大学物理双语教学各章节词汇表

大学物理双语教学各章节词汇表Chapter1Introduction（引言）§1.1SpaceandTime（空间与时间）universe宇宙object物体measurement测量kinematics运动学motionofobjects物体的运动masspoint/particle质点centerofmass质心spaceandtime时空rotation旋转subject研究的对象phenomena现象intergalactic星系间的submicroscopic亚微观的dimension尺度uniform均匀的isotropic各向同性的continuous连续的direction方向graininess颗粒性location位置frameofreference参考系specify确定、规定simultaneously同时地inconsistentwith与…不一致define/definition定义platinum-iridium铂铱合金atomicstandard原子标准transition跃迁meridian子午线generalconferenceonweightsandmeasures国际计量大会vacuum真空formerstandardoflength米原器atomicenergylevel原子能级isotopecesium铯同位素krypton氪angstrom埃§1.2CoordinateSystemsandFramesofReference（坐标系与参考系）frameofreference参考系coordinatesystem坐标系rectangularCartesiancoordinates直角笛卡儿坐标系axis/axes(pl.)（坐标）轴

origin坐标原点atrest静止dimension维mutuallyperpendicular互相垂直intersection交点§1.3IdealizedModels（理想模型）idealizedmodel理想模型simplifiedversion简化方式neglect忽略particle质点airresistance空气阻力vacuum真空intermsof利用rigidbody刚体insulator绝缘体§1.4Vectors（矢量）vector矢量scalar标量magnitude大小velocity速度acceleration加速度momentum动量proportionalto正比于parallel平行positionvector位置矢量§1.5PropertiesofVectors（矢量的特点）resultant/netvectoradditionsubtractionequivalenttranslatehead-to-tailmethodparallelogrammethoddiagonalcommutativelawscalarproductdotproductdistributivelawmultiplicationcrossproductvectorproductarearight-handruleparallelmultiplyfunctionsomevariable合矢量加法减法等价的平移三角形法平行四边形法对角线交换律标积点积分配律乘法叉积矢积面积右手定则平行乘函数某一变量

derivative导数§1.6ComponentsofaVector（矢量的分量）component分量absolutevalue绝对值projection投影perpendicular垂线rectangularcomponent正交分量§1.7UnitVectors（单位矢量）unitvector单位矢量dimensionless无量纲的unitmagnitude单位大小respectively分别地Chapter2Kinematics:MotioninTwoandThreeDimensions（运动学：二维与三维运动）§2.1KinematicalFunctionofaPoint（质点的运动函数）positionvector位置矢量trigonometry三角学§2.2DisplacementandVelocity（位移与速度）trajectory轨迹displacementvector位移矢量velocity速度ratio比值，比率straightline直线approach趋近、接近limit极限averagevelocity平均速度instantaneousvelocity瞬时速度slope斜率chord弦limitingprocess求极限过程curvedpath弯曲路径derivative导数magnitudeanddirection大小和方向speed速率scalarcomponents标量分量limitingvalue极限值limitingprocess求极限过程tangent相切、切线change增量、改变量differentialn.微分

differentiatev.微分、求导integratev.积分integrationn.积分coefficient系数module(矢量的)模successively连续地squareroot平方根§2.3Acceleration（加速度）acceleration加速度averageacceleration平均加速度instantaneousacceleration瞬时加速度secondderivative二阶导数positive正的negative负的respectively分别地one-dimensionalmotion一维运动uniformcircularmotion匀速圆周运动projectilemotion抛体运动§2.4MotionwithConstantAcceleration（匀加速运动）无§2.5LinearMotionwithConstantAcceleration（匀加速直线运动）linear线性的one-dimensional一维的corresponding对应的eliminate消去freelyfallingbodies自由落体airresistance空气阻力accelerationduetogravity重力加速度altitude高度verticaldirection竖直方向negativesign负号latitude经度regardlessof与.无关maximumvalue最大值minimumvalue最小值§2.6ProjectileMotion（抛体运动）projectile抛体trajectory轨迹assumption假设negligible可忽略的rotation转动airfriction空气摩擦parabola抛物线parabolictrajectory抛物线轨迹initial初始的horizontal水平的independent独立的

