核电专业英语词汇

原子核、核子及相关术语质子proton中子neutron电子electron核子nucleon核nucleus（pl.）nuclei原子atom光子photon正电子positron量子quantum,quanta(pl.)电子伏特electron-volt(eV)兆电子伏特megaelectron-volt(MeV)同位素isotope原子序数atomicnumber质量数massnumber超铀元素transuraniumelement元素周期表periodictable热中子thermalneutron快中子fastneutron复合核compoundnucleus相关元素与材料核燃料与增殖材料铀uranium（U）钚plutonium（Pu）氘，重氢deuterium，heavyhydrogen氚tritium混合氧化物燃料（MOX燃料）Mixed(UraniumandPlutonium)OXidefuel二氧化铀uraniumdioxide浓缩铀enricheduranium贫铀depleteduranium碳化铀uraniumcarbide钍thorium锂lithium锕系元素actinideelement易裂变的fissile可裂变的、可裂变物质fissionable增殖同位素fertileisotope核嬗变nucleartransmutation转化conversion其它核材料及核电厂用材料慢化剂moderator轻水lightwater重水heavywater石墨graphite冷却剂coolant氦helium液态金属liquidmetal钠sodium包壳cladding铝aluminium镁magnesium锆zirconium锆2/4合金zircaloy-2/4不锈钢stainlesssteel控制材料controlmaterial通量展平flux-shaping银silver铟indium镉cadmium可燃毒物burnablepoison硼boron硼酸boricacid锂lithium铍beryllium乏燃料spentfuel因科镍，因康INCONEL不锈钢stainlesssteel核反应及相关术语decay衰变fission裂变fusion聚变nuclearreaction核反应chainreaction链式反应crosssection截面microscopiccrosssection微观截面macroscopiccrosssection宏观截面absorbingcrosssection吸收截面scatteringcrosssection散射截面barn靶恩delayedneutron缓发中子promptneutron瞬发中子promptcriticality瞬发临界fissile易裂变的fissionab可裂变的lemorderate/slowdown慢化breedingratio增殖比burnup燃耗reactivity反应性neutroncycle中子循环fissionproduct裂变产物criticality临界promptcritical瞬发临界flux通量xenon氙iodine碘actinide锕系（元素）reactivityworth反应性价值慢化剂温度系数

