初中英语语法-非谓语动词

非谓语动词。定义：非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，即动词的非谓语形式。约占中考10％。.分类：动词不定式、V—ing形式和过去分词.1.动词不定式1）构成：（not）todo/（not）do2）句法功能:（1）作主语:TofinishtheworkintenminutesisVeryhard.十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的.Toloseyourheartmeansfailure。灰心意味着失败。动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式:ItisVeryhardtofinishtheworkintenminutes。十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。Itmeansfailuretoloseyourheart.灰心意味着失败.常用句式：It+be+名词+todosth.Ittakessb。+sometime+todosth。It+be+形容词+of/forsb+todosth。常用careless,clever，good，foolish,honest，kind，lazy,nice，right,silly，stupid,wise，等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb。可作其逻辑主语.区别：当使用for时，句中形容词修饰的是不定式；It’snecessaryforyoutostudyhard。（necessary修饰tostudyhard，表示学习努力是有必要的）而用of时，句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。It'sfoolishofhimtodoit。（foolish修饰逻辑主语him）（2）作表语：Herjobistocleanthehall.她的工作是打扫大厅.seem作连系动词，其后的tobe不定式可省。Sheseemstobeilltoday.=Sheseemsill.=Itseemsthatsheisill。（3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want，hope,wish,offer,fail，plan,learn,pretend，refuse，manage,help，agree，promise，prefer,Ihopetogetgoodgrades。 Iwanttohelpyou。注意：①如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面.Ifounditdifficulttolearnmathwell.②动词不定式也可充当介词宾语。Ihavenochoicebuttostayhere.我只能留在这里，别无选择.HedidnothinglastSundaybutrepairhisbike.他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干。③动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用.HegaveussomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglish。他给了我们一些学英语的建议.（4）作宾语补足语:在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want，wish,ask，tell，order,beg,permit，help,advise,persuade,allow，prepare,cause，force，callon，waitfor，invite。有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to，Isawhimcrosstheroad。 Hewasseentocrosstheroad.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。Hefoundagoodhousetolivein.（6）作状语：①表目的：Heworkeddayandnighttogetthemoney。 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。Shesoldherhairtobuythewatchchain.她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链。②表结果（往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外）,常位于句尾。Hearrivedlateonlytofindthetrainhadgone.他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。Ivisitedhimonlytofindhimout。我去拜访他,只见他出去了.③表原因：heywereverysadtohearthenews.他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。④表程度：It'stoodarkforustoseeanything。太暗了,我们什么也看不见。⑤表条件：不定式表条件常位于句首。Tobeheated,liquidwillchangeintogas。如果受热，液体就会变成气体。⑥表方式：不定式可接在asif/asthough之后Hemovedhismouthasiftosaysomething.他嘴唇动了动,好像要说什么事。（7）不定式做独立成分Totellyouthetruth,Idon’tlikeit.告诉你实话,我不喜欢它。（8）不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词.Ifyoudon’twanttodoit,youdon’tneedto。如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。（9）不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。Hewishedtostudymedicineandbecomeadoctor。 他希望学医并成为医生.2。v-ing形式1）分类:v—ing形式包括现在分词和动名词，2）句法功能：（1）作主语：Readingaloudisveryhelpful。朗读是很有好处的.（2）作表语：Intheantcity,thequeen’sjobislayingeggs.在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。（3）作宾语：Theyhaven'tfinishedbuildingthedam.他们还没有建好大坝。要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss，consider，admit（承认），deny（否认），mind，permit,forbid，practise，risk（冒险），appreciate（感激），bebusy，beworth,feellike，can'tstand，can'thelp（情不自禁地），thinkof，dreamof，befondof，prevent...（from），keep...from，stop...（from）,protect...from，spend...（in）,succeedin,beusedto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,insiston，（4）作定语：Isthereaswimmingpoolinyourschool?你们学校有游泳池吗？3.过去分词1）构成：一ed2）句法功能：（1）做定语OurclasswentonanorganizedtriplastMonday。