八年级下册英语期末考试阅读理解专项练习必做

阅读理解专项练习

A

ManystudentsinChinaarelearningEnglish.Someofthesestudents

aresmall

children.Othersareteenagers（十几岁的青少年）・Manyareadults.

Somelearnatschool,othersstudybythemselves.AfewlearnEnglish

language（语言）overtheradio,ontelevision,orinfilms.Onemust

workhardtolearnanotherdoallthesepeoplewanttolearnEnglish

Itisdifficulttoanswerthatquestion.Manyboysandgirlslearn

Englishatschoolbecauseitisoneoftheirsubjects.Theystudytheir

ownlanguageandmathsandEnglish...SomepeoplelearnEnglish

becauseitisusefulfortheirwork.ManypeopleoftenlearnEnglish

fortheirhighersutdies,becauseatcollegeoruniversity（大学）some

oftheirbooksareinEnglish.OtherpeoplelearnEnglishbecausethey

wanttoreadnewspaperandmagazinesinEnglish.

（）21.ManystudentsinChinaarelearningEnglish,aren，tthey

A.No,theyaren，tB.No,theyare

C.Yes,theyareD.Yes,they

aren，t

（）22.Ifonewantstolearnanotherlanguagewell,hemust____.

A.learnatschoolB.studybyhimself

C.workhardD.studyhard

)23.Thesentence“Itisdifficulttoanswerthatquestion“means

A.thatquestionisnotdifficulttoanswer

B.thatquestionisdifficulttoanswerit

C.itisdifficultlytoanswerthatquestion

D.itishardtoanswerthatquestion

()24.“Theirownlanguagez/means____.

A.ChineseB.EnglishC.French

D.Japanese

()25.What'stheChineseof/zstudybythemselves”

A.和他们一起学习B.自学

C.向他们学习D.通过学习

B

Onceuponatime,therelivedarichman.Hehadaservant(仆人).

Heandtheservantlovedwineandgoodfoodverymuch.Eachtimethe

richmanlefthishome,theservantwoulddrinkthewineandeatupall

thenicefoodinthehouse.Therichmanknewwhathisservantdid,but

hehadnevercaughthisservantdoingthat.

Onemorning,whenhelefthome,hesaidtotheservant,“Here

aretwobottlesofpoison(毒药)andsomenicefoodinthehouse.You

musttakeofthem."Withthesewords,hewentout.

Buttheservantknewthattherichmanhadsaidwasuntrue.

Aftertherichmanwasawayfromhishome,heenjoyedanicemeal.

Becausehedranktoomuch,hewasdrunkandfelltotheground.When

therichmancameback,hecouldn,tfindhisfoodandhiswine.He

becameveryangry.Hewoketheservantup.Buttheservanttoldhis

storyverywell.Hesaidacathadeatenupeverything.Hewasafraid

tobepunished(惩罚)，sohedrankthepoisontokillhimself.

()thestory,likedwineandgoodfoodverymuch.

A.therichmanB.theservantC.bothAandBD.

neitherAandB

()richmanknewthatitwasthatdrankthewineandate

upallthenicefood.

A.thecatB.himselfC.nobodyD.

theservant

()richtoldtheservantthattherewaspoisoninthetwobottles,

because.

A.therewasinfactpoisoninthebottles

B.didnotwanttheservanttodrinkhiswine

C.hewantedtokillthecat

D.hewantedtokilltheservant

()fact,ateallthenicefoodanddrankthewine.

A.theservantB.catC.therichman

D.nobody

()thestory,weknowthattheservantisvery.

A.lazyB.badC.clever

D.kind

C

Everyonelikeslivinginacleanandcomfortantenvironment.Ifthe

envionment（环境）arebad,itwillaffect（影响）ourbody,andmakeus

notfeelwell.Sometimeswemaybeterriblyill.Atthattimewedon't

wanttowork,andwehavetostayinbedandrestathome.Sothe

envrionmentisveryimportanttous.

It'sgermsthatmakesusill.Therearegermseverywhere,Theyare

verysmallandyoucan'tfindthemwithyourowneyes,butyoucansee

themwithamicroscope（显微镜）Theyareverysmallandtheremaybe

hundredsofthemonaverysmallthing,Germscanalwaysbefoundin

dirtywater.Whenwelookatdirtywaterunderthemicroscope,weshall

seetheminit.Germscanalsobefoundinairanddust（灰尘）.Ifyou

cutyourfinger,someofthedustfromthefloormaygointoit,and

youwillhavemuchpaininit.Sometimesthegermswillgointoallof

yourboby,andyouwillhavepaineverywhere.