moderator

temperature

coefficient反应性系数

reactivity

coefficient剩余反应性

excess

reactivity燃料比功率

fuel

specific

power倍增因子multiplicationfactor有效增殖系数effectivemultiplicationfactor；effectivemultiplicationconstant无限介质增殖系数infinitemultiplicationfactor；infinitemultiplicationconstant快中子增殖系数fastfissionfactor热中子利用系数thermalutilizationfactor不泄漏几率nonleakageprobability逃脱共振俘获几率resonanceescapeprobability四因子公式four-factorformula多普勒增宽Dopplerbroadening*总集成中子通量/总积分中子通量TotalIntegratedNeutronFlux=IntegratedFluxorFluence(注量)=NeutrondensityVelocityTime[单位：n/m3m/ss=n/m2]反应堆压水堆PressurizedWaterReactor(PWR)沸水堆BoilingWaterReactor(BWR)加拿大重水铀反应堆（坎杜堆）CANadianDeuteriumandUraniumreactor(CANDU)/pressurizedheavywaterreactor(PHWR)英国气冷堆（美诺克斯堆）Britishgas-cooledMagnoxreactor高温气冷堆hightemperaturegas-cooledreactor(HTGR)快中子增殖反应堆fastbreederreactor(FBR)轻水堆LightWaterReactor(LWR)先进反应堆advancedreactor超临界水反应堆supercriticalwaterreactor欧洲压水堆（第三代反应堆之一）EuropeanPressurizedwaterReactor(EPR)（美国）先进压水堆600/1000（第三代(+)反应堆之一）AP(WR)600/1000核电厂部件、设备与系统燃料芯块fuelpellet燃料元件fuelelement燃料棒fuelrod燃料组件fuelassembly定位格架spacergrid法兰flange密封环sealring阻力塞plug(上/下)腔室(upper/lower)plenum堆芯，活性区core反应堆压力容器ReactorPressureVessel(RPV)上封头upperclosurehead液压螺栓拉伸机(张紧机)hydraulicstudtensioner包覆层clad(碳钢表面的防腐蚀堆焊层)控制棒controlrod控制棒组件ControlElementAssembly(CEA)可燃吸收棒burnableabsorberrod控制棒驱动机构ControlElementDriveMechanism(CEDM)变送器transmitter信号调理signalregulation吊篮barrel进/出口接管inlet/outletnozzle冷/热端，冷/热腿，冷/热管段cold/hotleg反应堆堆内构件reactorvesselinternals肿胀swelling腐蚀corrode,corrosion侵蚀erode,erosion氧化oxidation,oxidize完整性integrity反应堆冷却剂泵（主泵）ReactorCoolantPump(RCP)屏蔽泵canned(motor)pump轴封泵shaftsealpump反应堆冷却剂系统（一回路系统）ReactorCoolantSystem(RCS)核蒸汽供应系统NuclearSteamSupplySystem(NSSS)一回路primaryloop/circuit一回路系统/主回路系统primarysystem二回路secondaryloop稳压器pressurizer(PRZ)波动管surgeline汽水分离器moistureseparator干燥器（二/三级汽水分离器）steamdryer安全阀safetyvalve卸压阀reliefvalve溢流阀overflowvalve主蒸汽隔离阀mainsteamisolationvalve单向阀checkvalve止回阀non-returnvalve主蒸汽联箱mainsteamheader给水调节阀feedregulatingvalve蒸汽发生器SteamGenerator(SG)主蒸汽管MainSteamLine(MSL)汽轮机steamturbine汽水分离再热器MoistureSeparatorReheater(MSR)给水泵feed(water)pump上充泵chargingpump凝汽器condenser发电机(electric)generator安全壳containment地基，基础foundation烟道stack贯穿件penetration核岛nuclearisland常规岛conventionalisland核电厂配套子项BalanceofPlant(BOP)一回路辅助系统auxiliarysystemforprimaryloop化学与容积控制系统（化容系统）ChemicalandVolumeControlSystem(CVCS)专设安全设施EngineeredSafetyFeature(ESF)余热排出系统ResidualHeat-RemovalSystem(RHRS)应急堆芯冷却系统EmergencyCoreCoolingSystem(ECCS),安注系统SafetyInjection(SI)System直接注射系统directvesselinjection(DVI)换料水箱RefuelingWaterStorageTank(IRWST)(乏)燃料贮存水池(spent)fuelstoragepool燃料装卸系统fuelhandlingsystem蓄压箱accumulator机组unit辅助喷淋auxiliaryspray柴油发电机Dieselgenerator自动保护系统AutomaticProtectiveSystem(APS)自动降压系统automaticdepressurizationsystem(ADS)仪控系统InstrumentationandControlSystem(I&Csystem)开关设备，开关柜switchgear蒸汽轴封系统，压盖蒸汽密封系统glandsteamsystem汽轮机旁路管turbinebypassline辅助给水泵auxiliaryfeedwaterpump汽动给水泵turbinedrivenfeedwaterpump导管conduit冷凝水泵condensatepump冷凝水增压泵condensateboosterpump水润滑轴承waterlubricatedbearing人孔manway检修孔accessoryport反应堆运行运行operation运行工况operatingcondition操纵员operator维护maintenance监督、监视surveillance监督试样surveillancespecimen辐照监督管irradiationsurveillancecapsule辐照监督试样盒surveillancespecimencompartment硼浓度boronconcentration稀释dilution/dilute硼注入

boron

injection停堆shutdown紧急停堆scram/trip停役outage换料停堆refuelingoutage/refuelingshutdown换料refuel卸料

discharge倒料

shuffling满功率运行fullpoweroperation负荷跟踪loadfollowing甩负荷loadshedding,loadrejection(控制棒等的)插入insertion(控制棒等的)抽出withdrawal反应堆调节系统ReactorRegulatingSystem(RRS)(蒸汽发生器)排污、下泄blowdown规程procedure技术规格technicalspecification瞬态，瞬变transient安装调试installationandcommissioning冷态试验

