5 第二部分 第四讲　根据上下文推断词句的含义-词句猜测题-2020版江苏省高考英语大二轮复习语法基础

第四讲根据上下文推断词句的含义——词句猜测题[学生用书P82]词句猜测题旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新意，还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。除了直接的命题外，在阅读理解的文章中，常常有一些单词或短语超出了考试大纲，但又没有附加注释，也需要考生猜测词义才能准确理解文章，这是词义猜测题的一种简单命题形式。高考江苏卷词句猜测题题量统计考纲解读年份个数(1)正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。(2)英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同。能根据上下文正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。(3)阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常考查的一种能力。201912018—20172[学生用书P83]【考查特点】Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题最常见的命题方式：(1)Thephrase“...”inthesentencecouldbereplacedby“________”．(2)Theunderlinedword“...”inparagraph...refersto________．(3)Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinthe...paragraph？/Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmeaninthe...paragraph?(4)Whichofthefollowingistheclosestinmeaningtothephrase“...”？(5)Theunderlinedword“...”mostprobablymeans“________”．(6)Theunderlinedsentenceinthesecondparagraphimpliesthat________．Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度：(1)猜测生词或熟词的含义。(2)猜测短语的意义。(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it，one，they，this，that，these，those等)。(4)猜测句意。eq\a\vs4\al([考向1])词义猜测题——语境分析猜词义无论是直接的词义猜测题，还是文章中需要理解的生词，考生都可以利用构词法、同义词、近义词、反义词、逻辑关系、定义和解释、例证、同等关系及生活常识和文化背景等方法猜出单词或短语的意思，这些方法体现了高考对考生的文化品格要求越来越高。掌握了这些方法，考生猜测词义的准确度也会越来越高。1．利用构词法猜词义阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。构词法有合成法、派生法和转换法(即单词的词性转变而词形不变)。[典例](2018·北京卷·D片段)AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol­poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self­drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride­hailingservices,consideringthecostofself­drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.49．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Employed. B．Replaced.C．Shared. D．Reduced.[解析]A词义猜测题。利用构词法解题。field常用作名词，表示“场地，领域”，此处用作动词，引申为“使用，应用”。根据上段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainly”并结合下句中的“asthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。2．利用同义、近义词猜词义在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义或近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。[典例](2017·全国卷Ⅱ·A片段)BytranslatingtherichandhumoroustextofLove’sLabour’sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL,DeafinitelyTheatrecreatesanewinterpretationofShakespeare’scomedyandaimstobuildabridgebetweendeafandhearingworldsbyperformingtobothgroupsasoneaudience.[点拨]根据上文中的“BytranslatingtherichandhumoroustextofLove’sLabour’sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为：翻译。3．利用反义词猜词义有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，ratherthan，incontrast，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand等。[典例](福建卷·E片段)Ifyou’retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored，youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat’llkeepyourworkoutontrack.73．Theunderlinedword“upbeat”inthesecondparagraphprobablymeans“________”．A．cheerful B．averageC．serious D．temporary[解析]A词义猜测题。根据上文语境可知，upbeat应与上文中的“tiredof”意义相反，可猜测为“快乐的，乐观的”，故选A。4．利用逻辑关系猜词义任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。[典例](2019·北京卷·D片段)Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide(二氧化碳)intotheoceanwhilegivingoffoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpstoregulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean’swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbondioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.43．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“vulnerable”inParagraph3probablymean?A．Sensitive. B．Beneficial.C．Significant. D．Unnoticeable.[解析]A词义猜测题。根据上段尾句“Warmingchangeskeycharacteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth...butalsonutrients.”可知，温度变化对phytoplankton有很大的影响；由此可推知phytoplankton对海洋的温度很敏感。故选A。5．