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Unit6
Listen1-1
Earlyonemorning,myhusbandturnedontheradio.Suddenlyheexclaimed,"ThathastobeRod.Nooneelsetalkslikethat!"Welistenedattentivelyandheardtheannouncersay,"You'vejustbeenlisteningtoaninterviewwithDr.RodSmith,whohasbeentellingyouaboutabreakthroughinAIDSresearchthatheandhiscolleagueshavemade."
WebothhadRodasastudentandagreedthathewasabsolutelythesloweststudentwehadeverhad.Hespokeslowly,movedslowly,andwroteslowly.Wesuspectedthathethoughtslowly.Whenhetookanexamination,hecouldneverfinishit.Theunansweredquestionskepthimfromhavinghighmarks.
Duringhissenioryear,Rodannouncedthathewantedtogotograduateschool,butnograduateschoolwouldaccepthim.Hekepttryingandayearorsolaterthebiologydepartmentofalargeuniversityallowedhimtoenrollinafewclassesonatrialbasis.Theydiscoveredthathewastalentedinbasicresearch.Hewasthenallowedtoenterthemaster'sdegreeprogram,andlaterthePh.D.program.Hecheerfullypersevered.Insixyearshecouldproudlyaddthetitleof"Doctor"tohisname.Hisprofessionalcareerbeganandwelosttrackofhim,untilweheardhisslow,steadyvoicethatmorning.
Thereisnogreatmoraltoourstory,exceptthatmanytimespersistencedoespay.We'dliketohopetherewillbemoreinstitutionsthatwilllookbeyondtestscoresandconsidertheotherpersonalstrengthsthatprospectivestudentsmayhave.Wethusurgeallyoungstudentstoremembertheoldsaying,"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,try,andtryagain."
Listen1-2
Earlyonemorning,myhusbandturnedontheradio.Suddenlyheexclaimed,"ThathastobeRod.Nooneelsetalkslikethat!"Welistenedattentivelyandheardtheannouncersay,"You'vejustbeenlisteningtoaninterviewwithDr.RodSmith,whohasbeentellingyouaboutabreakthroughinAIDSresearchthatheandhiscolleagueshavemade."
WebothhadRodasastudentandagreedthathewasabsolutelythesloweststudentwehadeverhad.Hespokeslowly,movedslowly,andwroteslowly.Wesuspectedthathethoughtslowly.Whenhetookanexamination,hecouldneverfinishit.Theunansweredquestionskepthimfromhavinghighmarks.
Duringhissenioryear,Rodannouncedthathewantedtogotograduateschool,butnograduateschoolwouldaccepthim.Hekepttryingandayearorsolaterthebiologydepartmentofalargeuniversityallowedhimtoenrollinafewclassesonatrialbasis.Theydiscoveredthathewastalentedinbasicresearch.Hewasthenallowedtoenterthemaster'sdegreeprogram,andlaterthePh.D.program.Hecheerfullypersevered.Insixyearshecouldproudlyaddthetitleof"Doctor"tohisname.Hisprofessionalcareerbeganandwelosttrackofhim,untilweheardhisslow,steadyvoicethatmorning.
Thereisnogreatmoraltoourstory,exceptthatmanytimespersistencedoespay.We'dliketohopetherewillbemoreinstitutionsthatwilllookbeyondtestscoresandconsidertheotherpersonalstrengthsthatprospectivestudentsmayhave.Wethusurgeallyoungstudentstoremembertheoldsaying,"Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,try,andtryagain."
Listen2-1
Tom:
Hi,John,haven'tseenyouforalongtime.Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?
John:
I'minvolvedinlaunchingacampaignforanewproduct.
Tom:
Oh!How'sitgoing?
John:
NotaswellasI'dhoped.
Tom:
Whatwentwrong?
John:
Canyouimagine,Tom?IlostmytonguewhenIwasgivingoneofthemostimportantpresentations.Itwasreallyanightmare.Everyonewasstaringatmewithunblinkingeyes,andIreallywishedforaquickandmercifuldeath.