上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.（2）做宾语补足语Iheardthesongsungseveraltimeslastweek。上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。（3）做表语Theywerefrightenedatthesadsight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕.注意：1。有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forgettodo忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forgetdoing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stoptodo停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事3）remembertodo记住去做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得做过某事（已做）regrettodo对要做的事遗憾regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）trytodo尽全力，努力做某事trydoing尝试做某事meantodo打算，有意要…meandoing意味着7）goontodo继而（去做另外一件事情）goondoing继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）proposetodo打算（要做某事）proposingdoing建议（做某事）learntodo.学着去做某事learndoing.学会做某事can'thelptodo…不能帮助做某事can'thelpdoing.情不自禁做某事usedtodo.过去做某事beusedtodoing.习惯做某事12）e/love/hate/prefer+todo表示具体行为;+doingsth表示抽象、倾向概念（注）如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。Ishouldliketoseehimtomorrow．13）need，want,deserve+动名词表被动意义；Theroomneedscleaning.+不定式被动态表示“要（修、清理等）”意思。2.常考句式：1)see/watch/notice/hear/findsb。 doingsth。强调动作正在进行see/watch/notice/hear/findsb。 todosth.强调动作发生的事实keepsb.doingsth。 让某人做某事3)finishdoingsth.做完某事4)spendtime/money(in)doingsth。 花费时间/金钱做某事5)havedifficulty/troubledoingsth。做某事有困难6)how/whataboutdoingsth？做某事怎么样？(提建议)【模拟题】一．根据句意，用所给动词的适当形式填空。Isitnecessary (learn)aforeignlanguage?Heisgoodat (swim).Doyouhaveanything (say)foryourself？It’sspringnow.it’stime (plant)trees.Don’tkeepme (wait)foralongtime。Thepolicemantoldtheboysnot (play)inthestreet.Hersonistooyoung (dress)himself。Let’s (have)arest， shallwe？Thespeakerspoketooquicklyforus (understand)。Thelittleboyisnotoldenough (read)。Iaskedhim (show)mehisnewpen。Knivesareusedfor (cut)things.Ireallydon'tknowwhat (do)next。Ioftenhearpeople (say)“ (see)is (believe)You'dbetter (try)thismedicine.Theysaidtheyhadnothing (worry)about.Canyoufinish (read)thebookinthreedays？Thedoctorwasbusy (operate)ontheboyatthattime。 (tell)youthetruth，Idislikemakingfriendswithhim。Stop (talk)andlistentomecarefully。Thankyouverymuchfor (help)us。Grannyisveryillandshedoesn’tfeellike (eat)anything。Wouldyoulike (climb)themountainwithme?Thegirlenjoys (listen)tolightmusic。25。Wecouldn'thelp(laugh)afterweheardthefunnystory.Whatabout (go)outforawalk？II.选择填空。Wouldyouplease thedoorforme？A.holdingB。nottoholdC.hold DheldSeeinganoldmangettingoffthetrain,shehurriedover thingsforhim.A.carryingB.tocarryC.carriedD.forcarryingWe’dreallylikeyou tothepartytonight。A。comeB.tocomeC.willcomeD。shouldcomeWecandonothingbut theexperiment。A。torepeatBrepeatC.repeatingD。 repeatedHaveyougotanything aboutthismatter?A.sayingB。tosayCsaidD.sayHewasnot tryitagain.A。suchafoolastoB。soafoolastoC.afoolsuchastoD.afoolsoastoHewastooexcited .A。togotosleepingB。tosleptC。togotosleepD.goingtosleepWecan’thavehim likethatallday.A。toworkB。workingC.tobeworkedD。workShewereoftenheard thissongwhenshewashappy.A。sangBsingingC。sungD。tobesinging.Thetrainwasseen ataveryhighspeedtowardtheindustrialcenter。A.travelB。travels C。traveled D.traveling.。We'llsoonhaveapersonwithus.A。toworkB.workingC。workedDworks. hasnotbeendecidedyet。ATostartwhenB。WhytostartC。Whentostart D。Starttowhere。Doyouthinkitdifficult ?A。formetodosoB.formytodosoC.forItodosoD。formedoingso。Shekeepstellingus 。whattodoB.doingwhatC.whatisdoingD.dowhat15。 isnotknown.WhomtobegintherunningtestB.WhentobegintherunningtestWhentherunningtestbegin D.Howbegintotherunningtest16. thejobaloneisimpossible。A.TohimtodoB.ForhimdoingCForhimtodoD。Forhetodo17. itshouldbemadeclear.AWhattodoB。