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高级英语年月真题
0060020224
1、【单选题】ThelightingoftheOlympictorch______peaceandfriendshipamong
thenationsoftheworld.
symbolizes
epitomizes
A:
synchronizes
B:
characterizes
C:
答D:案:A
2、【单选题】Thereissome______intheofficeaboutwhothenewdirectorwillbe.
comprehension
disappointment
A:
apprehension
B:
estrangement
C:
答D:案:C
3、【单选题】Weweresoonboredaswehadtolistentothe______detailsofhis
operation.
tentative
tenacious
A:
tedious
B:
tenuous
C:
答D:案:C
4、【单选题】Women'svoicesonly______onafewsubjectssuchasbeautycontests,
sexworkers,andalltodowiththehome.
contract
resume
A:
supervise
B:
predominate
C:
答D:案:D
5、【单选题】Whencleaningyourhands,rememberto______allsurfaces,including
thebacksofyourhands,wrists,betweenyourfingers,andunderyourfingernails.
sweep
scrub
A:
purify
B:
groom
C:
答D:案:B
6、【单选题】Generallyspeaking,largepaintingscanhelp______thefeelingof
spaceinsmallrooms.
raise
enhance
A:
deepen
B:
increase
C:
答D:案:B
7、【单选题】Alicedidnotlookafterhim,butslowlywoundalong
the______countryroaddowntothesouth.
distorted
twined
A:
deformed
B:
crooked
C:
答D:案:D
8、【单选题】Therejectionofsuchinitiativesis______indicatingthatvoters
areunconcernedabouttheenvironment.
inthemeansof
bymeansof
A:
beyondyourmeans
B:
bynomeans
C:
答D:案:D
9、【单选题】Theworryingtrendofyouthsmokinghastobehalted.Otherwise,
manychildrenwill______it.
fallvictimto
becreditedwith
A:
takeadvantageof
B:
beexhaustedfrom
C:
D:
答案:A
10、【单选题】Byclosingtheinfectedfarmswe'rehopingto______thediseaseto
thenorthoftheregion.
limit
localize
A:
confine
B:
encircle
C:
答D:案:C
11、【单选题】Johnisaveryprivateperson-formostofthetime,
he______himself.
keepsto
keepsfrom
A:
keepsupwith
B:
keepsdownto
C:
答D:案:A
12、【单选题】Smithcarefully______theloosehairsfromtheshouldersofhis
jacket.
plucked
flicked
A:
wrested
B:
dragged
C:
答D:案:B
13、【单选题】Thenewlypublishedbookbearssomestriking______tolastyear's
bestseller.
identity
superiority
A:
similarity
B:
uniformity
C:
答D:案:C
14、【单选题】Ifanyofthesesymptoms______whileyouaretakingthemedicine,
consultyourdoctorimmediately.
occur
happen
A:
concur
B:
heighten
C:
答D:案:A
15、【单选题】Thecarcomesina______ofcolors,whichisnotgoodnewsfor
customerswhohavedifficultiesinmakingdecisions.
pyramid
pygmy
A:
mystique
B:
myriad
C:
答D:案:D
16、【单选题】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot
onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked
studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem
repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.
Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans
trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To
thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,
whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33
percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa
feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,
questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not
certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So
whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof
uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof
science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians
ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften
perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.
Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural
worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.
Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata
givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.
Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;
certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific
process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic
andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof
blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall
problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic
researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists
promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe
ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific
world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan
unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies
preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The
secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe
veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand
viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy
showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto
produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen
delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational
ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic
“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat
approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding
climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly
contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The
diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof
Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved
ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe
beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,
scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir
findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside
effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe
pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere
supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto
regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen
thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore
realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter
comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific
process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,
butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe
scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,
therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe
highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe
enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries
orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe
reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The
scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto
fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.Most
Americansbelieveinsciencewhen______.
ittellsthemthetruthsoftheworld
itgivesthemtheconfidencetheyneed
A:
itisconsistentwiththeirexistingbeliefs
B:
itconfirmstheircertaintiesabouttheworld
C:
答D:案:C
17、【单选题】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot
onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked
studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem
repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.
Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans
trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To
thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,
whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33
percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa
feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,
questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not
certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So
whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof
uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof
science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians
ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften
perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.
Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural
worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.
Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata
givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.
Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;
certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific
process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic
andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof
blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall
problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic
researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists
promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe
ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific
world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan
unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies
preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The
secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe
veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand
viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy
showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto
produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen
delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational
ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic
“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat
approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding
climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly
contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The
diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof
Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved
ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe
beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,
scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir
findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside
effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe
pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere
supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto
regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen
thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore
realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter
comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific
process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,
butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe
scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,
therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe
highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe
enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries
orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe
reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The
scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto
fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.Whatcanbe
learnedfromParagraph3?
Historiansaretofindtheweaknessofscience.
Scientificfindingsareinfrequentlychallenged.
A:
Uncertaintiespreventsciencefromprogressing.
B:
Doubtfostersabetterunderstandingoftheworld.
C:
D:
答案:D
18、【单选题】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot
onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked
studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem
repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.
Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans
trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To
thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,
whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33
percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa
feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,
questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not
certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So
whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof
uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof
science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians
ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften
perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.
Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural
worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.
Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata
givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.
Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;
certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific
process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic
andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof
blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall
problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic
researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists
promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe
ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific
world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan
unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies
preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The
secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe
veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand
viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy
showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto
produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen
delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational
ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic
“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat
approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding
climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly
contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The
diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof
Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved
ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe
beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,
scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir
findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside
effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe
pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere
supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto
regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen
thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore
realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter
comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific
process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,
butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe
scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,
therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe
highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe
enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries
orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe
reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The
scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto
fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.InParagraph
5,theword“ubiquity'means______.
beingpresenteverywhere
thedistinctcharacter
A:
beingthespecificone
B:
theinherentquality
C:
答D:案:A
19、【单选题】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot
onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked
studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem
repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.
Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans
trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To
thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,
whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33
percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa
feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,
questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not
certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So
whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof
uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof
science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians
ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften
perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.
Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural
worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.
Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata
givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.
Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;
certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific
process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic
andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof
blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall
problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic
researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists
promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe
ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific
world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan
unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies
preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The
secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe
veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscienceisdivorcedfrommethodand
viewedasjustanotherclaiminthemarketplaceofideas.APewResearchstudy
showsthat35percentofAmericansthinkthescientificmethodcanbeusedto
produce“anyresultaresearcherwants."Oncethescientificapproachhasbeen
delegitimized,thenallhypotheses,includingthemostoutlandishandirrational
ones,canbetakenascredible.So,hiddeninthisconceitofademocratic
“marketplaceofideas"isaparticularlyvirulentformofrelativismthat
approachesnihilism.(7)Suchexamplesofrelativismaboutissuesincluding
climatechangeand,mostrecently,theCOVID-19pandemic-havesignificantly
contributedtotheproliferationoffakenewsandconspiracytheories.The
diffusionoffakenewsisfacilitatedbythedifficultyofalargemajorityof
Americansindistinguishingbetweenfactandopinion.Factualnewscanbeproved
ordisprovedbyobjectiveevidence,whileopinionisanexpressionofthe
beliefsandvaluesofthespeaker.(8)Inanefforttocombatmisinformation,
scientistsmayovercompensatebyacceleratingtheirresearch.orpublicizingtheir
findingsprematurely.Thiscanspurdialogueaboutscience,butwithseriousside
effects.Thescientificprocessitselfhasbeencalledintoquestionduringthe
pandemicincaseswheretheveryinstitutionsandpeerreviewprocessthatwere
supposedtocheckscientificresultsfailedtodetectscams.(9)Sohowto
regainpublictrustinsciencewhenthepublicislookingforcertaintiesandwhen
thosewhoaresupposedtoimpersonatedoubtseemtobefickleordogmatic?Amore
realisticunderstandingofhowscienceworkscancontributetoabetter
comprehensionofthedecisiveroleofdoubtandskepticisminthescientific
process.Indeed,scienceisnotalinearpathleadingfromonesuccesstoanother,
butratheraconstantrevaluationofhypotheses.Failuresarepartofthe
scientificprocessandshouldbetaughtalongwithsuccesses.(10)Itis,
therefore,notsomuchthecontentofscientificdiscoveriesthatshouldbe
highlighted,buttheunderstandingofthescientificprocessitselfthatmustbe
enhanced.Nooneexpectsthepublicatlargetofullyunderstandalldiscoveries
orto.beabletoarbitratebetweenpossibletreatments.Butwhatmustbe
reaffirmedisthatinscience,doubtisnotavulnerabilitybutastrength.The
scientificapproachoftenleadstodeadends,butsometimesitleadsto
fundamentaldiscoveriesthatnootherapproachhaseverachieved.Accordingto
Paragraph5,theauthortendstoagreethat______.