Tom:
Well...Butprobablyitwasn'tasbadasyouthink.Thiskindofthinghappenstoeveryone.HaveyoueverheardthestoryofaBritishdiplomat?JustbeforethisveryproperBritishcareerdiplomatwastogiveaspeech,hesawhisflywasopen.Hequicklysatbackdownagainandyankedthezippershutbutjammedhissilktieintothetinysteelteeth.
John:
Poorman!Whathappenedthen?
Tom:
Well,withinhours,theentirediplomaticcommunityheardthetie-in-the-zipperstory.Fromthatpointon,wheneverhewasonofficialbusiness,peoplegazeddownathisflyandusuallychuckled.
John:
Believeme,IfeltnobetterthanthepoorBritishdiplomatthatday.
Tom:
IthinkIknowwhatyouwentthrough.Butrememberothersdonotalwaysseeyouinanegativelightwhenyoumakeapublicmistake.Themortificationismostlyinyourownmind.Mostonlookersareactuallyverysympatheticwhenothersembarrassthemselves.
John:
Theyshouldbe.MarkTwainoncesaid:"Manistheonlyanimalthatblushes.Orneedsto."Nopersonisimmunetoembarrassment.
Tom:
Iguessthat'swhypeoplewhoareembarrassed,andsimplyadmittoit,andthenstalwartlycarryon,aretremendouslywellliked.Itseemstomakethemmorehuman.Actually,whenyouadmittoembarrassment,youshowtheincidentisnotshameful.Nordoesitshowanydefectinyourcharacter.Itonlyshowstheembarrassingincidentisnothingmorethanabrieflapse.
John:
YoumeannexttimewhenIcommitabadfauxpas,Ishouldjustshrugmyshouldersandsay"Iblewit!AmIeverembarrassed!"
Tom:
Absolutely.Bydoingthatyoucanusuallysaveface.
Questions:
1.WhathasJohnbeendoingthesedays?
2.Whathappenedwhenhewasgivingapresentation?
3.WhathappenedtotheBritishdiplomatwhenhewasaboutto
giveaspeech?
4.Howdopeoplereactwhentheyseesomeonemakeapublic
mistakeaccordingtoTom?
5.Howcanapersonsavefacewhenhemakesamistake?
Listen2-2
Tom:
Hi,John,haven'tseenyouforalongtime.Whathaveyoubeendoingthesedays?
John:
I'minvolvedinlaunchingacampaignforanewproduct.
Tom:
Oh!How'sitgoing?
John:
NotaswellasI'dhoped.
Tom:
Whatwentwrong?
John:
Canyouimagine,Tom?IlostmytonguewhenIwasgivingoneofthemostimportantpresentations.Itwasreallyanightmare.Everyonewasstaringatmewithunblinkingeyes,andIreallywishedforaquickandmercifuldeath.
Tom:
Well...Butprobablyitwasn'tasbadasyouthink.Thiskindofthinghappenstoeveryone.HaveyoueverheardthestoryofaBritishdiplomat?JustbeforethisveryproperBritishcareerdiplomatwastogiveaspeech,hesawhisflywasopen.Hequicklysatbackdownagainandyankedthezippershutbutjammedhissilktieintothetinysteelteeth.
John:
Poorman!Whathappenedthen?
Tom:
Well,withinhours,theentirediplomaticcommunityheardthetie-in-the-zipperstory.Fromthatpointon,wheneverhewasonofficialbusiness,peoplegazeddownathisflyandusuallychuckled.
John:
Believeme,IfeltnobetterthanthepoorBritishdiplomatthatday.
Tom:
IthinkIknowwhatyouwentthrough.Butrememberothersdonotalwaysseeyouinanegativelightwhenyoumakeapublicmistake.Themortificationismostlyinyourownmind.Mostonlookersareactuallyverysympatheticwhenothersembarrassthemselves.
John:
Theyshouldbe.MarkTwainoncesaid:"Manistheonlyanimalthatblushes.Orneedsto."Nopersonisimmunetoembarrassment.
Tom:
Iguessthat'swhypeoplewhoareembarrassed,andsimplyadmittoit,andthenstalwartlycarryon,aretremendouslywellliked.Itseemstomakethemmorehuman.Actually,whenyouadmittoembarrassment,youshowtheincidentisnotshameful.Nordoesitshowanydefectinyourcharacter.Itonlyshowstheembarrassingincidentisnothingmorethanabrieflapse.