cold

functional

test热态试验

hot

functional

test(反应堆)启动试验(reactor)

startuptest退役decommissioning主控室maincontrolroom方位角偏差azimuthaltilt径向功率分布radialpowerdistribution轴向功率分布axialpowerdistribution燃料管理方案fuelmanagementscheme燃料-包壳交互作用fuel-cladinteractioneffect芯块-包壳交互作用(PCI)pellet-cladinteraction(燃料)栅格、晶格lattice反应堆安全核安全nuclearsafety安全功能

safety

function衰变热decayheat余热residualheat空泡系数voidcoefficient法律law法规regulation/code联邦管理法规CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)法案（美）Act导则guidance安全1/2/3级safetyclass1/2/3可靠性reliability容限，裕量，边界margin堆芯热裕量corethermalmargin堵管裕量tubepluggingmargin运行安全裕量operatingmargin标准，准则criterion，复数形式:criteria概率安全分析ProbabilisticSafetyAnalysis(PSA)概率风险分析ProbabilisticRiskAnalysis(PRA)确定论安全分析deterministicsafetyanalysis初步安全分析报告PreliminarySafetyAnalysisReport(PSAR)最终安全分析报告FinalSafetyAnalysisReport(FSAR)安全评价报告safetyevaluationreport事件incident事故accident后果consequence严重事故severeaccident堆芯损毁coredamage堆芯融化coremeltdown全厂断电stationblackout冷却剂丧失事故（失水事故）Loss-of-coolantAccident(LOCA)反应性引入事故ReactivityInsertionAccident(RIA)未能紧急停堆的预计瞬变AnticipatedTransientWithoutScram(ATWS)失电LossofPower失流Lossofflow先漏后破leakbeforebreak(LBB)故障安全，失效保护fail-safe单一故障准则single-failurecriterion共因故障commoncausefailure固有安全性inherentsafety非能动安全passivesafety冗余性redundancy多样性diversity多层屏障multiplebarrier纵深防御defenseindepth潜热latentheat焓，热函sensibleheat,enthalpy定期安全检查periodicsafetyinspection许可证license监管regulation核安全准则nuclearsafetycriteria三哩岛事故ThreeMileIsland(TMI)accident切尔诺贝利事故Chernobylaccident工作不正常，故障malfunction失效failure假设始发事件postulatedinitiatingevents事故工况accidentcondition严重事故severeaccident事故处理accidentmanagement设计基准事故designbasisaccident负荷丧失事故lossofelectricalloadaccident主给水丧失事故lossofmainfeedwateraccident卡棒事故stuckrodaccident弹棒事故rodejectionaccident堵管裕量tubepluggingmargin管道甩摆限制pipewhiprestraint在役检查inserviceinspection承压热冲击pressurizedthermalshock放射性与辐射防护radioactivity放射性scatter散射deflect,deflection折射衍射diffraction穿透penetrate,penetration交互作用interact,interactionionization电离湮灭annihilate(v.),annihilation(n.)衰减attenuate(v.),attenuation(n.)projectile入射离子radiationprotection辐射防护radiation,ray辐射，射线irradiation辐照，（向外）辐射internalexposure内照射externalexposure外照射occupationaldose职业照射（剂量）fluence注量cosmicray宇宙射线x-rayX射线//射线//rayhealthphysics保健物理shielding屏蔽biologicalshield生物屏蔽剂量dosedoseequivalent剂量当量collectivedose集体剂量individualdose个人剂量ingest,ingestion摄入，摄取inhale,inhalation吸入coma昏迷cramp绞痛diarrhea腹泻tremor颤抖vomit呕吐somatic身体的somaticeffect躯体反应radiationsickness辐照病变symptom征兆therapy治疗survivor幸存者activationproduct活化产物effluent废水naturalbackground天然本底sivert希弗spectrum谱雷姆rem氡radonaslowasreasonablyachievable(ALARA)合理可行尽量低radioactivewastedisposal放射性废物处理high-level(radioactive)waste高放废物low-level(radioactive)waste低放废物有关机构InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA)国际原子能机构AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers(ASME)美国机械工程师学会NuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC/USNRC)美国核管会DepartmentOfEnergy(DOE)美国能源部WorldAssociationofNuclearOperators(WANO)世界核电运营者协会InternationalCommissiononRadiologicalProtection(ICRP)国际辐射防护委员会ChinaAtomicEnergyAuthority（CAEA）中国国家原子能机构StateEnvironmentProtectionAdministrationofChina国家环保总局其它术语表示方向lateral横向longitudinal纵向radial径向perpendicularto垂直于verticallymounted垂直/立式安装circumferential环向axial轴向periphery周边材料失效术语corrosion腐蚀stresscorrosioncracking应力腐蚀开裂rapture,fracture,break断裂breach破口肿胀swellingcavitation气蚀pitting点蚀/孔蚀crevicecorrosion缝隙腐蚀erosion冲蚀FACflowacceleratedcorrosion流动加速腐蚀wastage耗蚀(SGtube)dent凹陷，凹痕fatigue疲劳ageing老化degradation降级wear磨损frettingwear微动磨损creep蠕变stress应力strain应变creepstrength蠕变强度tensilestrength抗拉强度yieldstrength屈服强度rapturestrength断裂强度nil-ductilitytransitiontemperature零延性转变温度thermalstress热应力irradiationswelling辐照肿胀depositwelding,overlaying,build-upwelding,surfacewelding堆焊sealweld密封焊heataffectedzone(HAZ)焊接热影响区核电工程术语procurement征购site厂址callforbid,callfortender招标commercialoffer商务标technicaloffer技术标commencement开工contract合同firmcontract不可更改的合同subcontract分包合同commitment承诺，任务jobsite工地，工作现场technicalrequirement技术要求技术规格technicalspecificationnon-conformance不符合项delivery交货warehouse仓库constructionschedule施工计划FreeonBoard(FOB)离岸价格CostInsuranceandFreight(CIF)到岸价格Engineering,Procurement&ConstructionEPC合同-设计采购建造powergrid电网distributionsystem输变电系统其它compound化合物mixture混合物mass质量momentum动量energy能量potential(energy)势能kineticenergy动能inertia惯性half-life半衰期meanfreepath平均自由程fuelcycle燃料循环hotspot热点hot-channelfactor热管因子departurefromnucleateboilingratio(DNBR)偏离泡核沸腾比heattransfer传热heatexchanger换热器heatconduction导热convection对流热辐射thermal/heatradiation干度quality蒸汽steam预应力钢筋混凝土prestressedreinforcedconcrete/prestressedconcrete钢筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete铁钢沙混凝土Steelshotconcret筋，钢筋束tendon流量分配flowdistribution电网powergrid业主utility承包商contractor分包商sub-contractor压降pressuredrop压差differentialpressure水位(water)level规定，条款；保障；装备provision地震earthquake地震的seismic飓风tornado暖通空调Heating,VentilationandAirConditioning(HVAC)热阱heatsink惰转coastdown惰转流量coastdownflow功率失常激增，功率漂移powerexcursion减轻，缓解v.mitigate,n.mitigation公差、容差allowance间隙，公差clearance权重因子weightingfactor有必要了解的词汇与短语asaruleofthumb根据经验byordersofmagnitude以数量级incipientfailure早期故障,初期故障eliminate,elimination消除derive,derivation,deduce,deduction导出，起源mechanism,approach,principle,theory机理，原理susceptible敏感的susceptibility敏感性toxic有毒的acute急剧的inherit遗传hereditary遗传性的altitude高度postulate,postulation假定，假设permeable可渗透的,有渗透性的impermeable不可渗透的brittlefracture脆性破裂embrittlement脆化toughness韧性ductility延展性阅读理解题练习Passage1Asaresultreactordesignershavepaidgreatattentiontotheinherentsafetyofreactorswhichcanbeachievedbynegativetemperatureandpowercoefficientsandfail-safecontrolsystems.Itcanbesaidwithsomeconfidencethatpresent-daythermalreactorsaresafeinthesensethatundernoconceivablecircumstancecantheyexplodelikeabomb,andcontrolsystemshavebeendesignedwhichcan,intheeventofanymalfunctiononthepartofthereactororitsassociatedplant,automaticallyandrapidlyshutdownthereactor,i.e.makeitsubcriticalbyasubstantialamount,inaveryfewseconds.1.Accordingtotheparagraph,inherentsafetyofreactorscanbeachievedby.