superposition叠加flighttime飞行时间horizontalrange射程maximumheight最大高度horizontalsurface水平面abodyprojectedhorizontally平抛物体vertical竖直的firingangle抛射角§2.7CircularMotion（圆周运动）circularmotion圆周运动uniformcircularmotion匀速圆周运动circularmotionwithvaryingspeed变速圆周运动centripetal向心的arclength弧长angulardisplacement角位移instantaneousangularvelocity（瞬时）角速度radian(s)弧度dimensional有量纲的counterclockwise逆时针clockwise顺时针circle圆centerofacircle圆心vectorially矢量地angularacceleration角加速度tangentialacceleration切向加速度center-seeking向心resolve（矢量）分解centripetalacceleration向心加速度normalacceleration法向加速度perpendicularto垂直于radial径向的radius半径§2.8RelativeMotion（相对运动）relativevelocity相对速度relativeacceleration相对加速度observer观察者outcome结果measurement测量stationary静止的differentiate求微分Galileantransformationequation伽利略变换valid有效的specialtheoryofrelativity狭义相对论asitturnsout结果是relativeto相对于headingduenorth头朝北righttriangle直角三角形

upstream逆流hypotenuse直角三角形的斜边Chapter3Newton’sLawsofMotion（牛顿运动定律）§3.1Newton’sFirstLaw（牛顿第一定律）atrest静止netexternalforce/resultantforce合外力inertialframeofreference惯性参考系inertia惯性acton=exert（力）作用于approximation近似inertialmass惯性质量interact(n.interaction)相互作用resultantexternalforce合外力momentum动量unlessstatedotherwise除非另有说明§3.2Newton’sSecondLaw（牛顿第二定律）nonzero非零的mass质量momentum动量rateofchange变化率directlyproportionalto正比于inverselyproportionalto反比于§3.3Newton’sThirdLaw（牛顿第三定律）interact相互作用opposite相反、相对isolated孤立的actionforce作用力reactionforce反作用力§3.4ApplicationsofNewton’sLaws（牛顿运动定律的应用）tension张力diagram示意图isolate隔离free-bodydiagram受力图unknown未知量Atwood’sMachine阿特伍德机lightstring轻绳vertically竖直地frictionless无摩擦的incline斜面pulley滑轮balanced平衡的block木块、滑块wedge楔、斜铁plane平面horizontalsurface水平面

§3.5InternationalUnitsandDimensions（国际单位制与量纲）physicalquantity物理量fundamentalunit基本单位universally普遍scientificcommunity科学界luminousintensity光强度abbreviation缩写lowercase小写的uppercase大写的rectangle矩形§3.6IntroductiontoSomeCommonForces（几种常见力）electromagnetic电磁的leanagainst倚靠compress压mattressspring床垫弹簧normalforce法向力、支持力stiffness倔强性stretch拉伸frictionalforce/forceoffriction摩擦力viscousmedium粘滞媒质（介质）resistance阻力forceofstaticfriction静摩擦力maximumforceofstaticfriction最大静摩擦力isproportionalto正比于proportionalityconstant比例常数coefficientofstaticfriction静摩擦系数coefficientofkineticfriction滑动摩擦系数variation变化§3.7TheFourFundamentalForces（四种基本力）gravitationalforce引力universalgravitationalconstant万有引力常数electromagneticforce电磁力bind约束Coulomb’slaw库仑定律chargedparticle带电粒子strongnuclearforce强力hydrogen氢nucleus(pl.nucleiornucleuses)原子核neutron中子proton质子counteract抵抗repulsive排斥的strength强度weaknuclearforce弱力short-rangeforce短程力radioactivity放射性radioactivedecay放射性衰变nucleons核子massless无质量的