researchersareusuallyselflessheroes
weshouldnotholdfirmbeliefinscience
A:
thereshouldbenoerrorinscientificwork
B:
scienceneedsdiscussionanddisagreement
C:
答D:案:D
20、【单选题】(1)Theconfidencepeopleplaceinscienceisfrequentlybasednot
onwhatitreallyis,butonwhatpeoplewouldlikeittobe.WhenIasked
studentsatthebeginningoftheyearhowtheywoulddefinescience,manyofthem
repliedthatitisanobjectivewayofdiscoveringcertaintiesabouttheworld.
Butsciencecannotprovidecertainties.Forexample,amajorityofAmericans
trustscienceaslongasitdoesnotchallengetheirexistingbeliefs.To
thequestion“Whensciencedisagreeswiththeteachingsofyourreligion,
whichonedoyoubelieve?,"58percentofNorthAmericansfavorreligion;33
percentscience;and6percentsay“itdepends."(2)Butdoubtinscienceisa
feature,notabug.Indeed,theparadoxisthatscience,whenproperlyfunctioning,
questionsacceptedfactsandyieldsbothnewknowledgeandnewquestions-not
certainty.Doubtdoesnotcreatetrust,nordoesithelppublicunderstanding.So
whyshouldpeopletrustaprocessthatseemstorequireatroublesome.stateof
uncertaintywithoutalwaysprovidingsolidsolutions?(3)Asahistorianof
science,Iwouldarguethatit'stheresponsibilityofscientistsandhistorians
ofsciencetoshowthattherealpowerofscienceliespreciselyinwhatisoften
perceivedasitsweakness:itsdrivetoquestionandchallengeahypothesis.
Indeed,thescientificapproachrequireschangingourunderstandingofthenatural
worldwhenevernewevidenceemergesfromeitherexperimentationorobservation.
Scientificfindingsarehypothesesthatencompassthestateofknowledgeata
givenmoment.Inthelongrun,manyofthemarechallengedandevenoverturned.
Doubtmightbetroubling,butitimpelsustowardsabetterunderstanding;
certainties,asreassuringastheymayseem,infactunderminethescientific
process.(4)Scientistsunderstandthis,butinthedynamicbetweenthepublic
andscience,therearetwosignificantpitfalls.(5)Thefirstisaformof
blindscientism-thatis,abeliefinthecapacityofsciencetosolveall
problems.Thepopularnarrativeofscienceislinear,embodiedbyheroic
researcherswhoworkselflesslyforthegoodofhumanity.Indeed,somescientists
promotethisattractivepublicimageoftheirwork.Butthisnarrativeignoresthe
ubiquityofcontroversy,conflictanderrorattheveryheartofthescientific
world.Suchanidealizedrepresentationtendstoturmscienceintoan
unquestionablesetofbeliefs.Infact,however,thepowerofsciencelies
preciselyinitscapacitytogeneratediscussionandevendiscord.(6)The
secondpifallisaformofrelativismborneoutofalackofconfidenceinthe
veryexistenceoftruth.Itdevelopswhenscie
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