John:
YoumeannexttimewhenIcommitabadfauxpas,Ishouldjustshrugmyshouldersandsay"Iblewit!AmIeverembarrassed!"
Tom:
Absolutely.Bydoingthatyoucanusuallysaveface.
Mlisten1-1
Theterm"moralhazard"canbeusedtorefertoasituationinwhichpeopleengageinriskierbehaviorthantheywouldotherwisewhenthecostsofdoingsoarelowered.Thismaysoundlikearatherdryconcept,butitcanbeappliedtomanyoftheeverydayactivitiesinwhichweallengage.
Manydifferentstudieshavebeendoneontheoverallimpactofairbags,andwehaveallheardthenewsreportsabouthowdangeroustheysometimesprovetobeforchildrenandsmalladults.Ifweapplytheconceptofmoralhazardtoairbagsweassumethatpeopledrivemorerecklesslywhentheythinktheircarsaresafer.Whatifyouknewyouweredrivingadangerouscar?Wouldyoubethatmuchmorecarefulwhenyouweredriving?Statisticsshowthatairbag-equippedcarsmadebetween1989and1993hadhigherpersonalinjuryclaimsandcollisionclaimsthannon-airbagmodelsforthesameyears.
ArecentstudydoneinEuropehasshownthatchildrenwhouseliberalamountsofsunscreentendtodevelopskincancermoreoften.What?Usingsunscreencausescancer?Well,OK,notquite.Itisthemoralhazardattachedtousingthesunscreenthatleadstohigheramountsofskincancer.Thosewhouselotsofsunscreentendtothinktheyare"safe"andcanstayinthesunlonger.Thosewhouselesssunscreenwilltendtohangoutintheshade.It'stheprolongedexposuretothesunthatisleadingtoincreasedincidenceofskincancer.
Economictheorysaysthatwhenthingscostless,weconsumemore.Thisholdstrueforlow-fatproducts.Thecost,i.e.fatcontent,isloweredandsoweeatmore.Studieshaveshownthatpeoplehaveactuallygainedweighteatingallthoselow-fatfoodsbecausetheyaresohighincalories.
Notethatoftentheoveralleffectofcertaintypesofprecautionispositive.Usingsunscreenleadstoadecreasedcancerrateoverall.Airbagshavesavedmorelivesthantheyhaveended.Thepointtostudyingincidentsofmoralhazardistheunintendedconsequences.Itisinterestingtolookattheothersideoftheargumentandrealizethatsometimestoomuchofagoodthingcanactuallybebad.
Mlisten1-2
Theterm"moralhazard"canbeusedtorefertoasituationinwhichpeopleengageinriskierbehaviorthantheywouldotherwisewhenthecostsofdoingsoarelowered.Thismaysoundlikearatherdryconcept,butitcanbeappliedtomanyoftheeverydayactivitiesinwhichweallengage.
Manydifferentstudieshavebeendoneontheoverallimpactofairbags,andwehaveallheardthenewsreportsabouthowdangeroustheysometimesprovetobeforchildrenandsmalladults.Ifweapplytheconceptofmoralhazardtoairbagsweassumethatpeopledrivemorerecklesslywhentheythinktheircarsaresafer.Whatifyouknewyouweredrivingadangerouscar?Wouldyoubethatmuchmorecarefulwhenyouweredriving?Statisticsshowthatairbag-equippedcarsmadebetween1989and1993hadhigherpersonalinjuryclaimsandcollisionclaimsthannon-airbagmodelsforthesameyears.
ArecentstudydoneinEuropehasshownthatchildrenwhouseliberalamountsofsunscreentendtodevelopskincancermoreoften.What?Usingsunscreencausescancer?Well,OK,notquite.Itisthemoralhazardattachedtousingthesunscreenthatleadstohigheramountsofskincancer.Thosewhouselotsofsunscreentendtothinktheyare"safe"andcanstayinthesunlonger.Thosewhouselesssunscreenwilltendtohangoutintheshade.It'stheprolongedexposuretothesunthatisleadingtoincreasedincidenceofskincancer.