利用例证猜词义为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可以帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如suchas，like,forexample,forinstance等。[典例](2018·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation­stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.29．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.[解析]C词义猜测题。根据“dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover”可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知，dominantlanguages意为“强有力的语言”。故选C。6．利用同等关系猜词义同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely,thatis,inotherwords,thatistosay,tobemoreexact,toputinanotherway等。[典例](2018·全国卷Ⅱ·B片段)Ifyouhavea_juicer,_youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“softserve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.26．Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?A．Adessert. B．Adrink.C．Acontainer. D．Amachine.[解析]D本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa‘softserve’creamydessert...”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器(榨汁机)。故选D。7．利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ·B片段)Buthe’snervous.“I’mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“­ld，”apronunciationdifficultyformanynon­nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher,ThomasWhaley,isnexttohim,whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles,_Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion,Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.25．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inparagraph2referto?A．Improperpauses. B．Badmanners.C．Spellingmistakes. D．Sillyjokes.[解析]A词义猜测题。根据文章内容可知，老师借助竞选演说鼓励同学们学会赞美自己。文中ChrisPalaez的母语不是英语，他学英语才三年多，说话不流利，而且他在演讲时非常紧张，所以说话磕磕绊绊，故选A。eq\a\vs4\al([考向2])代词指代题——就近原则判指代此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this,that,it,they,them,one,which等)究竟指代什么。[典例](2017·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It’sJasonMoran’sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter’sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.29．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.eq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步确定题干中的关键信息the_underlined_word_“that”_in_paragraph_3第二步定位到原句，并找出该词所代替的内容the_jazz_audience_continues_to_shrink_and_grow_older,_and_the_music_has_failed_to_connect_with_younger_generations_第三步综合判断得出答案由关键句可知，that指代爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。自主解答：Ceq\a\vs4\al()代词指代判断三法1．返回原文，找出指代词(it,they,them,this等)。2．向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。3．将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。eq\a\vs4\al([考向3])句意猜测题——意义吻合定句意高考阅读理解有时对某一个句子的外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。[典例](2019·浙江卷6月·B片段)Money_with_no_strings_attached.It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth,aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread,“GiveWhatYouCan,TakeWhatYouNeed.”24．Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inparagraph1mean?A．Moneyspentwithouthesitation.B．Moneynotlegallymade.C．Moneyofferedwithoutconditions.D．Moneynottiedtogether.eq\a\vs4\al([解题思路])第一步确定题干中的关键信息“money_with_no_strings_attached”_in_paragraph_1第二步定位到原句，并找出与该句相关的信息句Give_What_You_Can,_Take_What_You_Need._第三步综合判断得出答案由“尽你所能，取你所需”可知，此处money_with_no_strings_attached的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”。自主解答：Ceq\a\vs4\al()句意猜测两注意句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。1．返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。2．一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。