Tokeepushealthy,weshouldtrytoourbesttomakeour

environmentbecomecleanerandtidier.Thisneedsustoacttogether,

writertellusthat.

A.welikeworkingwhenweareill

B.germscan'tliveinthewater.

C.wecan'tfeelilliftheenvironmentisbad.

D.wefeelwellwhentheenvironmentisgood.

are.

A.verysmallthingsthatyoucan,tseewithyoureyes.

B.thethingsthatdon'teffectpeople.

C.thethingsthatyoucanfindwithyoureyes.

D.thethingsthatareverybig.

33.WherecangermsbefoundTheycanbefound.

A.onthesmallthingB.inairanddust

C.onlyindirtywaterD.everywhere

willyoufeelifgermsgointothefingerthatiscut

A.Iwillfeelnothing.B.Iwon'tmind.

C.Iwillfeeltense.D.Iwillfeelpainful.

35.Fromthepassageweknowthat.

A.environmentdoesn'taffectourlife

B.wedon'tneedtoimproveourenvironment

C.germsmaymakeusill

D.iftheenvironmentisbetter,germswillbemore.

D

Ifyougointotheforestwithfriends,staywiththem.Ifyou

don't,youmaygetlost.Ifyoudogetlost,thisiswhatyoushould

do.

Sitdownandstaywhereyouare.Don'ttrytofindyourfriends.

Letthemfindyou.Youcanhelpthemtofindyoubystayinoneplace.

Thereisantherwaytohelpyourfriendsorotherpeopletofindyou.

Givethemasignal（信号）outingorwhistling（吹口哨）threetimes.Stop.

Thenshoutorwhistlethreetimesagain.Anysignalgiventhreetimes

isacallforhelp.

Keeponshoutingorwhistling,alwaysthreetimestogher.When

peoplehearyou,theywillgivetwoshoutsortwowhistles.Whena

signalisgiventwice,itisananswertoacallforhelp.

Ifyoudon'tthinkthatyouwillgethelpbeforenightcomes,try

tomakeasmallroomwithbranches.（树枝）

WhatshouldyoudoifyougethungryorneeddrinkingwaterYou

wouldhavetoleaveyourlittlebranchroomtolookforsomethingto

eatanddrink.Don?tjustwalkaway.Pickupsmal1brunchesanddrop

themasyouwalksothatyoucanfindyourwayback.

Themostimportantthingtodowhenyouarelost--stayinoneplace.

根据文章判断正（T）、误（F）

（）yougetlostintheforest,youshouldwalkeverywheretofind

yourfriendsassoonaspossible.（尽快）

（）cankeeponshoutingorwhistlingalwaysthreetimestoghether

forhelp.

（）youheartwoshoutsorwhistles,youknowthatpeoplewillcome

tohelpyou.

()can，tgoanywhereevenwhenyoufeelthirsty(口渴的)or

hungry.

()canfindyourwaybacktoyourbranchroomeasilywithout

leavinganybranchesasyouwalk.

E

It41thelastlessonofaweek.Thestudentsareveryteacheria

veryhappy,too.Theirteacher42somenicegames43them.Hesings

somenicesongswiththemandthenhe44theblackboard45writes.

Smileontheblackboard.

“Thisisoneofthelongest46inEnglish.hesaystothestudents.

Allthe47laughandagirlstandsupand48.〃Whyisitoneof

thelongestworda，z

Theteachersays:''Becausethereisamilein49

Thestudentsknow50Englishteacherisgoodatteaching.

()41.A,isB,areC,am

F

Amanwassittinginthedoctor，wastellingthedoctorabout

his_1_.〃Ilikefootball,doctor,z，hesaid.''Pleasehelpme.Mylife

has_2_beenagoodonesinceIbecome_3_infootballanditisgetting

wroseandcan，teven_4_wellatIclose，moutthereinthefootball

field_6_afteraflyingIwakeup,Tmmore_7_thanIwasIwentto

amIgoingtodo〃thedoctorsatbackandsaid,“Firstofall,you_8_to

doyourbestnottodreamaboutfootball.Beforeyouarefalling

asleep,tryto_9_aboutsomethingtothinkthatyouareatapartyand

someoneisgoingtogiveyouseveralmilliondollars.（医生说完话了）

“Areyoucrazy^themanshouted.T11—10—theball!z/

G

Mondaymorningisanimportanttimeatourschool.Allofthestudents

gototheplayground.