Economictheorysaysthatwhenthingscostless,weconsumemore.Thisholdstrueforlow-fatproducts.Thecost,i.e.fatcontent,isloweredandsoweeatmore.Studieshaveshownthatpeoplehaveactuallygainedweighteatingallthoselow-fatfoodsbecausetheyaresohighincalories.
Notethatoftentheoveralleffectofcertaintypesofprecautionispositive.Usingsunscreenleadstoadecreasedcancerrateoverall.Airbagshavesavedmorelivesthantheyhaveended.Thepointtostudyingincidentsofmoralhazardistheunintendedconsequences.Itisinterestingtolookattheothersideoftheargumentandrealizethatsometimestoomuchofagoodthingcanactuallybebad.
Statements:
1.
Theconceptofmoralhazardcanbeappliedtomanyoftheeverydayactivitiesinwhichweallengage.
2.
Statisticsshowthatairbag-equippedcarsmadebetween1989and1993hadlowerpersonalinjuryclaimsandcollisionclaimsthannon-airbagmodels.
3.
Thosewhouselotsofsunscreentendtothinktheyare"safe"andcanstayinthesunlonger.
4.
Accordingtoeconomictheory,whenthingscostless,weconsumemore.
5.
Eatingmorelow-fatfoodsisaneffectivewaytoreduceweight.
6.
Theoveralleffectofcertaintypesofprecautionis,ingeneral,positive.
Mlisten2-1
He'sasportsnut;she'sabookworm.He'saRepublican;she'saDemocrat.Dooppositesreallyattract?Isitgoodiftheydo?
Itdependsonwhatyoumeanby"opposite".Relationshipsareaboutgettingourownneedsmet,oftenonanunconsciousbasis.Inotherwords,wetrytofindsomeonewhoiscomplementarytousandcanhelpuslearn,heal,andgrow.
Inastudy,researchersquizzed978residentsinNewYork,betweentheagesof18and24.First,theparticipantsratedtheimportanceof10attributesofalong-termpartner,andthenratedthemselvesonthesamescale.Theresultsshowedself-perceptionwasverysimilartomateperception.
Theconclusionwas:InWesternsociety,humansdonotusean"opposites-attract"ruleintheirchoiceoflong-termpartners,butrathera"likes-attract"rulebasedonapreferenceforpartnerswhoaresimilartothemselvesacrossanumberofcharacteristics.
Itistruethatintherealworld,onemayfindmoreappealinsomeonewhoisdifferentinsomeways.Thekeyis,whichways?
Whatmightbeabadwaytobeopposite?Ifonewasanavidsportsfan,andthematelikesonlytoread,thatcouplemighthavedifficulties.
Whatifonewasdetailconsciousandtheotherwas"bigpicture"oriented?Thismightbeabettersetofopposites.
Ifthecouple'svaluesandwaystheywanttospendtimearedifferent,thiscouldleadtobigtrouble.
Asforphysicalappearances,peoplethinktheydeserveamateasattractiveasthemselves.
Questions:
1.
Whatdidtheparticipantsofthestudyrateintheresearchsurvey?
2.
Whatwasverysimilartomateperceptionaccordingtotheresultsofthesurvey?
3.
WhatruledopeopleinWesternsocietyuseintheirchoiceoflong-termpartners?
4.
Intherealworld,whattypeofpersondopeoplefindmoreappealing?
5.
Whatkindofpartnerdopeoplepreferunderthe"opposites-attract"rule?
Mlisten2-2
He'sasportsnut;she'sabookworm.He'saRepublican;she'saDemocrat.Dooppositesreallyattract?Isitgoodiftheydo?
Itdependsonwhatyoumeanby"opposite".Relationshipsareaboutgettingourownneedsmet,oftenonanunconsciousbasis.Inotherwords,wetrytofindsomeonewhoiscomplementarytousandcanhelpuslearn,heal,andgrow.
Inastudy,researchersquizzed978residentsinNewYork,betweentheagesof18and24.First,theparticipantsratedtheimportanceof10attributesofalong-termpartner,andthenratedthemselvesonthesamescale.Theresultsshowedself-perceptionwasverysimilartomateperception.