[学生用书P85](2019·江苏卷·B)Inthe1960s，whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark，BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldn’tfindthepark’svolcano.IthadbeenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature—that’swhataccountedforallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldn’tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro,whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(岩浆)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth，allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis,however,asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn’tinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn’tfindthecalderaanywhere.JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh­altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow­upforoneofthevisitors’centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos，herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera:almostthewholepark—2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacross—muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。20世纪60年代，BobChristiansen在研究黄石国家公园的火山历史时，对一件以前从未困扰过任何人的事情感到困惑：他找不到公园里的火山。58．WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?A．Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.B．Itsever­lastinginfluenceontourism.C．Themysterioushistoryofthepark.D．Theexactlocationofthevolcano.D解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat,oddly,hadnottroubledanyonebefore:hecouldn’tfindthepark’svolcano”可知，BobChristiansen对黄石国家公园的火山位置感到困惑。59．Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Theshapesofvolcanoes.B．Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C．Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D．Theheightsofvolcanoes.A解析：段落大意题。根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone(圆锥体)shapesofFujiorKilimanjaro”和“asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn’tinvolvemountainbuilding...avasthole”可知，该段主要讲两类火山的形状。60．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blow­up”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?A．Hot­airballoon. B．Digitalcamera.C．Bigphotograph. D．Bird’sview.C解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“NASAdecidedto...bytakingparagraphsofYellowstone”和本段中的“AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera:almostthewholepark—2.2millionacres—wascaldera.”可知，NASA拍摄了黄石国家公园的照片，Christiansen在照片上看到公园的全景。由此可推知，blow­up意为“放大的照片”。[学生用书P86]A(2019·无锡教学质量抽测)Whenshefirststartedlearningabouttheclimatechangefromoneofherelders,FawnSharpwasinvitedonahelicopterflightovertheOlympicMountainstosurveytheMountAndersonglacier.Buttheglacierwasgone,meltedbythewarmingclimate.Sharphadadeepsenseoflosswhenshediscoveredtheglacierwasn’tthereanymore.Lossisagrowingissueforpeopleworkingandlivingonthefrontlinesofclimatechange.AndthatgaveJenniferWrenAtkinson,afull­timelecturerattheUniversityofWashingtonBothell,US,anideaforaclass.Thisterm,shetaughtstudentsontheBothellcampusabouttheemotionalburdensofenvironmentalstudy.SheusedtheexperiencesofNativeAmericantribes,scientistsandactivists,andaskedher24studentstofacetherealitythatthereisnoeasyfix—that“thisissuchanintractableproblemthatthey’regoingtobedealingwithitfortherestoftheirlives.”StudentCodyDillonusedtobeaclimatescienceskeptic(怀疑论者).Thenhedidhisownreadingandresearch,andchangedhismind.Dillonwasn’tgoingintoenvironmentalwork—hewasacomputer­sciencemajor.Yet,thepotentialforaworldwideenvironmentalcatastropheseemedsorealtohimfiveyearsagothathequithisjobandbecameafull­timevolunteerforanenvironmentalgroupthatworkedonrestorationprojects.Sixmonthsintothework,hedecidedthatAtkinson’sclasswasjustwhathewaslookingfor—aplacewherehecoulddiscusshisconcernsaboutachangingclimate.Atkinsonsaidshehopedtheclasshelpedherstudentspreparethemselvesfortheamountofenvironmentallossthatwillhappenovertheirlifetimes.“Wearealreadychangingtheplanet—somanyspeciesaregoingtobelost,displacedormassivelyimpacted，”shesaid.“Thefutureisn’tgoingtobewhattheyimagined.”【解题导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了JenniferWrenAtkinson给同学们上环境研究的情感负担课，意在通过这类课程告诉学生气候变化日益严峻，没人能够独善其身，因此要更加关注环境问题。1．WhydidtheauthormentionthecaseofFawnSharp?A．TolayabasisforFawnSharp’sfurtherresearch.B．