actionatadistance远程作用hypothesis假设field场Chapter4LinearMomentumandAngularMomentum（动量与角动量）§4.1LinearMomentumandImpulse（动量与冲量）(linear)momentum动量impulse冲量impulse-momentumtheorem动量定理time-averageforce平均冲力§4.2Impulse-momentumTheoremforParticlesSystem（质点系的动量定理）particlessystem质点系internalforces内力externalforces外力§4.3ConservationofLinearMomentum（动量守恒定律）momenta（pl.）动量§4.4CenterofMass（质心）vectornotation矢量表示continuousobject连续物体elementofmass质元§4.5MotionoftheCenterofMass（质心的运动）conserved守恒的isolatedsystem孤立系统§4.6AngularMomentumofaParticle（质点的角动量）conserved守恒的isolatedsystem孤立系统§4.7ConservationLawofAngularMomentum（角动量守恒定律）Kepler开普勒ellipse椭圆Chapter6RotationofaRigidBodyaboutaFixedAxis（刚体的定轴转动）§6.1MotionofaRigidBody（刚体的运动）

rigidbody刚体parallelogramrule平行四边形法则translation平动anextendedbody空间实体rotation转动nondeformable不变形的resultantmotion合运动parallel平行fixedaxis固定轴counterclockwisemotion逆时针运动angularacceleration角加速度clockwisemotion顺时针运动separation间隔translation平动angularvelocity角速度trajectory轨迹§6.2LawofRotationofaRigidBodyaboutaFixedAxis（刚体定轴转动定律）momentofinertia转动惯量rotationaxis旋转轴torque力矩proportionalityconstant比例常数elementofmass质元lineofactionofforce力的作用线analogue类似；相似perpendiculardistance垂直距离distributionofmass质量分布pivotabout围绕…旋转；以…为轴旋转momentarm力臂isproportionalto与…成正比§6.3CalculationofMomentsofInertiaforRigidBodies（转动惯量的计算）anextendedbody延续实体hoop圆环sphericalshell薄球壳solidsphere实心球sphericalcavity球腔lineardensity线密度§6.4ApplicationofLawofRotationofaRigidBodyaboutaFixedAxis（刚体定轴转动定律应用）orientation方向；方位atwood’smachine伍德机brake制动器，刹车pedal踏板sprocket链轮齿bearing轴承pulley滑轮nonslip无滑动§6.5ConservationofAngularMomentumwithRespecttotheFixedAxis（对定轴角动量守恒）resultantexternaltorque合外力矩isolated隔离的valid有效；适用pin销；轴Chapter7ElectricFieldsofStationaryElectricCharges（静止电荷的电场）§7.1Charge（电荷）Electricity电学magnetism磁学

accelerator加速器interatomic原子间的amber琥珀magnetite磁铁矿electrification充电magnet磁铁charge电荷quantized量子化的quantization量子化proton质子electricallycharged带电的chargedbody带电体conservation守恒uncharged不带电的§7.2Coulomb’sLaw（库仑定律）Coulomb’sLaw库仑定律inverselyproportionalto相反地separating分开的permittivity介电常数hydrogen氢oppositesign符号相反§7.3TheElectricField（电场）electricfield电场testcharge检验电荷distribution分布X-rayX-射线lightning闪电electronic电子的intermolecular分子间的rub摩擦magnesia氧化镁electromagnetism电磁学plasticrod塑料棒repel排斥attract吸引suspend悬挂neutron中子electron电子neutral中性的integer整数integralmultiple整数倍proportionalto正比于square平方product乘积repulsive排斥Coulombconstant库仑常数superpositionprinciple叠加原理electricfield(intensity)电场强度sourcecharge场源电荷radiowaves无线电波atmosphere大气thundercloud雷雨云§7.4CalculationofElectricField（电场的计算）stationarydenominatorelectricdipoleelectricdipolemomentsphericallysymmetriccontinuouschargedistributionchargeelementstrategy静止的分母电偶极子电偶极矩球对称电荷连续分布元电荷策略bisector平分线manipulation处理linearchargedensity电荷线密度surfacechargedensity电荷面密度volumechargedensity电荷体密度ringcharge带电圆环chargeddisk带电圆盘infiniteplateofcharge无限大带电平面§7.5ElectricFieldLinesandElectricFlux（电场线和电通量）electricfieldlines电场线electricflux电通量infinity无穷远visualize形象化strength强度penetrate穿过qualitative定量的closedsurface闭合曲面align排列thread线intersection相交cross交叉§7.6Gauss’sLaw（高斯定理）Gauss’slaw高斯定理arbitraryshape任意形状gaussiansurface高斯面electricflux电通量principle原理practice实际§7.7ApplicationofGauss’sLaw（高斯定理的应用）

