环境工程专业英语-Unit-1

SpecialtyEnglishforEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering

环境科学与工程专业英语刘青Part1IntroductiontoenvironmentalscienceandengineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering?Unit2EnvironmentalEngineeringUnit3WhatisWasteReduction/WasteMinimization?Unit4EnvironmentalAnalysisWordsandExercisescornerstoneshypothesisconsolidationmagpiecollectionlogicbridgethegapmanifestpalatablehazardstribescommunitiessubdisciplineseffusionsquantitativequalitativelogicquantitativelogicskewedExercisesPutthefollowingintoChinese.soundengineeringstatisticalprobabilityorganicmatteramplepublicwatersupplydisposalofwastewaterbiologyracesdisciplinesencompassinhabitantbuiltenvironmentExercisesPutthefollowingintoEnglish.协同胡乱收集曲解基石流出物假想可口的生物学Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScienceEnvironmentalScienceQuantitativeEnvironmentalScienceEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScience:Whatisscience?Whatisthedifferencebetweensocialandnaturalscience?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScience:Science:Socialscience

NaturalscienceBiology,chemistry,physics,…Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringNaturalScienceInthebroadestsense,scienceissystematizedknowledgederivedfromandtestedbyrecognitionandformulationofaproblem,collectionofdatathroughobservation,andexperimentation.在最广泛的意义上，科学是系统化的知识，来源于并且实践于对问题的认识和构想，以及通过观察和实验的数据的收集。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringWedifferentiatebetweensocialscienceandnaturalscienceinthattheformerdealswiththestudyofpeopleandhowtheylivetogetherasfamilies,tribes,communities,races,andnations,andthelatterdealswiththestudyofnatureandthephysicalworld.Naturalscienceincludessuchdiversedisciplinesasbiology,chemistry,geology,physics,andenvironmentalscience.我们用来区分社会科学和自然科学的是，前者从事研究人及他们如何作为家庭、部落、社区,种族和国家共同生活，后者从事自然和物理世界的研究。自然科学包括生物学、化学、地质学、物理学和环境科学等多种学科。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScience:Whatisthedifferencebetweenenvironmentalscienceandothernaturalsciencesubjects?i.e.Whatisitsbiggestcharacteristic?Whatdoesthehistoricalfocusofenvironmentalscience?Whatdoesmodernenvironmentalscienceinclude?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScience:CharacteristicEncompassallfieldsofnaturalscienceHistoricalfocusNaturalenvironmentModernenvironmentalscienceEffusionsfrombuiltenvironmentUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalScienceWhereasthedisciplinesofbiology,chemistry,andphysics(andtheirsubdisciplinesofmicrobiology,organicchemistry,nuclearphysics,etc.)arefocusedonaparticularaspectofnaturalscience,environmentalscienceinitsbroadestsenseencompassesallthefieldsofnaturalscience.环境科学而生物学、化学和物理的学科(及其分支学科的微生物学,有机化学,核物理,等等)的重点是自然科学的一个特定方面,环境科学在其广义上包括所有的自然科学领域。Thehistoricalfocusofstudyforenvironmentalscientistshasbeen,ofcourse,thenaturalenvironment.历来环境科学家研究的焦点，理所应当是自然环境。因此，我们指的是大气，土壤，水和居住环境，这些不同于建设的环境。Bythis,wemeantheatmosphere,theland,thewaterandtheirinhabitantsasdifferentiatedfromthebuiltenvironment.现代环境科学还建立了相应的建筑环境应用，或者更准确的说，来应对建筑环境的排污。Modernenvironmentalsciencehasalsofoundapplicationstothebuiltenvironmentor,perhapsmorecorrectly,totheeffusionsfromthebuiltenvironment.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Science(scientificmethod)RepresentativeorskewedRandomvariationCare,impartially,independentverificationQuantitativeEnvironmentalScienceScienceor,perhapsmorecorrectly,thescientificmethod,dealswithdata,thatis,withrecordedobservations.定量环境科学科学，或者更准确的说，科学方法涉及数据处理，也就是观察记录的处理。当然，这些数据是各种可能性的样本。它们可能具有代表性，也可能有所偏差。Thedatais,ofcourse,asampleoftheuniverseofpossibilities.Theymayberepresentativeortheymaybeskewed.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEveniftheyarerepresentative，theywillcontainsomerandomvariationthatcannotbeexplainedwithcurrentknowledge.即使它们是具有代表性的，它们也含有不能用现有知识来解释的某些随机变化。在数据收集与记录过程仔细认真、无偏见和独立核实是科学的基石。Careandimpartialityingatheringandrecordingdata,aswellasindependentverification(认证),