Welistentomusic,andwe36thenationalflag（国旗）goup.

Usually,onestudentgivesatalkonMondaymornings.OneMondaylast

year,aboygavethetalk.Hewas37andexcited!WhenIsawhim,I

wantedtohaveatry,too.

CanIreallydoit

Lastweek,ourteachersaidourclassshouldgivethetalk.Myteacher

38me,"Iknowyouwanttohaveatry.NextMonday,youcangivethe

talk.Goandwritesomethingdown.39forit,I'msureyou,11dowell.”

z/Thankyou,“Ianswered,Itwassuchagreat40forme!WhenIgot

home,Iwasexcited.Iwrotetwopagesforthetalk.Ireadthemagain

andagain.WhenIread,Iaskedmyparents41.Iwantedtomakemy

teacherhappy.

Mondaymorningcame.Ibegantofeel42.WhendidIlastgiveatalk

to43manypeopleNever!Thiswasmyfirsttime.CouldIreally44it

MaybeIcouldn'tfinishthetalk.

WhenIgottoschool,weallwentouttoplayground.I45infrontof

everyone.Iopenedmymouth,butIcouldn'tsayanything.

()36.A.watchB.seeC.noticeD.lookat

()37.A.surprisingB.proudC.amazedD.careful

()38.A.toldB.askedforC.saidtoD.showed

()39.A.LookoutB.ComeonC.TakecareD.Getready

()40.A.chanceB.newsC.timeD.message

()41.A.tolistentoB.tolistenC.listentoD.listen

()42.A.excitedB.happyC.nervousD.surprised

()43.A.afterB.suchC.beforeD.so

()44.A.doB.speakC.talkD.take

()45.A.standB.stoodC.wasstandingD.havestood

H

Oneday,aChinesestudentgoestostudyEnglishinEngland.Hisfamily

nameisSun.Itisthe1astheword"sun."

Englandisacountrywith2.Itisoftencloudyormisty(多雾的)，and

it3again,sothedaysthere4getmuchsunshine(阳光)alltheyear.

WhentheChinesestudentgetstoLondon,atall5policemanwithalong

face6hispassport(护照)tocheck(检查)it.ThepolicemanfindstheC

hinesename"sun"inthepassport.He7itispronounced(发音)justlik

ethe8word"sun”.SohesaystotheChinesestudent,“Iseeyourname

isSun,you'rewantedhere.Youbringsunshine9England,sowedon't

wantyouto10Theysmile.

()1.

()2.weather(天气)peopleweatherpeople

()3.rainsrains

()4.'t't

()5.

()6.openopen

()7.think

()8.

()9.

()10.awayawayaway

I

It'sWednesdayafternoon.Schoolisover.Thestudentsareputtingthei

rbooks,pencil-boxes1theirschoolbags.Theteachercomesinandsay

stothestudents,“Waitaminute,please.Ihavesomethingtotellyou.

Listentome,2isThursday.There，sgoingto3a4meetingino

urschool.Themeetingisatnineinthemorning.5areyourschoolrep

orts(成绩单)andletters6yourparents.7themhome.Giveyourparents

thelettersand8themyourschoolreports.Askthem9tothemeeting

ontimetomorrowbecauseI'm10tellthemsomethingaboutnextterm.〃

()1.A.intoB.toC.inD.out()2.A.todayB.tomorrowC.itD.n

extday

()3.A.haveB.hasC.beD.is()4.A.studentB.teacherC.parent

D.parents

()5.A.ThereB.HereC.ThoseD.The()6.A.forB.withC.giveD.