algebraic代数的rearrange重新整理chargedistribution电荷分布sphericalsymmetry球对称cylindricalsymmetry柱对称planesymmetry平面对称symmetric对称的sphericalshell球壳infinitelength无限长infiniteplane无限大平面Chapter8ElectricPotential（电势）§8.1ConservativityofElectrostaticField（静电场的保守性）lineintegral线积分conservativeforcefield保守力场closedpath闭合路径conservative保守的circuitaltheoremforelectrostaticfield静电场环路定理§8.2PotentialDifferenceandElectricPotential（电势差和电势）potentialdifference电势差electricpotential电势infinity无穷远electrostaticpotentialenergy静电势能volt伏特voltage电压electronvolt电子伏特battery电池§8.3CalculationofElectricPotential（电势的计算）equipotentialsurface等势面brokenlines虚线semicircular半圆的insulating绝缘的infinite无限的dashedlines虚线extend延伸solidlines实线finite有限的arbitrary任意的function函数curvedsurface曲面§8.4ElectricPotentialGradient（电势梯度）gradient梯度notation符号potentialGradient电势梯度maximum最大值rightangle直角sketch勾画§8.5ElectrostaticPotentialEnergy（静电势能）electrostaticpotentialenergy静电势能vicinity附近Chapter9ConductorinElectrostaticField（静电场中的导体）§9.1ConductorsinElectrostaticEquilibrium（导体的静电平衡）isolatedconductor孤立导体electrostaticequilibrium静电平衡equipotentialbody等势体radiusofcurvature曲率半径electrostaticshielding静电屏蔽neutralize电中和sharppointdischarge尖端放电lightningrod避雷针cosmicrays宇宙射线lightningstroke雷击glowdischarge辉光放电ion离子coronadischarge电晕放电shrink收缩cavity空腔grounding接地curvedsurface曲面conductingwire导线

collision碰撞thunderstorm雷暴inducedcharge感应电荷insert插入guarantee保证contradiction矛盾§9.2CalculationofElectrostaticFieldwithConductorsNearby（有导体存在时静电场的分析与计算）conductingslab导电板lateralarea侧面unchargedconductor不带电导体edgeeffect边缘效应redistribute重新分配external外部Chapter10CapacitorsandDielectricsinElectrostaticField（电容器和静电场中的电介质）§10.1CapacitanceandCapacitors（电容和电容器）Leydenjar莱顿瓶flash闪光灯capacitance电容coaxial同轴的capacitor电容器coaxialcable同轴电缆parallel-platecapacitor平行平板电容器concentric同心的cylindricalcapacitor圆柱形电容器parallelcombination并联sphericalcapacitor球形电容器seriescombination串联submultiple因数farad法拉microfarad微法拉picofarad皮法拉rectify调整inductance自感应ignition点火sparking打火花metallic金属(性)的combination联合、组合equivalent相当的§10.2DielectricsandElectricField（电介质与电场）dielectric电介质relativedielectricconstant相对介电常数voltmeter伏特计insulating绝缘的dielectricbreakdown介质击穿dielectricstrength介电强度§10.3PolarizationofDielectrics（电介质的极化）polarize极化polarmolecules极性分子polarization极化nonpolarmolecules非极性分子induceddipolemoments感应电矩permanentelectricdipolemoments固有电矩surfacecharge表面电荷align排成一线orient取向boundcharge束缚电荷homogeneous均匀的freecharge自由电荷microwave微波oven烤箱vibrate振动tune调整resonate共振oscillate振荡§10.4Gauss’sLawforElectricDisplacementVector（Dr的高斯定律）