arethecornerstonesofscience.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedata,hypothesisandtheory?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Theorylaws…DataGeneralization/hypothesisConsolidationofknowledgeSystematichuntforneededinformationOverallmakesscienceanorganizedbodyofknowledgeRegularitiesFormulateWhenthecollectionandorganizationofdatarevealcertainregularities,itmaybepossibletoformulateageneralization（概论）orhypothesis.当数据的收集和整理披露出某些规律时，那么有可能归纳出概论或假设。这只是说明，在某些情况下，某些现象通常可以观察到。Thisismerelyastatementthatundercertaincircumstance

（境况）certainphenomena（现象）cangenerallybeobserved.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringManygeneralizationsarestatisticalinthattheyapplyaccuratelytolargeassemblages（聚集）butarenomorethanprobabilitieswhenappliedtosmallersetsorindividuals.许多概况的结论是统计性的，也就是可以准确适用于大的集合体，但是当应用在小集合或者个体中，它就只是个概率而已。在科学方法中，假说被测试，修改，并再次测试，直到它被证明是可以接受的。Inascientificapproach,thehypothesis（假说）istested,revised,andtestedagainuntilitisprovenacceptable.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringIfwecanusecertainassumptionsortietogetherasetofgeneralizations,weformulateatheory.如果我们可以使用某些假设或配合一组概况，我们就建立了一个理论。例如，获得了长时间认同的理论，被称为定律。Forexample,theoriesthathavegainedacceptanceoveralongtimeareknownaslaws.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering一些例子如运动定律，是用来描述移动物体行为的；气体定律是用来描述气体行为的。Someexamplesarethelawsofmotion,whichdescribethebehaviorofmovingbodies,andthegaslaws,whichdescribethebehaviorofgases.Thedevelopmentofatheoryisanimportantaccomplishment（成就）becauseityieldsatremendousconsolidation（合并）ofknowledge.理论的发展是一个重要的成就，因为它产生了一个巨大的知识整合。此外，理论给我们提供了一个强大的获取新知识的工具。Furthermore,atheorygivesusapowerfulnewtoolintheacquisition（获得）ofknowledgeforitshowsus.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringThus,theaccumulationofdatabecomeslessofamagpiecollectionoffactsandmoreofasystematizedhuntforneededinformation.因此，数据的积累不再是一系列事实的集合，而更多的是系统化的寻找所需信息。正是这些分类和归纳的存在，最重要的是理论的存在，使科学成为的一个组织知识体系。Itistheexistenceofclassificationandgeneralization（归纳）,andabovealltheorythatmakesscienceanorganizedbodyofknowledge.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:Whatdoesscientificmethoddealwith?Whatisthecornerstoneofscience?Whatistherelationshipbetweenthedata,hypothesisandtheory?Whatisthedifferencebetweenqualitativeandquantitativelogic?Whatareenvironmentalscienceandquantitativeenvironmentalscienceabout?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringQuantitativeEnvironmentalScience:LogicQualitativelogicBroad,descriptive,noactualnumberQuantitativelogicMathematically,e.g.:xkg,ym3/hr“Whatif?”scenariosTheoryobservationsCollectionofmathematicaltheoriesdescribing/exploringenvironmentalrelationshipsLogicisapartofalltheories.Thetwotypesoflogicarequalitativeandquantitativelogic逻辑学是理论的一部分。这两类逻辑学分为定性和定量逻辑学定性逻辑学是描述性的。例如，我们可以定性陈述，当大量的废水进入某河流，量太大了，鱼死了。Qualitativelogicisdescriptive.Forexamplewecanqualitativelystatethatwhentheamountofwastewaterenteringacertainriveristoohigh,thefishdie.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringWithqualitativelogicwecannotidentifywhat“toohigh”means—weneedquantitativelogictodothat.在定性逻辑学中，我们无法确定“过高”意味着什么。因此，我们需要通过定量逻辑学来做解决这个问题。