to

()7.A.TakeB.BringC.TakingD.Carry()8.A.tellB.sayC.tai

kD.show

()9.A.comeB.comesC.tocomeD.coming()10.A.goingB.going

toC.gotoD.want

J

DearRobert,

Ihopeyouarewe11.Thankyouforyourlastletter.YouaskmeaboutM

id-autumnDay.Now,letme1yousomethingaboutit.EveryoneinChina

likesMid-autumnDay.It2comesinSeptemberorOctober.3thatday,e

veryoneeatsmooncakes.Amooncakeisadelicious,roundcake.It4the

moon.Therearemanydifferentkindsofmooncakes.Somehavenutsint

hem,5somehavemeatoreggsinthem.MyfriendLiLeilikesmooncakes

withmeat.ButIthinkthe6withnutsinthemare7.HanMeimeisays

thenicestcakes8Guangdong.Atnight,familiesoftenstay9theopen

airneartheirhouses.Therethey10themoon,andeatthecakes.Mmm!

Howdelicioustheyare!

Yours,

SunIluimin

()1.A.speakB.tellC.sayD.talk()2.A.neverB.usuallyC.

sometimesD.notoften

()3.A.OnB.AtC.ForD.In()4.A.likeB.likesC.looksforD.

lookslike

()5.A.butB.untilC.andD.so()6.A.moonB.moonsC.onesD.

one

()7.A.deliciousB.nicerC.nicestD.bigger

()8.A.hearfromB.comesfromC.isfromD.comefrom

()9.A.underB.withC.intoD.in()10.A.lookatB.lookafter

C.lookforD.lookup

K

Once(从前)therewasaking.Hewasveryrich(富有)and____1

greatpower(权力).Buthewasn,thappy.Hewas__2.Itmade

himfeelsadallthetime.Nodoctorknew__3waswrongwith

him.Onedayoneofthem____4him,uAftermuchthoughtand

study,Ihavefoundoutthatthereisonlyonewayforyoutoget

_____5___.Youmustweartheshirtofahappyman.”

Sothekingsent(派)hismentoeverypartofhisland___6

ahappyman.First,theyvisitedtherichandpowerful(有权势的人).

Theyaskedthesepeopleif(是否)theywerehappy,7eachof

themansweredthattheydidn'tknow8realhappiness

meant（意味）.

Oneday,oneoftheking'smenmetawoodcutter."Areyou

happy”askedtheking,smen."Ashappyasthedayis

long,“answeredthewoodcutter.

“Oh,good!”saidtheman,"_____9___meyour

shirt.”“Why”saidthewoodcutter,“Ihaven'tgot____10.”

L

根据短文内容，判断正误，正确的写T,不正确的写F。

Mr.andMrs.BrownlivedinasmalltownnearLondonwiththeir

child.SometimesMr.Browncamebackhomefromworkverylate,whenhis

wifeandthechildwereasleep,andthenheopenedthefrontdoorof

thishousewithhiskey（钥匙）andcameinveryquiet.

Butonenightwhenhewascominghomeverylate,helost（丢）hiskey,

sowhenhereachedhishouse,herangthebell.Nothinghappened.He

rangitagain.Againnothinghappened.

Nobodymovedinsidethehouse.Mr.Brownknockedat（敲）thebedroom

window,hespoketohiswife,heshouted,butshedidn'twakeup.At

lasthestoppedandthoughtforamoment.Thenhebegantospeaklikea

smallchild.\!Mother!”hesaid.\!Iwanttogotothetoilet!”He

spokequitequietlybutatonce（立亥lj）Mrs.Brownwokeup.Thenhespoke

toher,andsheopenedthedoorforhim.

1.TheBrownslivedinasmalltownnearLondon.

2.Mr.Brown'swifeandhischildwenttosleepafterhecameback

fromwork.

3.OnenightMr.Brownlosthiskeytothedoor,soheknockedat

thefrontdoorandthebedroomwindow.

4.Mr.Brownsaid\!Mother,,likeasmallchildbecausehewanted

hiswifetowakeup.

5.Mrs.Brownwokeupatoncewhensheheardthebellrang.She

openedthedoorforherhusband.

M

Thesunisalwaysshining.Butitcanonlyshineononesideofthe

earthatonetime.Whenthesunisshiningononesideoftheearth,it

isnightontheotherside.

Atnight,youcanseethestars（星星）.Thestarsareintheskyall

day.Butthelightfromthesunissobrightthatyoucan'tseethem.

Whennightcome,thereisnolight,andthestarsarebrightenoughto

see.Thestarslookverysmall.Butsomeofthemareevenbiggerthan

thesun.Theylooksmallbecausetheyaresofarawayfromyou.Big

thingslookmuchsmallerwhentheyarefaraway.Thesunis

closer（U）totheearththanotherstars,soitlooksbigger.

6.Whenitisnight,thesun.

A.doesn,tshineB.shinesforashorttimeC.disappears（消失）D.

shinesontheothersideoftheearth

7.Wecan'tseethestarsintheskyatdaytime（白天）because

A.therearenostarsthereB.thestarsaremuchsmallerthanthe

sun

C.thebrightlightfromthesunmakesthemnotseen（被看见）D.the

starscomeoutonlyatnight

8.Thestarslooksmallbecause.

A.theyarefarawayB.theyaresmallC.theyhavenolightD.they

areinthesky

thingsmaylookwhentheyareclose.

A.biggerB.smallC.near

D.faraway

10.Thesunlooksbiggerthanotherstarsbecause

A.it'sbiggerB.it'sfarawayinthesky

C.itgivesmuchbrightlightD.it'sclosertotheearththan

otherstars

Onceanoldmanwenttoseeadoctor.Thedoctorlookedhimover

carefullyandsaid,“Medicinewon'thelpyou.Youmusthaveagood

rest.Gotobedearly,drinkmilk,walkalotandsmokeonecigar（雪茄

烟）aday.Gotothecountryplaceforamonth.”

Afteramonththemancametothedoctoragain,“Howareyou”said

thedoctor."I'mgladtoseeyouagain.Youlookmuchyounger”"Oh,

doctor!Ifeelquitewellnow,"saidtheman“Ihadagoodrest.I

wenttobedearly,drankalotofmilkandwalkalot.Youradvice

certainlyhelpedme,butthatyoutoldmetosmokeonecigaraday

almostkilledmefirst.”

()16.Thedoctortoldtheman

A.togotobedearlyB.todrinkmilkC.towalkalotD.all

above

()17.Whichofthefollowingsentencesistrue

A.Thedoctortoldthemantovisitabeautifulcityofthe

countryforamonth.

B.Thedoctordidn'ttellhimwhattodo.

C.Afteramonth,theoldmanfeltbetter.

D.Theoldmanwasyoungerthanbeforeafteramonth.

()18.Thedoctor'swordswerefortheoldman'shealth.

A.uselessB.goodC.welID.strong

()19.Thedoctorwantedtheoldman.

A.togetworseB.tosmokelessthanbefore

C.tohelphimD.tostartsmoking

()20.Fromwhattheoldmansaidatlast,wethink

A.onecigaradaywasreallyhelpfultohim

B.onecigaradaywasbetterthanbefore

C.hedidn,tunderstandthedoctorJsadvice

D.smokingmadehimfeelbetterthanbefore

0

Hi,Louis!

I'mwritingtotellyousomethingaboutthecustomsandfestivals.

Everyonelovesholidayssinceonedoesn'tneedtogotoschoolor

work.Althoughallholidaysmeannoschoolandwork,butnotallof

themarethesame.Onsomeofthemyougooutwithfriends;onothers

youstayhometoeat,talk,andhavefunwithyourfamily.Forexample

intheU.S.,everyonethinksNewYear'sEveandNewYeararebothfor

partyingwithfriends.Christmasisthetimetostayhomeandexchange

giftswithfamilymembers.TheoppositeistrueinJapanthough.For

example,inJapan,NewYearisforspendingtimewiththefamilytoeat,

talk,havefun,andgotothetemples.ButChristmasisforboyand

girlfriendstogooutandexchangegifts.OriginallyChristmasshould

betocelebratethebirthofChrist.

IhavebeeninterestedinforeigncustomssinceIwaslittle.If

youlearnthesedifferentholidaycustoms,youwilllearnabout

differenthistoriesandcultures.Thisismuchmoreinterestingthan

learningthematthelibraryfrommorningtoevening.

Love,

Sue

根据短文内容，判断正误。正确的用“T”表示，错误的用“F”表示。

()1.Usually,nobodygoestoschoolorworksduringholidays.

()2.Christmasisthetimetostayhometoeat,talkandhavefun

withthefamily.

()3.Allthecountrieshavethesamewaytocelebratethe

holidays.

()4.Beinginterestedinforeigncustomsmeansbeinginterested

indifferenthistoriesandcultures.