ToproveFawnSharp’sworkissimilartoAtkinson’s.C．Toleadintotheissueoflosscausedbyclimatechange.D．Toshowscientists’concernabouttheMountAndersonglacier.C解析：推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，FawnSharp被邀请乘坐直升机飞越奥林匹克山脉，调查MountAnderson冰川。但是因气候变暖，冰川融化消失了，当FawnSharp发现冰川已经不在那里时，她有一种深深的失落感。由此可推知，作者通过FawnSharp发现冰山消失以及她的感受来引入“气候变化导致环境损失”的主题。故选C。2．What’sthemainpurposeofAtkinson’sclass?A．Toexplorehowdifferentpeopledealwithclimatechange.B．Togetstudentsmoreconcernedaboutenvironmentalissue.C．TofindsolutionstotheOlympicMountainsenvironmentalissue.D．Toteachstudentshowtoconductaresearchaboutenvironment.B解析：细节理解题。根据倒数第二段Atkinsonsaidshehopedtheclasshelpedherstudentspreparethemselvesfortheamountofenvironmentallossthatwillhappenovertheirlifetimes.可知，Atkinson的课的主要目的是让学生更加关注环境问题。故选B。3．Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlinedword“intractable”inparagraph3?A．Simple. B．Difficult.C．Complicated. D．Interesting.B解析：词义猜测题。根据本句中的“andaskedher24studentstofacetherealitythatthereisnoeasyfix”可知，Atkinson让她的24名学生面对这样一个现实：没有简单的解决办法；再根据破折号可知，此处表示这是一个如此棘手的问题，他们将在余生中处理它。由此可推知，intractable意为“困难的”，与difficult意义相近。故选B。4．HowdidAtkinson’sclassinfluenceDillon?A．Dillonworkedasapart­timevolunteerforrestorationprojects.B．Itmadehimrealizeaplanet­wideclimatedisasterwouldhappen.C．Itencouragedhimtobemoreinvolvedinenvironmentalprotection.D．Itdiscouragedhimtoworkonrestorationprojectsfortheenvironment.C解析：推理判断题。根据第五段第二句“Yet,thepotentialforaworldwideenvironmentalcatastropheseemedsorealtohimfiveyearsagothathequithisjobandbecameafull­timevolunteerforanenvironmentalgroupthatworkedonrestorationprojects.”可知，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性是如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者；又根据第六段“Sixmonthsintothework,hedecidedthatAtkinson’sclasswasjustwhathewaslookingfor—aplacewherehecoulddiscusshisconcernsaboutachangingclimate.”可知，工作六个月后，他认为Atkinson的课正是他想要的——一个他可以讨论他对不断变化的气候的担忧的地方。由此可推知，Atkinson的课鼓励了Dillon更多地参与环境保护。故选C。[长难句分析]Yet，thepotentialforaworldwideenvironmentalcatastropheseemedsorealtohimfiveyearsagothathequithisjobandbecameafull­timevolunteerforanenvironmentalgroupthatworkedonrestorationprojects.(第五段第二句)分析：本句是一个复合句。so...(第一个)that...引导结果状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰先行词anenvironmentalgroup。译文：然而，五年前，Dillon认为世界环境灾难的可能性看起来如此真实，以至于他辞去了工作，成了一名致力于修复项目的环保组织的全职志愿者。B(2019·南京四校联考)Haveyouevercaughtyourselfsaying“Ihatesmalltalk！”theminuteyouwalkintoaparty?Ifso,youmightbeanintrovert(内向的人).Introvertshatetochatabout“small”subjectswithpeople.Theyarefinewhenyoutalkone­on­onebutseemtogetlostinthecrowdwhenthere’sagrouparound.Ifyou’retalkingtoanintrovert,youmightfindthatyourfirstfewconversationsgooneoftwoways.Eitherthey’llseemtogetboredandnotsaymuchorthey’llseemtoskateoversmalltalkinfavorofmorein­depthtopics.Whatyouneedtoknowisthattheintrovertarenotbeingrude.It’sjustthattheydon’tlikesmalltalk.Here’swhy.Smalltalkservesasagatewaytowarddeeperconversations.Someintrovertsdon’trealizethatsmalltalkwillactuallyhelpthemgettothebiggertopics.Youdon’tneedtostayonsmalltalkforever.However,sometimesintrovertsfeelthateventheshortamountoftimeittakestogetintotherealconversationisawasteoftime.Smalltalkisveryfast.Someonesayssomethingandthisshouldbefollowedupwithaquickresponse.Butintrovertsliketochewontheirwordsbeforesayingthemaloud.Beforetheyanswer,they’llmull_overdifferentthoughts.Smalltalkinitsverynatureinvitesmorepeopletojoinin.Themorepeoplewhojoinintheconversation,themoretheintrovertwilltendtostepback.Asaresult,they’llbequiet.Smalltalkisaboutthrowingoutsubjectsinthehopethatoneormoreofthemcanbeturnedintoacommonpointofinterest.Thelisteninginvolvedwithsmalltalkisnotin­depth.Thepurposeisaboutlistening“lightly”soyoucanfigureouttherighttopicstospendsometimeon.Introvertstendtobegreatlisteners,buttheyuseactivelisteningratherthanlightlistening.Thismakesthemwonderfulfriends,butcanalsomakeitdifficultfornewpeopletounderstandwhythey’resoquiet.