Theconclusionwas:InWesternsociety,humansdonotusean"opposites-attract"ruleintheirchoiceoflong-termpartners,butrathera"likes-attract"rulebasedonapreferenceforpartnerswhoaresimilartothemselvesacrossanumberofcharacteristics.
Itistruethatintherealworld,onemayfindmoreappealinsomeonewhoisdifferentinsomeways.Thekeyis,whichways?
Whatmightbeabadwaytobeopposite?Ifonewasanavidsportsfan,andthematelikesonlytoread,thatcouplemighthavedifficulties.
Whatifonewasdetailconsciousandtheotherwas"bigpicture"oriented?Thismightbeabettersetofopposites.
Ifthecouple'svaluesandwaystheywanttospendtimearedifferent,thiscouldleadtobigtrouble.
Asforphysicalappearances,peoplethinktheydeserveamateasattractiveasthemselves.
Mlisten3-1
PartI
Jason:
Carol,I'mtoldthatyoufellinlovewithBobatfirstsight.Isthattrue?
Carol:
Skepticswilltellyouthatloveatfirstsightdoesn'texist,butforme,it'ssomethingreal.Loveatfirstsightcanstrikeanytime,anyplace.
Jason:
Howdidithappentoyou,then?
Carol:
ThereIwas,oneday,sittingquietlyatmyfavoritecoffeeshop,slowlysippinghotchocolateandallowingthespringsuntocaressmyface.SuddenlyIwasinterruptedbyaburstoflaughter.IlookedupandthereBobwas.Wow!Mypulsequickened,mystomachtightenedandIfeltshiverspassingthroughmybody.Ihadneverbelievedinloveatfirstsight,youknow,butthereBobwas,onlythreetablesaway—themanofmydreams.
Jason:
Thenwhatdidyoudo?
Carol:
Knowingthatit'snowornever,withgreatexcitementIquicklymappedoutaplan—Iwouldbeginbydrawinghimintoaninnocentconversation,andendwiththetwoofusfallingmadlyinloveandspendingeveryminuteofourlivesineachother'sarms.
Mlistwn3-2
PartII
Jason:
HowdidBobreact?
Carol:
Oh,itwasreallyamiracle!WhenIgazedinhisdirection,forafleetingmomentoureyeslockedandwebecamesoulmatesforlife.It'sasifwehadknowneachotherallourlives.Onceagain,chillsraceddownmyspineandIstartedtofeelweak.Ilookedaway.
Jason:
Itdoessoundlikewhatweoftenreadinafairytale.
Carol:
It'safairytaleexceptthatit'sonethathashappenedintherealworld.AssoonasIregainedthestrengthandcouragetolookupagain,miracleofmiracles,hewaslookingrightatme,flashingabrilliantsmile.
Jason:
Then?
Carol:
Foramoment,IjustdidnotknowhowIshouldgoabouttalkingtohim.WhereshouldIstartaconversation?Iwastryinghardnottopanic,rackingmybrainsforagoodopeninglinewhenIsawhimgetuptoleave.
Jason:
Whatifhetookoffandyouneversawhimagain?
Carol:
That'sexactlywhatIwasthinkingabout.Thankfully,hebrieflysatbackdown,pretendingtobebusyfinishingupsomelast-minutebusinesswithacheck.IrealizeditwasmyfinalopportunitysoIwentoverandsaidhellotohim.
Jason:
Naturally,youarrangedtoseeeachotheragain?
Carol:
Yes,ofcourse.Andwediscoveredawholerangeofcommoninterests.Westartedtalkingonthephoneforhoursandhours.Finally,wefellinlove,headoverheels.Life,Ithink,isbeautiful.Ihadnevermetamanwhowassoconsiderate,communicative,sensitiveandself-confident...Allthatwaslefttodowastoliveouttherestofthisfairytalerelationship.
Statements:
1.CarolandBobhadnevermeteachotherbefore.
2.Atfirst,BobdidnotseemtobeinterestedinCarol.
3.CarolfinallywentovertoBobandsaidhellotohim.
4.CarolandBobsharedacommoninterestinfairytales.
5.CarolandBobwantedtospendtherestoftheirlivestogether.