electricdisplacement电位移dielectricconstant介电常数deliberately故意地thefluxofD(r)D(r)的通量permittivity电容率§10.5EnergyStoredinaChargedCapacitor（电容器的能量）transfer转移electrostaticpotentialenergy静电势能battery电池electrostaticfieldenergy静电场能increment增量energydensity能量密度transformation转化maximumoperatingvoltage最大工作电压terminal终端deliver递送dissipate消散pathway路径Chapter11MagneticForce(磁力)§11.1NatureofMagneticForce(磁力的本质)magnetite磁铁矿石barmagnet条形磁铁interaction相互作用magneticpole磁极electriccurrentloopsofmolecules分子环形电流§11.2MagneticFieldandMagneticFieldVector(磁场和磁感应强度)magneticfield磁场magneticfieldvector=magneticinduction=magneticfluxdensity磁感应强度magneticforce磁场力Lorentzforce洛仑兹力B-line磁感(应)线magneticflux磁通量tesla(T)特（斯拉）weber韦伯§11.3MotionofaChargedParticleinaMagneticField(带电粒子在磁场中的运动)cyclotronperiod回旋周期magneticfocusing磁聚焦helix螺旋线pitch螺距magneticlens磁镜magneticconfinement磁约束amagneticbottle磁瓶themassspectrometer质谱仪schematicdrawing示意图ion离子

precision精确度proton质子deuteron氘核bombard轰击cyclotron加速器deesD型盒evacuate抽成真空shield屏蔽oscillate振动plasma等离子体nuclearfusion核聚变VanAllenbelts范阿仑辐射带§11.4TheHallEffect(霍尔效应)theHallvoltage霍尔电压thedriftvelocity漂移速度§11.5MagneticForceonaCurrent-carryingConductor(载流导体在磁场中受力—安培力)current-carryingconductor/wire载流导体/导线currentloopinauniformmagneticfield匀强磁场中的载流线圈linearelement线元currentelementvector电流元矢量loop环,回路magneticmomentofacurrentloop载流线圈磁矩rectangularloop矩形回路awiresegment一段导线strip条；带Chapter12SourceofMagneticField（磁场的源）§12.1TheMagneticFieldofMovingPointCharges（运动点电荷的磁场）permeabilityoffreespace真空磁导率§12.2TheBiot-SavartLaw（毕奥-萨伐尔定律）theBiot-SavartLaw毕奥-萨伐尔定律permeabilityoffreespace真空磁导率Gauss’lawinmagnetism磁场的高斯定律magneticmonopoles磁单极solenoid螺线管turn匝current-carryingwire载流导线encircle环绕currentelement电流元

diverge发散converge聚合magneticpole磁极magnet磁铁magneticflux磁通量§12.3AmpereCircuitalTheorem（安培环路定理）penetrate穿过boundedby以…为边界finitepoint有限点lineintegral线积分§12.4ApplicationofAmpereCircuitalTheorem（安培环路定理的应用）current-carryingwire载流导线circumference周长cylindricalshell圆柱形壳toroid螺绕环innerradius内径outerradius外径sphericalconductor球形导体§12.5MagneticFieldduetoVaryingElectricField（与变化的电场相联系的磁场）displacementcurrent位移电流generalizedAmpere’sLaw广义安培环路定理conductioncurrent传导电流magneticmonopole磁单级postulate假设totalcurrent全电流steadycurrent恒定电流§12.6TheMagneticForceBetweenTwoParallelCurrent-carryingWires（平行电流间的相互作用力）antiparallel反平行Chapter13MagneticMediainMagneticField（磁场中的磁介质）§13.1EffectonMagneticFieldCausedbyMagneticMedia（磁介质对磁场的影响）