【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了内向的人不喜欢闲聊及其原因，引导我们正确地认识闲聊的作用并理解内向的人。5．Howdointrovertsrespondtoachat?A．Theytrytoavoidit.B．Theygetexcitedaboutit.C．Theygiveittheirfullattention.D．Theyfocusonunimportanttopics.A解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Eitherthey’llseemtogetboredandnotsaymuchorthey’llseemtoskateoversmalltalkinfavorofmorein­depthtopics.”可知，性格内向者要么很厌烦不想多说，要么避免闲谈。故选A项。6．Whatdoweknowaboutsmalltalk?A．Itgoesslowly.B．Itcostspeoplealotoftime.C．Itcontributestodeepertopics.D．Itprovidesmuchusefulinformation.C解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Smalltalkservesasagatewaytowarddeeperconversations.Someintrovertsdon’trealizethatsmalltalkwillactuallyhelpthemgettothebiggertopics.”可知，闲聊有助于引出更深层次的话题。故选C项。7．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“mullover”inparagraph3probablymean?A．Giveup. B．Thinkover.C．Writedown. D．Forgetabout.B解析：词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Butintrovertsliketochewontheirwordsbeforesayingthemaloud.”可知，内向的人喜欢在说话前仔细斟酌，也就是说，他们回答前会仔细考虑不同的想法。thinkover意为“认真考虑”，符合语境。giveup意为“放弃”；writedown意为“写下；记下”；forgetabout意为“忘记”。故选B项。8．Howcanwebecomeagoodtalkerinsmallconversations?A．Figureoutthedeepmeaningofquestions.B．Thinktwicebeforeansweringquestions.C．Trytofindsharedtopics.D．Beaquietlistener.C解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Smalltalkisaboutthrowingoutsubjectsinthehopethatoneormoreofthemcanbeturnedintoacommonpointofinterest.”可知，想要成为一个健谈的人，需要找到共同的话题。故选C项。[长难句分析]However,sometimesintrovertsfeelthateventheshortamountoftimeittakestogetintotherealconversationisawasteoftime.(第三段第四句)分析：本句是一个主从复合句，句子主语为introverts,feel是谓语，that引导宾语从句作feel的宾语；宾语从句中，theshortamountoftimeisawasteoftime是句子主干，ittakestogetintotherealconversation是定语从句，修饰限定先行词theshortamountoftime,从句中省略了引导词。译文：然而，有时候性格内向者感觉甚至用很短的时间来进入真正的谈话都是浪费时间。词句猜测题[学生用书P149(单独成册)](建议用时：25分钟)A(2019·常州学业水平监测)Thepumpkin(南瓜)themeiseverywhereatButler’sOrchardinGermantown,Maryland.Ithasthousandsofpumpkins,includingapumpkinpatchwherepeoplecanpicktheirownpumpkin.Therearealsootherthingstodo,likeridingapony,rushingdownaslideorwalkingaroundacornmazewithitsconfusingwindingpathways.Somechildrendiscoverthebigorangefruitswaymorethantheythink.Visitorscanpicktheirowninseasonfruits,vegetablesandflowers.Butler’sOrchardopenedmorethansixtyyearsago,asoneofthefirstpickyourownfarmsinthearea.KenMerriambroughthischildren.HesaysButler’sOrchardbringsbackgoodmemoriesofgrowinguponafarminHonduras.“It’salittlebitofwhatIusedtohaveasakid,sothat’swhyIthinkit’snicetobringthemoverhere.Getthemoutofthecity.”ShirleyButler’sgrandchildrenwhoareintheir30sarenowthethirdgenerationtorunthefarm.GeneralmanagerTylerButlersayschildrenwhousuallyonlyseepumpkinsingrocerystorescanlearnhowpumpkinsaregrown.“Ididn’tknowpumpkinscamefromavine.Thereareflowersonthisvine.Thereareroots.”Theselittlegirlsarelearningaboutpumpkinsduringtheirfirsttriptoapumpkinpatchtofeelthenatureandthefruits.ForTristanPiazza’smother,theFallFestivalisanannualevent.“Myparentshavealwaysbroughtme.Ibringmykidnow.Ihopehestaysintheareaandhecanbringhiskids.”Sincefamilyfundsarehardtokeep_afloatthesedays,TylerButlerappreciatesthetensofthousandsofvisitorswhocometotheFallFestivaleachyear.【解题导语】本文主要介绍了Butler自助果园的一些活动项目和它对于他人的家庭所起到的独一无二的作用。1．AtButler’sOrchard,visitorscanexperience________.A．pickingvegetablesinpersonB．growingvegetablesbythemselvesC．tastingfruitsoffseasonD．sellingpumpkinsonlineA解析：细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第二句“Visitorscanpicktheirowninseasonfruits,vegetablesandflowers.”可知，游客可以在Butler果园里亲自采摘当令的水果、蔬菜和鲜花。故选A项。2．WhydidKenMerriamtakehischildrentothefarm?A．Theywanttorunit.B．Theywanttogrowvegetables.C．Itremindshimofhischildhood.D．Itprovidesthemwithfunactivities.C解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“HesaysButler’sOrchardbringsbackgoodmemoriesofgrowinguponafarminHonduras.”