Mlisten3-3
PartI
Jason:
Carol,I'mtoldthatyoufellinlovewithBobatfirstsight.Isthattrue?
Carol:
Skepticswilltellyouthatloveatfirstsightdoesn'texist,butforme,it'ssomethingreal.Loveatfirstsightcanstrikeanytime,anyplace.
Jason:
Howdidithappentoyou,then?
Carol:
ThereIwas,oneday,sittingquietlyatmyfavoritecoffeeshop,slowlysippinghotchocolateandallowingthespringsuntocaressmyface.SuddenlyIwasinterruptedbyaburstoflaughter.IlookedupandthereBobwas.Wow!Mypulsequickened,mystomachtightenedandIfeltshiverspassingthroughmybody.Ihadneverbelievedinloveatfirstsight,youknow,butthereBobwas,onlythreetablesaway—themanofmydreams.
Jason:
Thenwhatdidyoudo?
Carol:
Knowingthatit'snowornever,withgreatexcitementIquicklymappedoutaplan—Iwouldbeginbydrawinghimintoaninnocentconversation,andendwiththetwoofusfallingmadlyinloveandspendingeveryminuteofourlivesineachother'sarms.
PartII
Jason:
HowdidBobreact?
Carol:
Oh,itwasreallyamiracle!WhenIgazedinhisdirection,forafleetingmomentoureyeslockedandwebecamesoulmatesforlife.It'sasifwehadknowneachotherallourlives.Onceagain,chillsraceddownmyspineandIstartedtofeelweak.Ilookedaway.
Jason:
Itdoessoundlikewhatweoftenreadinafairytale.
Carol:
It'safairytaleexceptthatit'sonethathashappenedintherealworld.AssoonasIregainedthestrengthandcouragetolookupagain,miracleofmiracles,hewaslookingrightatme,flashingabrilliantsmile.
Jason:
Then?
Carol:
Foramoment,IjustdidnotknowhowIshouldgoabouttalkingtohim.WhereshouldIstartaconversation?Iwastryinghardnottopanic,rackingmybrainsforagoodopeninglinewhenIsawhimgetuptoleave.
Jason:
Whatifhetookoffandyouneversawhimagain?
Carol:
That'sexactlywhatIwasthinkingabout.Thankfully,hebrieflysatbackdown,pretendingtobebusyfinishingupsomelast-minutebusinesswithacheck.IrealizeditwasmyfinalopportunitysoIwentoverandsaidhellotohim.
Jason:
Naturally,youarrangedtoseeeachotheragain?
Carol:
Yes,ofcourse.Andwediscoveredawholerangeofcommoninterests.Westartedtalkingonthephoneforhoursandhours.Finally,wefellinlove,headoverheels.Life,Ithink,isbeautiful.Ihadnevermetamanwhowassoconsiderate,communicative,sensitiveandself-confident...Allthatwaslefttodowastoliveouttherestofthisfairytalerelationship.
Mlisten4-1
Whobestexemplifiesthebasicessenceofhumannature:greedyexecutivesengagedincorporatefraud,MikeTyson,theaggressiveboxer,orthecourageousfirefighterswhorisktheirlivestosavestrangers?
AccordingtoShelleyTaylor,apsychologyprofessor,nurturingothersandcaringfortheirneedsareaswiredintoourbehaviorasouraggressiveandcompetitivenature.
Taylorhasconducted25yearsofresearchandanalyzedmorethan1,000studies.Sheoriginallyassumedthatone'sgeneslargelydetermineone'sbehavior,andsoithasbeenagreatsurpriseforhertoseehowclearlysocialrelationshipsforgeourbiology,evenatthelevelofgeneexpression.Chiefamongthesesocialforcesarethewaysinwhichpeopletakecareofoneanotherandtendtooneanother'sneeds.
Taylorhasfoundthatthebenefitsthattendingprovidestochildren,especiallythosewithgeneticrisks,aresubstantial.Childrenwhoarewelltendedinearlychildhoodgrowupwithbettersocialandemotionalwaysofmeetingtheworld.Eveninadultrelationships,wetendtoeachother'sneedsinwaysthatsustainlongandhealthylives.