magneticmedium磁介质diamagneticmedium抗磁质paramagneticmedium顺磁质ferromagneticmaterial铁磁质magneticmoment磁矩paramagnetism顺磁性partialalignment部分取向electronspin电子自旋magneticdipole磁偶极子ferromagnetism铁磁性diamagnetism抗磁性inducedmagneticmoment感生磁矩permanentmagneticmoment固有磁矩§13.2AtomicMagneticDipoleMoments（原子磁矩）magnetization磁化atomic原子的magneticdipolemoment磁矩orbitalmagneticmoment轨道磁矩quantumtheory量子理论intrinsicspinangularmomentum内禀自旋角动量§13.3Magnetization（磁介质的磁化）magnetizationmagnetizeatomiccurrentloopamperiancurrentcross-sectionalarean.磁化、磁化强度v.磁化分子环流安培电流横截面积inducedmagneticdipolemoments感生磁矩surfacemagnetizationcurrent/boundcurrent面磁化电流(面束缚电流)appliedmagneticfield外加磁场magneticsusceptibility磁化率relativepermeability相对磁导率bismuth铋Bohrmagneton玻尔磁子superconductor超导体emf电动势§13.4FerromagneticMaterials（铁磁质）iron铁cobalt钴nickel镍alloy合金ferromagnetism铁磁性magneticdomain磁畴criticaltemperature临界温度Curietemperature居里温度thermalagitation热扰动endeffect边界效应magneticsaturation磁饱和reversible可逆的

magnetichysteresis磁滞效应hysteresisloop磁滞回线magnetizationcurve磁化曲线initialmagnetizationcurve起始磁化曲线remnantmagnetization剩磁coerciveforce矫顽力memory记忆能力magnetize磁化demagnetize去磁，退磁transformer变压器motor电动机secondarycoil副线圈cycle循环irreversibleprocess不可逆过程hardferromagneticmaterials硬磁性材料softferromagneticmaterials软磁性材料hysteresisloss磁滞损耗（铁损）Curiepoint居里点permanentmagnet永久磁体,magnetictape磁带，memoryunit记忆元件ironcores铁芯galvanometer电流计rr§13.5CircuitalTheoremforH（H的环路定理）magneticintensity磁场强度magnetizationcurrent磁化电流freecurrent自由电流isotropic各向同性的permeability磁导率relativepermeability相对磁导率Chapter14ElectromagneticInduction（电磁感应）§14.1FaradayLawofElectromagneticInduction（法拉第电磁感应定律）electromagneticinduction电磁感应inductioncurrent感应电流emf(electromotiveforce)电动势inductionemf感生电动势weber韦伯LenzLaw楞次定律polarity极性§14.2Motionalemf（动生电动势）motionalemf动生电动势§14.3InducedemfandInducedElectricField（感生电动势和感生电场）

nonelectrostaticforce非静电力inducedemf感生电动势inducedelectricfield感生电场vortexfield涡旋场eddycurrents涡流nonconservativefield非保守场time-varyingfield时变场alternate变化alternative交流电的，交变的laminated叠片（组成）的§14.4MutualInduction（互感现象）mutualinduction互感现象mutualinductance互感系数emfbymutualinduction互感电动势orientation方位§14.5Self-induction（自感现象）self-induction自感现象self-inductance自感系数inductor电感self-inducedemf自感电动势isproportionalto正比于§14.6EnergyofMagneticField（磁场的能量）magneticenergydensity磁场能量密度energyduetomutualinduction互感磁能Chapter15Maxwell’sEquationsandElectromagneticWaves（麦麦麦克克克斯斯斯韦韦韦方方方程程程组组组与与与电电电磁磁磁波波波）§15-1Maxwell’sEquations（麦克斯韦方程组）§15-2ElectromagneticWaves（电磁波）propagation传播inphase同相、同步transversewaves横波wavelength波长visiblespectrum可见光谱infraredwaves红外波radiation辐射ultravioletray紫外线Poyngingvector坡印亭矢量§15-3TheWaveEquationforElectromagneticWaves（电磁波的方程）