当数据和归纳是定量时，我们需要数学方法来提供能显示定量关系的理论。Whenthedataandgeneralizationsarequantitative,weneedmathematicstoprovideatheorythatshowsthequantitativerelationships.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringForexample,aquantitativestatementabouttherivermightstatethat“whenthemassoforganicmatterenteringacertainriverequalsxkilogramsperday,theamountofoxygeninthestream（河流）isy.”以河为例，定量表述的可能陈述：“当进入某条河流的有机物质量为每天x千克时，那么，河流中的含氧量为y。”或许更重要的是，定量逻辑学使我们能够探索关于关系的“如果。。。怎样。。。?”问题。Perhapsmoreimportantly,quantitativelogicenablesustoexplore“Whatif?”questionsaboutrelationships（关系）.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringForexample,“ifwereducetheamountoforganicmatterenteringthestream,howmuchwilltheamountofoxygeninthestreamincrease?”例如，“如果我们减少进入河流的有机物的含量，河流中的含氧量会增加多少?”此外，理论，尤其是数学理论，通常使我们可以弥补（缩小）实验过程观察的结果与该领域理论推导的结果间的差距。Furthermore,theories,andinparticular,mathematicaltheories,oftenenableustobridgethegapbetweenexperimentallycontrolledobservationsandobservationsmadeinthefieldUnit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringForexample,ifwecontroltheamountofoxygeninafishtankinthelaboratory,wecandeterminetheminimumamountrequiredforthefishtobehealthy.例如，如果我们控制实验室鱼缸中的含氧量，我们可以确定鱼类健康存活所需的最低量。然后，我们可以使用该数字来确定在河流中可接受的有机物含量。Wecanthenusethisnumbertodeterminetheacceptablemassoforganicmatterplacedinthestream.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering鉴于环境科学是一个关于环境关系的有序知识体系，那么，定量环境科学是一个有序的数学理论集合，它可以被用来描述和探索环境关系。Giventhatenvironmentalscienceisanorganizedbodyofknowledgeaboutenvironmentalrelationships,thenquantitativeenvironmentalscienceisanorganizedcollectionofmathematicaltheoriesthatmaybeusedtodescribeandexploreenvironmentalrelationships.Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEngineeringEngineeringisaprofessionthatappliesscienceandmathematicstomaketheproperties（特性）ofmatterandsourcesofenergyusefulinstructures,machines,products,systems,andprocesses.工程学工程学是一门应用科学和数学，使物质特性和能源属性在结构，机器，产品，系统和过程中发挥作用的专业。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEngineeringWhatarethefieldsengineeringcanbeappliedin?Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringWhatdoesenvironmentalengineeringincludeaccordingtoASCEstatement?

Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineering:Soundengineeringthoughtandpracticeinsolutionofproblemslike:EnvironmentalsanitationDisposalofwastewaterandsolidwasteAdequatedrainagePollutioncontrolEngineeringproblemsImpactsHVAC,landscape,architectural&structuralengineeringEnvironmentalscience/engineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringTheEnvironmentalEngineeringDivision（部门）oftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE)haspublishedthefollowingstatementofpurposethatmaybeusedtoshowtherelationshipbetweenenvironmentalscienceandenvironmentalengineering:环境工程美国土木工程师学会（ASCE）环境工程部门发表了以下声明，可用于展示环境科学和环境工程之间的关系:Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalScienceandEngineeringEnvironmentalengineeringismanifest（显示）bysoundengineeringthoughtandpracticeinthesolutionofproblemsofenvironmentalsanitation,notablyintheprovisionofsafe,palatable,andamplepublicwatersupplies环境工程是在解决环境卫生问题过程中，具有代表性的，提供安全、可口与充足的公共供水过程，用正确的工程思想与合理的实施显现出来。Unit1WhatareEnvironmentalSci