"Tendingisinstinctive,andaffectsourbiologyateverystageoflife,"shesays."Howpeoplegetalongintimesofstress—fromhowcalmtheyaretotheirlikelihoodofbecomingill—dependsonthequalityofthetendingtheyreceive."
Whatroledoesourgeneticmakeupplayindeterminingourbehavior?AccordingtoTaylor,"Thegenomeislikeanarchitect'sfirstplan,aroughprojectionofhowapersonmayturnout.Thisplanisrevisedduringthecourseofthebuildingprocess.Whoweare—ourcharacter,evenourphysicalhealth—dependsonthepeoplewhotendtousandhowwellwegetalongwiththem—ourmothers,fathers,friendsandlovers."
Mlisten4-2
Whobestexemplifiesthebasicessenceofhumannature:greedyexecutivesengagedincorporatefraud,MikeTyson,theaggressiveboxer,orthecourageousfirefighterswhorisktheirlivestosavestrangers?
AccordingtoShelleyTaylor,apsychologyprofessor,nurturingothersandcaringfortheirneedsareaswiredintoourbehaviorasouraggressiveandcompetitivenature.
Taylorhasconducted25yearsofresearchandanalyzedmorethan1,000studies.Sheoriginallyassumedthatone'sgeneslargelydetermineone'sbehavior,andsoithasbeenagreatsurpriseforhertoseehowclearlysocialrelationshipsforgeourbiology,evenatthelevelofgeneexpression.Chiefamongthesesocialforcesarethewaysinwhichpeopletakecareofoneanotherandtendtooneanother'sneeds.
Taylorhasfoundthatthebenefitsthattendingprovidestochildren,especiallythosewithgeneticrisks,aresubstantial.Childrenwhoarewelltendedinearlychildhoodgrowupwithbettersocialandemotionalwaysofmeetingtheworld.Eveninadultrelationships,wetendtoeachother'sneedsinwaysthatsustainlongandhealthylives.
"Tendingisinstinctive,andaffectsourbiologyateverystageoflife,"shesays."Howpeoplegetalongintimesofstress—fromhowcalmtheyaretotheirlikelihoodofbecomingill—dependsonthequalityofthetendingtheyreceive."
Whatroledoesourgeneticmakeupplayindeterminingourbehavior?AccordingtoTaylor,"Thegenomeislikeanarchitect'sfirstplan,aroughprojectionofhowapersonmayturnout.Thisplanisrevisedduringthecourseofthebuildingprocess.Whoweare—ourcharacter,evenourphysicalhealth—dependsonthepeoplewhotendtousandhowwellwegetalongwiththem—ourmothers,fathers,friendsandlovers."
Questions:
1.Whatfactorplaysanimportantroleintheshapingofour
biologyaccordingtotheresearchofTaylor?
2.Howwillchildrenbeabletogrowupwithbettersocial
andemotionalwaysofmeetingtheworld?
3.Whatdeterminespeople'sreactionintimesofstressin
Taylor'sview?
4.Whatdoesthe"genome"meanaccordingtoTaylor?
5.Whatistheaimofthispassage?
Quiz1-1
Amanfromtheofficewasgoingtogivemearidehomeoneday,sowewalkedthroughanemptylotwithhighgrasstogettohiscar.Afewminuteslater,weweredrivingalongamajorstreetwhenIfeltsomecreaturegoingupmylegundermypants.Likemanywomen,Ihatemostbugs.However,whateverwastherewasclimbinghigherandhigher.Icouldn'tbearitanylonger.IscreamedtothedrivertostopthecarwhileIfranticallystartedtopulldownmypants.
Hewassurprised,buthescreechedtoastopnexttoaverybusysidewalk.Ijumpedoutofthecar.Ipulleddownmypantsinfrontofarathersurprisedgroupofpedestrians.Averylargegrasshoppercameout.Ijumpedbackinthecarandweleftagain.Itwasembarrassing,butIwasgladitwasn'taspider.
Statements:
1.
Whenthespeakerwaswalkingthroughanemptylot,shefelttherewassomethinggoingupherleg.
2.
Shetoldthedrivertostopthecarbecauseshewanted
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