高考二轮复习英语课件阅读理解文体分类练4说明文之发明创新类

文体分类练(四)说明文之发明创新类Passage1Passage2Passage3Passage1Passage2Passage3Thetwo-seatersportscarwasdesignedandbuiltinlessthanayearbyateamof32studentsatEindhovenUniversityofTechnology.Called“ZEM”,whichstandsfor“zeroemissionmobility”,thecarisequippedwithspecialdevicesthatremovecarbondioxidefromtheairasitdrives.TheteamsaysifZEMisdrivenabout32,000kilometers,itcanremove2kilogramsofcarbondioxidefromtheair.That’snotahugeamount.Theteamcalculatesthat10ZEMcarsontheroadforayearwouldremoveasmuchcarbondioxideasatypicaltreedoesduringthattime.However,theyalsopointoutthatthereareoverabillionpassengercarsintheworldthatcouldbeusingthistechnology.Andifabillioncarswereremovingcarbondioxideinsteadofproducingit,theresultwouldbehuge.Passage1Passage2Passage3ZEMalsohasseveralotherinnovationsthathelptomakeitmorecapableofbeingsustained:thecar’sframeandpanels(面板)are3Dprintedtoreducewaste;itwasbuiltusingrecycledandrecyclablematerials;anditcanbeeasilytakenapartsothatmanyofitspartscanbereused.ZEM’sbatteryisalsoreusable,andhasanotherhandyfeature:itcanbechargedwithsolarpanelsonthecar’sroof—andcanevenbeusedtoprovidepowerforyourhousewhenthecarisn’tontheroad.Passage1Passage2Passage3Accordingtothestatistics,transportationwasresponsibleforover20%ofglobalcarbondioxideemissionsin2020—andofthoseemissions,carswereresponsiblefor41%.TheEindhoventeamsaysitsgoalistochallengetheelectriccarindustry:If32studentscanbuildacarlikethisinlessthanayear,thensurelycarmanufacturersareexpectedtoadopttheseinnovations,too.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了荷兰的一个学生团队发明了一种叫做ZEM的电动汽车,这种汽车不仅在驾驶时不产生二氧化碳,而且实际上可以从空气中提取二氧化碳。Passage1Passage2Passage31.WhatisspecialaboutZEM?A.Itcanendtheworld’sCO2release.B.Itcancutthetruck’sCO2emissions.C.ItcanreducethelevelofCO2intheair.D.ItcanabsorbdirtyairaswellasCO2.√解析

细节理解题。根据第二段中“Called‘ZEM’,which

stands

for‘zero

emission

mobility’,the

car

is

equipped

with

special

devices

that

remove

carbon

dioxide

from

the

air

as

it

drives.”可知,ZEM的特殊之处在于它能降低空气中的二氧化碳含量。故选C项。Passage1Passage2Passage32.WhydoestheteamrunthecalculationofZEMinparagraph2?A.TodemonstrateasuperbvisionofZEMcars.B.ToexplainhowZEMremovesCO2astreesdo.C.Toillustratetheongoingchangeincarmaking.D.ToshowtheinfluenceofZEMonthecarmarket.√解析

推理判断题。根据第二段中“The

team

says

if

ZEM

is

driven

about

32,000

kilometers,it

can

remove

2

kilograms

of

carbon

dioxide

from

the

air.That’s

not

a

huge

amount.The

team

calculates

that

10

ZEM

cars

on

the

road

for

a

year

would

remove

as

much

carbon

dioxide

as

a

typical

tree

does

during

that

time.”可推知,研究团队计算ZEM吸收二氧化碳的量是为了表明对ZEM汽车的美好憧憬,故选A项。Passage1Passage2Passage3√解析

细节理解题。根据第三段可知,ZEM的所有零部件都是环保的,故选D项。Passage1Passage2Passage34.WhatdoestheEindhoventeamhopetoachieveinthefuture?A.Sharpdeclineinfuelconsumption.B.MassproductionofZEMcars.C.Bigsuccessinbeatingothercarmakers.D.Dramaticchangesintransportation.√解析

推理判断题。根据最后一段中“The

Eindhoven

team

says

its

goal

is

to

challenge

the

electric

car

industry:If

32

students

can

build

a

car

like

this

in

less

than

a

year,then

surely

car

manufacturers

are

expected

to

adopt

these

innovations,too.”可知,Eindhoven团队的目标是挑战电动汽车行业,由此可推知,Eindhoven希望在未来实现ZEM汽车的大量生产,故选B项。Passage1Passage2Passage3Passage1Passage2Passage3Withglobalwarmingheatingupthetemperature,itwillsoonbetoohottositoutsideincafes.Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.Aftertwoyearsofdevelopment,theperfectsolutiontotheproblemwasfound.“Wehaveinventedanewgenerationofairconditioner,”KinonkoCEOLeizersaid.AsLeizerintroduced,theenergyisfromthepressurecreatedbetweenliquidnitrogen(氮)andgasnitrogen.Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.Beyondthecoolnessoftheconcept,italsohasotheradvantages.Theworkunitdoesn’tneedtobepower-driven,anddoesn’tblowoutharmfulwarmairasitworks.Asforthepotentialprice,itwillprobablybenomoreexpensivethananyotherairconditioner.Inaddition,theliquidnitrogencontainerwillneedtobereplacedeveryseventotendays,dependingonusage.Thismakesitanaffordableoptionforallsortsofbusinesses.Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统,这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场,使人们在炎热的天气下,能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。Passage1Passage2Passage35.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweltering”meaninparagraph1?A.Warm. B.Dry.C.Hot. D.Freezing.√解析