wavefunction波函数waveequation波的方程wavenumber波数angularfrequency角频率planewave平面波Chapter16TemperatureandtheKineticTheoryofGases（温度与气体运动论）§16.1ThermalEquilibriumandTemperature（热平衡及温度）temperature温度hotness热coldness冷thermometricproperty热力学特性thermalcontact热接触theaverageinternalmolecularkineticenergy分子内平均动能thermalequilibrium热平衡electricalconductor导电器thezerothlawofthermodynamics热力学第零定律temperaturescale温标§16.2TheCelsiusandFahrenheitTemperatureScales（摄氏温标与华氏温标）thermometer温度计temperaturescale温标theice-pointtemperature冰点温度freezingpoint冰点steam-point沸点normalboilingpoint标准沸点thesteam-pointtemperature气化点温度theCelsiustemperaturescale摄氏温标theFahrenheittemperaturescale华氏温标§16.3GasThermometersandtheAbsoluteTemperatureScale（气体温度计和绝对温标）calibrate校对、校准discrepancy差异volume体积density密度sufficientlylow足够低sulfur硫aconstant-volumegasthermometer等容气体温度计triplepointofwater水的三相点ideal-gastemperaturescale理想气体温标absolutetemperaturescale绝对温标

nitrogen氮hydrogen氢oxygen氧recalibrate再校准extrapolate外推，向外延长triplepoint三相点coexist共存helium氦liquefy液化intermsof利用rigidbody刚体insulator绝缘体Kelvinscale开尔文温标§16.4TheIdeal-GasLaw（理想气体定律）Boyle’slaw玻意耳定律constantvolume等体Boltzmann’sconstant玻耳兹曼常量mole摩尔Avogadro’snumber阿伏伽德罗常量carbonatom碳原子universalgasconstant普适气体常量idealgas理想气体equationofstate状态方程statevariable状态参量standardcondition标准条件subscript下标§16.5TheKineticTheoryofGases（气体分子运动论）macroscopicstatevariable宏观状态变量microscopicquantity微观量wallsofacontainer容器壁translationalkineticenergy平动动能rootmeansquare(rms)speed方均根速率orderofmagnitude量级piston活塞redistribute再分布partition分配equipartitiontheorem（能）均分定理classicalstatisticalmechanics经典统计力学degreeoffreedom自由度monatomic单原子的bond键diatomic双原子的polyatomic多原子的vibration振动meanfreepath平均自由程aircurrent气流convection对流diffuse扩散reciprocal倒数frequency频率

§16.6MaxwellSpeedDistributionFunction（麦克斯韦速率分布函数）probability概率abscissa横坐标normalizationcondition归一化条件mostprobabledistribution最概然分布Chapter17HeatandtheFirstLawofThermodynamics（热及热力学第一定律）§17.1HeatCapacityandSpecificHeat（热容与比热）atomist原子学家thermalenergy热能manifestation表现形式molecularmotion分子运动thermalcontact热接触calorica.热的n.热（质）internalenergy内能heatcapacity热容量phase相heatconduction热传导calorie卡（路里）molarmass摩尔质量Lawofconservationofenergy能量守恒定律Thefirstlawofthermodynamics热力学第一定律beproportionalto和…成正比molarspecificheat摩尔比热solarheatingsystem太阳能热系统coolant冷却液§17.2ChangeofPhaseandLatentHeat（相变与潜热）heatcapacity热容量phasechange相变vaporization汽化，蒸发fusion熔化melting融化condensation凝聚sublimation升华carbondioxide二氧化碳crystallinea.结晶的、晶状的n.结晶体