WhytodoCWhomtodoDWhencando18.Ourhouseneeds beforetherainyseasonarrives.A.torepairB.toberepairC。repairedD.repairing19.Ihaven'tdecidedwhichhotel .A。tostayB。istostayatC。tostayatD。isforstaying20。IwasalmostasleepwhenIheardsomeoneatthedoor。A.knockBtoknock C。 knocked D。beingknocked21。Ioftenspentmuchmoneybooks。A.tobuyB。buyingC。onbuying Dforbuying22。IfyoupracticeEnglishwheneveryoucan,youwillsoonspeakwell。A。talkingB。goingspeak CspeakingDtospeak23。Wearetiredofthesameproblemallthetime。AdiscussingB。todiscussC。discussingforD。discuss24。Sheusuallyforgetsthedoor,butsherememberedityesterdayoAtoshut...toshut B。shutting...shuttingC。toshut...shutting D。shutting...toshut.I abustoschoolwhenitwasraining.AamusedtotakeB.usedtotakingC。usetotakeDwasusedtotakingI'mthirsty.Willyougetmesomething ?A.drinkB。todrinkC.eatD。eatingItwasgreatfun apicniconthehill。A.tohaveB。ofhavingC。haveD。hadLily,keepthewindow .Thesandstormhasn'tstoppedyet。A.closeB。closedC.openD.openedApolicemansawtwothieves___agirl’smobilephoneonabusandhecaughtthematonce.A.tostealB.stealingC。stoleD.stolenIt’sbadforyoureyes computergamesforalongtime.A.playsB。toplay C。playD。playedTheyweremade fourteenhoursaday。A.workB。workingC.workedD。toworkIsitalwayseasier friendsthantokeepthem?A.makingB.make C.tomakeD。madeHestoodtherefortwohours thegame。A。watchedB.watching C.iswatchingD。waswatchingIt Jacktwentyminutes themathproblemyesterday.A.took;toworkoutB.takes；workedoutC.hastaken；workoutD.istaking;workingoutWhenyouleave，don’tforget offthelight。A。toturnB。turningC.turnD.turnedWhodoyouthinkyou’dlike ?A。tomakefriendsB。makefriendsC。tomakefriendswithD.makefriendswithAlthoughJefflovesKFC，hetries ittoooften。A。toeatB。noteatC。tonoteatD.nottoeat————Hi,Betty.ShallwegoswimmingthisSunday?——--ThisSunday?Iamsorry,Ihavealotofhomework thisSunday。A。todoB.doneC.do D。tobedoneSallyhadnopen yesterdaymorning。A。towriteB。towritewithC。writingD.writingwith-——-Excuseme，sir.Lookatthesignonthewall“NO ”.-—-—Oh,I’msorry.I’llneverdoitagain.A。PARKEDB.SMOKEC。SPITTINGD.SMOKED—-——Boysandgirls，willyouplease theparkthisafternoon? —--—OK。A.notcleaningoutB。nottocleanoutC。tocleanupD。cleanupTheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom theearthaway.A。blowB.blowingC。blewD。toblowHowabout ？A.togooutforawalk B。goswimmingintheriverC。visitingthesickchildreninthehospitalD.tohavinglunchintherestaurantIt’sverykind youto me theheavybag。A.for；tell；totake B.of；thank；forC.to；speak；tohave D.of；help；carryHaveyoudecided ?A.togowithwhomB。whomtogowithC。whomgowithD。withwhomtogo46.Herhope agoldmedalinthe2008OlympicGames.A。towinB。istowinC.winningD。willwinThemeetingroomisbigenough onehundredpeople。A。holdingB.holdC.tohold D。holdsWouldyoupleasepassmetheknife ?A。tocutthewatermelonwith B。tocutthewatermelonC。cuttingthewatermelonD。cuttingthewatermelonwithItisbettertoteachamantofishthan himfish.A。givingB.togive C。givesD。gaveJennyisinterestedin inherfreetime。A。listenedtotheradioB。readingmagazinesC。watchTVD。playstennis51。Thepolicemanwarnedtheyoungman afterdrinking.A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC。neverdrivingD.neverdriveWhatdoyouthinkisthebestway thewildanimals？A.protectingB.toprotectC。protected D。protectI’drather ontheland inafactory.A。work;thanworkB。work；work C。towork；thantoworkD.towork;toworkTheyarelookingforwardto allovertheworld.A。travelB.traveledC.travelingD。betraveledWouldyoumind becausethere’resomanychildren here?A。 smoke；playB。smoking;playingC.notsmoking;playD.notsmoking；playing Englishismucheasierthanspeakingit.A。ReadB.ToreadC.ReadingD.ReadsWhenhewasintheoffice， hepreferred something nothing。A.todo;thandoB。todo;ratherthanC。doing；ratherthandoingD.doing;todoingIt'stoohottoday.Whynot yourcoat?A.tak