词义猜测题。根据第一段中“But

it

is

not

that

enjoyable

when

heat

waves

sweep

the

city.”可知,这座城市是非常闷热的。由此可知,“The

sweltering

city”指的是这座闷热的城市,画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。

Passage1Passage2Passage36.Whatproblemdoestheexistingoutdoorcoolingsystemshave?A.Theyarewasteful.B.Theyoverheateasily.C.Theyoftenbreakdown.D.Theyareslowtocooltheair.√解析

细节理解题。根据第二段中“While

outdoor

cooling

systems

have

existed

for

a

while,most

of

them

use

some

sort

of

water

or

misting

system

to

cool

the

air

around

them,consuming

too

much

water

and

power.”可知,现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力,是比较浪费的。Passage1Passage2Passage37.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyexplain?A.Whatpowerstheengine.B.Whatturnsliquidintogas.C.Howthepressureisformed.D.Howthenewsystemworks.√解析

主旨大意题。根据第三段中“When

liquid

nitrogen

at

-196

degrees

turns

into

gas,it

produces

a

very

strong

pressure

and

the

pressure

is

used

to

run

a

mechanical

engine.It

is

that

mechanical

engine

that

slowly

releases

freezing

nitrogen

gas

to

cool

down

the

air

around

it.”可知,该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。Passage1Passage2Passage3√Passage1Passage2Passage3Passage1Passage2Passage3AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanisms(弹簧机制)usedtoboostitupward.Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransfer(传递)ofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.Passage1Passage2Passage3Totesttheirwork,theteampositionedasmalljumpingrobotatopatreebranchandrecordedthepreciseenergytransfersinitsjumps’firstmoments.“Wefoundthatthelatchcannotonlymediate(调节)energyoutputbutcanalsomediateenergytransferbetweenthejumperandtheenvironmentthatitisjumpingfrom,”saidBergbreiter.Passage1Passage2Passage3Nowthatresearchersbetterunderstandtheinteractionsatplayintheopeningmomentsofjumping,theycannowbeginworkingonwaystointegratethisintofutureroboticdesigns.“Ithasbeennearlyimpossibletodesigncontrolledinsect-sizedrobotsbecausetheyarelaunchedinjustmilliseconds,”explainedBergbreiter.“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,使机器人的弹跳能力获得极大的改良。Passage1Passage2Passage3√Passage1Passage2Passage3解析

推理判断题。根据第一段中“There

are

incredibly

tiny

factors

to

consider,such

as

the

resistance

in

launch

surface,as

well

as

desired

distance,speed,and

landing.”及第二段可知,大多数弹跳机器人在弹跳能力上都无法与蚱蜢匹敌,但新型弹跳机器人正在克服这些障碍,提高弹跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的弹跳力是为了展示新型弹跳机器人想要获得类似的弹跳能力需要克服重重技术难关。Passage1Passage2Passage310.WhatadvantagedolatchesdesignedbyBergbreiterhaveoverthetraditionalones?A.Theyarebetterpositionedinrobots.B.Theyhelpreleasemoreenergyatatime.C.Theyworkinextremeenvironments.D.Theyhavemorethanasinglefunction.√解析

细节理解题。根据第三段中“Previously,these

latches

were

primarily

thought

of

as

simple

on/off

switches

that

enabled

the

release

of

stored

energy.However,Bergbreiter

and

her

team

employed

mathematical

modeling

to

illustrate

that

these

latches

both

were

capable

of

controlling

energy

output,as

well

as

controlling

the

transfer

of

energy

between

the

jumper

and

the

launch

surface.”可知,和之前的弹簧机制比较,Bergbreiter的团队设计的弹簧功能更多。Passage1Passage2Passage3Passage1Passage2Passage311.WhatdoesBergbreiterthinkoftheirwork?A.Ithaschangedtheirresearchdirection.B.Itinspiresnewapplicationsofrobots.C.Itbringsthemasenseofachievement.D.Itwillmakerobotssmallerandlighter.√解析

推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now,we

have

more

control

over

whether

our

robots

are

jumping

up

one

foot

or

three.It’s

really

fascinating

that

the

latch—something

that

we

already

need

in

our

robots—can

be

used

to

control

outputs

that

we

couldn’t

have

controlled

before.”可知,Bergbreiter认为他们的工作取得了重大的突破,给他们带来了成就感。Passage1Passage2Passage312.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anewmodelforfuturerobots.B.Astepforwardinrobotdesign.C.Jumpingrobotsinspiredbygrasshoppers.D.Effortstodevelopinsect-sizedrobots.√Passage1Passage2Passage3解析

主旨大意题。根据第二段中“But

a

new

bouncing

robot

developed

by

researchers

in

Carnegie

Mellon’s

College

of

Engineering

is

crossing

those

barriers,and

showing

promise

for

how

autonomous

devices

could

operate

in

the

future.”及第三段中“A

team

of

scient