averagetranslationalkineticenergy平均平动动能latentheat潜热§17.3Joule’sExperiment（焦耳实验）thermallyinsulated绝热的mechanicalequivalenceofheat热功当量§17.4TheInternalEnergyofanIdealGas（理想气体内能）internalenergy内能realgas实际气体§17.5WorkandthePVDiagramforaGas（功与气体PV图）quasi-staticprocess准静态过程piston活塞isobaric等压的isothermal等温的§17.6TheFirstLawofThermodynamics（热力学第一定律）§17.7HeatCapacitiesofGases（气体的热容）infinitesimal无穷小的§17.8TheQuasi-StaticAdiabaticProcessforanIdealGas（理想气体准静态绝热过程）compression压缩Poissonformula泊松公式processequations过程方程§17.9KindsofThermodynamicProcesses（热力学过程的种类）Chapter18TheSecondLawofThermodynamics（热力学第二定律）§18.1HeatEnginesandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics（热机与热力学第二定律）secondlawofthermodynamics热力学第二定律Kelvinstatement开尔文表述Clausiusstatement克劳修斯表述heatengine热机workingsubstance工质steamengine蒸汽机internal-combustionengine内燃机heatreservoir热库vaporize汽化condenser冷凝器exhaustvalve排气阀

combustionchamber燃烧室intakestroke进气冲程ignite点燃sparkplug火花塞powerstroke做功冲程Ottocycle奥拓循环efficiencyofaheatengine热机的效率§18.2RefrigeratorsandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics（制冷机与热力学第二定律）§18.3EquivalenceoftheHeat-EngineandRefrigeratorStatements（开尔文表述与克劳修斯表述的等价性）§18.4TheCarnotEngineandCarnotCycle（卡诺热机与卡诺循环）refrigerationcycle制冷循环efficiencyofpositivecycle正循环的效率Carnotcycle卡诺循环Carnotengine卡诺热机expansion膨胀compression压缩schematicdiagram原理图、示意图friction摩擦reversible可逆的Carnotefficiency卡诺效率irreversible不可逆的dissipativeforce耗散力nonequilibriumstate非平衡态viscousforce粘滞力§18.5DegradationofEnergy（能量的损失）§18.6IrreversibilityandDisorder（不可逆性与无序性）microscopicstate微观状态macroscopicstate宏观状态disorder无序性randommotion无规则运动§18.7Entropy（熵）Boltzmannentropy玻耳兹曼熵principleofentropyincrease熵增加原理additivityofentropy熵的可加性statisticalmeaning统计意义reversibleprocess可逆过程infinitesimal无穷小的functionofstate状态函数§18.8EntropyandProbability（熵与概率）microscopicstate微观态macroscopicstate宏观态spontaneously自发地evacuated真空的

Chapter19OscillatoryMotion（振动）§19.1DescriptionofSimpleHarmonicMotion（简谐运动的描述）oscillation/vibration振动oscillatorymotion振动simpleharmonicmotion(SHM)简谐运动Spring弹簧equilibriumposition平衡位置period周期frequency频率hertz(Hz)赫兹reciprocal倒数amplitude振幅phase相、位相、周相phaseangle/(phaseconstant)初相、初位相integertimes整数倍avarietyof很多displacement位移velocity速度acceleration加速度substitute替换（代）disturb扰动trigonometric三角法的，据三角法的kinematics运动学compensate补偿§19.2PhasorandPhase（旋转矢量与振动的相）circularmotion圆周运动initialposition初始位置angulardisplacement角位移angularspeed角速度inphase同相antiphase/180°outofphase反相component分量projection投影§19.3DynamicEquationforSimpleHarmonicMotion（简谐运动的动力学方程）forceconstantofaspring倔强系数restoringforce恢复力harmonicoscillator谐振子inphase同相derivative/differentiate微商，导数substitute替换、替代damping减幅，衰减sustain维持compensate补偿，修正stiffness坚硬，硬度pitch定调

negative/minus负，减dynamics动力学§19.4ExamplesofSimpleHarmonicMotion（简谐运动的实例）simplependulum单摆physicalpendulum物理摆/复摆pendulumbob摆锤pivot转动的轴moment