()5.ThispassageisaboutthecustomsandholidaysinJapan.

P

Jacklost(丢失)hisJoblastweek.Itwasdifficultforhimtofind

another1.2toldhimthatitwaspossible(可能的)togeta

newoneinatowntwohundredkilometers3.Hedecidedtogetthere

4.Sohewenttotherailwaystationandgot5atrain.Hewas

theonlyoneinthecar(车厢).Thetrainstarted.Suddenlyamancame

in6agun(枪)andsaidtohim,“Yourmoney7yourlife!”

Jacksattherewithout8up.

“I9anymoney,“Jackanswered.

“Thenwhyareyousoafraidofme“themanaskedangrily.

wBecauseI10youweretheconductor,andIdidn'tbuya

ticket,“answeredJack.

()1、

()2、one

()3、

()4、bikefoottrainbus

)5、

()6、was

()7、

()8、

()9、'thaveno'thave

)10、'tknow

Q

BESTSUSHI

GRANDOPENING!(竭汽GRILLRESTAURANT

LunchHours:

TOKYOONEMon-Fri11:00am-2:30pm

Sat&Sun11:30am-

3:00pm

DinnerHours:

Sun-Thurs5:30pm-9:30pm

Fri&Sat5:00pm-

10:00pm

Additionallocation:

2938W.SamHoustonPkwy.7

1.TokyoOneisthenameofa.

A.hotelB.restaurantC.foodsupermarketD.museum

2.TokyoOneisin.

A..SydneyC.HoustonD.London

3.WecangotoTokyoOneforlunchat.

A.10:30amonMondayB.3:00pmonFriday

C.11:00amonSaturdayD.2:30pmonSunday

4.WecanhavedinnerinTokyoOneat9:40pm.

A.onSaturdayB.onTuesdayC.onWednesdayD.onThursday

5.TokyoOneoffersusthefollowinginformationexcept.

A.locationB.telephonenumberC.websiteD.foodprice

R

Duringthedayweworkandplay,andatnightwesleep.Our

bodiesrestwhileweare_11_.Inthemorningweareready___12___

again.Ourbodiesgrow__13_____whileweareasleep.Childrenwhoare

tiredusually14sleep.Wecangetbetteratourlessons15

wehavehadplentyofrest.Boysandgirlswhoareeightornineyears

oldneedtenhoursofsleepeverynight.Ourbodiesneedplentyof

16whenwesleep.Ifwedonotgetenoughfreshair,we

17tiredwhenwewakeup.Whileinbedwemustnotcoverour

18.Ourlungs(肺)needtogetenoughfreshair.Ifwe19

ourwindowsatnight,wecanhaveplentyoffreshair.Coolairis

betterthanwarmair.Boysandgirlswhowanttobe__20___mustget

plentyofsleep.

).toworkandplayB.workingandtoplay

C.toworkandplayingD.workingandplaying

),muchB.moreC.mostD.slow

)・canB.mayC.needD.

must

().whileB.beforeC.as

D.after

）・airB.sunC.waterD.

food

footheadD.body

openB.closeC.draw

happyinterestedhelpful

healthy

On,1908,threemenwentupinaballoon（气球）.Theystartedearly

inLondon.TheheadmanwasAugustaGaudron,andtheothertwomenwere

TannarandMaitland.Theyhadabigballoonandtheywerereadyfora

longway.

Soontheyheardthesea.Theywerecarryingtheusualrope（2电

子）,anditwashangingdownfromthebasketoftheballoon.Attheend

oftheropetheyhadtiedametalbox.Thiscouldholdwater,orit

couldbeempty.Sotheywereabletochangeitsweight（重量）.Itwas

foruseoverthesea.Theywerealsocarryingsomebagsofsand.

Afterthesunrose,theballoonwenthigher.Itwentupto3,000

metres,andtheairwasverycold.Thewaterintheballoonbecameice.

Snowfellpastthemen，sbasket,andtheycouldseemoresnowonthe

ground.Thementriedtothrowoutsomemoresand;butitwashard.

Theytriedtobreaktheicysandwiththeirknives,butitwasnoteasy.

Theworkwasslowandtheywerestillfalling,sotheyhadtodropsome

wholebagsofsand.Oneofthemfellonanicylakeandmadeablack

holeintheice.