofMedicalTerms人体部位

英语拉丁词根

希腊词根

静脉vein

veno-

phlebo-

鼻子nosenaso-rhino-胸chest

pecto-

thoraco-

腹belly

abdomino-

ventro-脊柱

backbonespino-spondylo-脑braincerebro-encephalo-

2021/10/10星期日31

ThePluralformsofsomemedicalwords

Amedicaltermoftenhasboththeregularpluralformandtheforeignpluralform.Thelatterisgenerallyusedinformalstyle,whiletheregularoneisfrequentlyusedindailymedicalEnglish,especiallyinspokenEnglish.

2021/10/10星期日32Somewordsmayhaveonlytheforeignpluralform,forexample,bacillus→bacilli,ovum→ova,somemayhaveonlytheregularform,forexample,virus→viruses,

antibody→antibodies,electron→electrons.Manyhavebothforms,forexample,vertebra→vertebras,

vertebrae,matrix→matrixes,matrices2021/10/10星期日33

特殊单复数词尾变化规律1)a----aee.g.aorta----aortae主动脉pleura----pleurae胸膜2)us----i

e.g.coccus----cocci球菌bacillus-----bacilli杆菌3)um----ae.g.serum----sera(serums)血清bacterium----bacteria2021/10/10星期日344)on----ae.g.phenomenon----phenomenacriterion----criteria5)is----ese.g.crisis----crises危象analysis----analyses分析6)ma----matae.g.trauma----traumata创伤haematoma----haematomata血肿2021/10/10星期日357)men----minae.g.lumen----lumina（管）腔abdomen----abdomina腹8)元音+x----元音+cese.g.cortex----cortices皮质appendix----appendices阑尾thorax----thoraces胸廓

辅音+x----辅音+gese.g.pharynx----pharynges咽larynx----larynges喉2021/10/10星期日36Word-formationinMedicalTerminology

Medicaltermsarelargelyformedfromthebuildingelements,namely,roots,prefixes,suffixesandexistingwords.Generally,werecognizesevencommonlyusedprocessesofword-formationinmedicallanguage.

2021/10/10星期日37Theyare:Affixation（词缀法）Composition（复合法）Conversion（转换法）Blending（拼缀法）Backformation（逆生法）Clipping（截短法）Acronym（首字母简略法）

2021/10/10星期日38

AffixationAffixationreferstoformationofwordsbymeansofaffixes(prefixandsuffix).Itincludesprefixationandsuffixation.Prefixationisamorphologicalprocesswherebyaprefixisattachedtothefrontofbase(rootorword).Usually,prefixationtendstobesemanticallyoriented,thatis,theprocessaddsnewmeaningtoabasewithoutchangeinthepartofspeech.2021/10/10星期日39Suffixationisamorphologicalprocesswhereasuffixisattachedtotheendofbase.Unlikeprefixes,suffixesarebasicallyclass-changing.Sosuffixationtendstochangethepartofspeechofaword.Forexample,immune,immunity,immunizeandimmunizationhavebasicmeaning,allrelatedto‘immunity’ofanorganism,butbelongtodifferentwordclasses.2021/10/10星期日40

CombiningvowelWhentwobasesarecombinedorasuffixisattachedtoabase,ifthereisnovoweltojointhetwoforms,avowelcalledthecombiningvowelisadded.ThemostcommonlyusedcombiningvowelisO,withIandAcomingsecond.Combiningvowelsareoftenusedifarootiscombinedwithasuffixoranotherroot.Arootwithacombiningvoweliscalled

combiningform.

2021/10/10星期日41Typesofcombiningforms

Greeksource

-o-cardi+o→cardio-o+logy→-ology-a-par+a→para--y-brad+y→brady-pol+y→poly-Latinsource-i-mult+i→multi-i+cide→-icide

ov+i→ovi-2021/10/10星期日42e.g.neur/o/psych/o/pathy(神经精神性疾病)gastr/o/enter/itis（胃肠炎）germ/i/cide（杀菌剂）dent/i/form（牙形的）par/a/thyroid（甲状旁腺）hyper/chlor/emia(高氯血)peri/card/itis(心包炎)2021/10/10星期日43Thefollowingpatternsaretypicalofaffixation:1.prefix+roote.g.inject:in-(into)+jec(t)-(tothrow),putmaterialintoaparticularlocation,oftenusingasyringe2.prefix+combiningvowel+roote.g.ectoderm:ect-(outside)+derm-(skin),theouterlayeroftheembryo2021/10/10星期日443.root+suffixe.g.stasis:sta-(tostand)+-sis(aconditionof),slowingoffluidmovement4.root+combiningvowel+suffixe.g.sclerosis:scler-(toharden)+-sis(aconditionof),hardeningorstiffeningofatissue.2021/10/10星期日455.prefix+root+suffixe.g.perirenal:peri-(around)+ren-(kidney)+-al(pertainingto),locatedaroundthekidney6.prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffixe.g.synarthrosis:syn-(together)+arthr-(joint)+-sis(aconditionof),immobilizationofajointbyfusion(不动关节)2021/10/10星期日467.prefx+prefix+root+combiningvowel+suffixe.g.contraindication:contra-(against)+in-(toward)+dic(t)-(tospeak)+-tion(theactionorprocessinvolved),aconditionthatprecludesusingadrug(禁忌症)8.root+root+suffixe.g.sialadenitis:sial-(saliva)+aden-(gland)+-itis(aninflammatorycondition),inflammationofasalivarygland(涎腺炎)2021/10/10星期日479.root+combiningvowel+root+suffixe.g.hemophilia:hemo-(blood)+phil-(beloved,loving)+-ia(pathologicalorabnormalcondition),anyofseveralhereditaryblood-coagulationdisorders10.prefix+root+root+suffixe.g.hyperglycemia:hyper-(excessive)+glyc-(sweet)+(h)em-(blood)+-ia(condition),thepresenceofanabnormallyhighconcentrationofglucoseintheblood

2021/10/10星期日48BasicsofMedicalWordFormation

医学派生词前缀的来源及其特点（一）介词希腊语前缀及例词拉丁语前缀及例词aftermeta-(metatarsal)post-(post-mortem)beforepro-(prognosis)ante-(antenatal)insideendo-(endocrine)intra-(intravenous)outsideecto-(ectoplasm)extra-(extramural)2021/10/10星期日49BasicsofMedicalWordFormation

医学派生词前缀的来源及其特点(二)介词希腊语前缀及例词拉丁语前缀及例词in,intoen-,em-(endemic)in-im-(insert)outofex-,exo-(exocrine)ex-(excision)below/underhypo-(hypothermia)sub-

(subacute)above/overhyper-(hypertention)super-

(superacidity)

supra-

(suprarenal)2021/10/10星期日50BasicsofMedicalWordFormation

医学派生词前缀的来源及其特点(三)介词希腊语前缀及例词拉丁语前缀及例词againstanti-(antibiotic)contra-

(contradict)togetherwithsyn-,sym-(syndrome)con-

com-

(concentrate)acrossdia-(diarrhea)trans-

(transmit)

2021/10/10星期日51BasicsofMedicalWordFormation

医学派生词后缀的特定意义–itis(发炎)arthritis(关节炎)2.–oma(瘤)lipoma(脂肪瘤)3.–ia(状态)pneumonia(肾痛)4.–osis(不正常状态)hepatosis(肝病)5.–oid(类似)nephroid(类似肾脏的)6.–algia(痛)hepatalgia(肝痛)7.–tomy(切开术)neph