可知，他带孩子来这里是因为这里让他想起了他的童年。故选C项。3．Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“keepafloat”underlinedinthelastparagraph?A．Guarantee. B．Earn.C．Expand. D．Spend.A解析：词义猜测题。根据对画线短语所在句的理解可知，本句是说果园的经营者对来果园参加节日活动的游客表示感激，因为这些日子果园的资金有些周转不开，由此可推知，画线短语和guarantee“保证”含义相近。故选A项。4．What’sthemainideaofthepassage?A．TheFallFestivalisanannualevent.B．PumpkinsatButler’sOrchardareorganic.C．Pickyourownfarmsareincreasinglypopular.D．Butler’sOrchardstrengthensthebondofthefamily.D解析：主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了Butler果园的一些活动项目和它在巩固他人家庭关系上发挥的作用。故D项最能概括文意。[长难句分析]Ithasthousandsofpumpkins,includingapumpkinpatchwherepeoplecanpicktheirownpumpkin.(第一段第二句)分析：本句是一个主从复合句。主句是Ithasthousandsofpumpkins,后面的动名词短语作状语，状语中含有where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词apumpkinpatch,where在从句中作地点状语。译文：这个果园有成千上万的南瓜，包括一个南瓜地，在那里人们可以采摘他们自己的南瓜。BWhenIwasakid,Iwasthegirlwhokeptthetrainingwheelsonmybikeaslongaspossible.Evenmyyoungersisterhadgotridofthemmuchearlierthanme.ButasIbegantogrowolder,thischanged.AllthishappenedontheBikeSafetyDay.Itissupposedtobeafundayatschoolwhenallofuskidsbringourbikestoschoolandtheschoolprovidesuswiththeopportunitytorideoutsideandlearnproperbikesafety.Soundslikefun,right?No.Infact,itcausedmetopanic.WhatwasIgoingtosaywhenmyfriendsaskedmeaboutmytrainingwheels?Withthepressureofeveryoneseeingmytrainingwheels,Ideterminedtoletthemgo.ThiswasthefirstbigchangeI’devermadeonmyown.Iwenttomyparentsandtoldthemallaboutmydilemma.Theyweremorethanhappytohelp.Wewentoutsideandgotmybike.Insteadofrunningawayandhidingbehind,Istoodinfrontofmybikeandtookgreatprideinmydecisionasmydadremovedthetrainingwheels.Igotonandsteadiedmyself.Myheartracedbutmyfeetandhandswerecalm.MydadstartedtopushbeforemyfeetevenmovedandsuddenlyIwasoff.Thefearfadedawayandarelaxedmindcameintoitsplace.ItwascrazytothinkhowquicklyIlearnedsomethingthattooksolongformetoeventry!Myconfidencesoared(高涨).Thiswasgoingtobethestartofabrandnewworldforme.Myaccomplishmentwouldcarrymeforthtonewgoalsandwins.IrealizedthatifIsetmymindondoingsomething,Icouldachieveit.【解题导语】本文讲述了作者小时候迟迟不敢去掉自行车的稳定轮，在学校“自行车安全日”来临之前因为害怕同学看见她的稳定轮而最终下决心去掉它们。5．WhatdoestheschoolexpectthestudentstodoonBikeSafetyDay?A．Havetheirbikeschecked.B．Rideoutsideforfun.C．Acquirebikesafetyskills.D．Removethetrainingwheels.C解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“theschoolprovidesuswiththeopportunitytorideoutsideandlearnproperbikesafety”可知，学校想让学生在“自行车安全日”学会一些自行车安全技能，故选C项。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inparagraph3referto?A．Theauthor’sfriends. B．Theauthor’sparents.C．Thesafetyproblems. D．Thetrainingwheels.D解析：代词指代题。根据语境及画线词所在句的前半部分“Withthepressureofeveryoneseeingmytrainingwheels”可知，作者迫于害怕别人看见自己的自行车稳定轮的压力才决心去掉它们，故画线词指的就是“稳定轮”，故选D项。7．Whathappenedwhentheauthorfinallyrodewithoutthetrainingwheels?A．Shefeltextremelyembarrassed.B．Everythingturnedouttobeeasy.C．Sheendedupfallingdown.D．Hersistersfollowedherexample.B解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“ItwascrazytothinkhowquicklyIlearnedsomethingthattooksolongformetoeventry！”可知，长时间不敢尝试的东西，作者竟学得很快，由此对于作者来说骑没有稳定轮的自行车后，事情变得容易了，故选B项。8．Whatdoestheauthorthinkisnecessaryforhertoachieveagoal?A．Patience. B．Determination.C．Pressure. D．Concentration.B解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“IrealizedthatifIsetmymindondoingsomething,Icouldachieveit.”可知，作者意识到如果自己下定决心做一件事的话，自己就会做到。由此可推知，作者认为对于她来说实现一个目标的关键在于决心，故选B项。[长难句分析]WhenIwasakid,Iwasthegirlwhokeptthetrainingwheelsonmybikeaslongaspossible.(第一段第一句)分析：本句是一个主从复合句。Iwasthegirl为句子的主干；句中When引导时间状语从句；who引导定语从句修饰thegirl。译文：当我还是个孩子的时候，我是那个把自行车的稳定轮尽可能长时间地留在我的自行车上的女孩。COneformofsocialprejudiceagainstolderpeopleisthebeliefthattheycannotunderstandorusemoderntechnology.ActivitieslikeplayingcomputergamesandgoingontheNetareonlyfortheyoungsters.Isn’titunfairthatolderpeopleenjoyingacomputergameshouldbefrowneduponbytheirchildrenandgrandchildren?Nowadaysolderpeopleha