（C）A.theoperators;B.positivetemperatureandpositivepowercoefficients;C.negativetemperatureandnegativepowercoefficients;D.passivesafetysystemandpositivepowercoefficients.2.Thebesttitleofthepassagemayprobablybe.（D）A.fail-safecontrolsystem；B.thermalreactorsafetyandoperation;C.automaticprotectivesystem;D.inherentsafetydesignofreactors.PassageIIThebiologicalshieldshouldcontainsomehydrogencompoundtoslowdownfastneutrons,andbedenseenoughtoattenuategammaradiationeffectively.Concretesatisfiesboththeserequirementsfairlywellandissuitableforlandbasereactors.Barytes(重晶石)concrete,containingtheheavyelementbarium,andsteel-shotconcretehavebeenusedforbiologicalshields.Theyaremoredensethanordinaryconcrete,withimprovedshieldingproperties,howevertheirhighercostoffsetsthisadvantage.Thebiologicalshieldforamarinereactor,whichisusuallyafairlycompactpressurizedwaterreactor,mustsatisfyaminimumspaceandweightrequirement.Thisleadstoashielddesignwhichconsiststypicallyofalternatelayersofwater(forfastneutronslowing)andsteel(forgammarayattenuation).3.Accordingtotheabovepassage,isnotpossibleforconstructingbiologicalshield?（C）A.steel; B.concrete;C.graphite; D.paraffinwax.4.Whichofthefollowingsentencesisnottrue?（D）A.Thebiologicalshieldisdesignedmainlytoslowdownfastneutronsandattenuategammaradiation.B.Themarinereactorusesalternativesteelandwaterlayersasitsbiologicalshield.C.Thecombinationofheavyelementconcreteandsteelbarscouldimprovetheshieldingproperties.D.Thebiologicalshieldshouldusehydrogenelementtoslowdownfastneutronandattenuategammaradiations.PassageIIIInordertomitigatetheeffectsoflargereleaseofsteam(anpotentiallyofradioactivity)inthecontainment,twofullcapacityindependentsafetysystemsareprovided;thereactorbuildingspraysystemandthereactorbuildingemergencycoolers.Thesystemsaredesignedtoprovidecoolwatertocondensedischargesteamandtopreventcontainmentpressurefromreachingitsdesignlimit.Individualsystemsdifferconsiderablybutatypicalsystemmaybedescribedasfollows;Theinitialcapacityofthesystemsinremovingheatfromthecontainmentatmosphereistypically253GJ/hr.Whenacontainmentpressureof4psigisreached,theemergencycoolersofthereactorbuildingareactuated.Intheirpostaccidentmode,thesystemconsistsofthreeunitseachwithafanandanemergencycooler.Asthereactorbuildingairiscirculatedacrossatubularheatexchanger,aportionofsteamiscondensed.Thesecoolersalonewouldbecapableofreturningthecontainmentpressuretonearatmosphericwithin24hrafteranaccident.Whenthepressurereachesalevelof10psig,thesecondsafetysystem,thereactorbuildingspraysystem,isautomaticallyactuated.Itconsistsofapump,piping,headers,andspraynozzlesarrangeduniformlyunderthecontainmentdome.Itcansprayboratedwaterintothereactorbuildingatarateof11.35m3/min.Asodiumhydroxideadditiveisalsoprovidedinthespraywatertoincreasetheretentionofiodine,andhence,toreduceitsconcentrationinthecontainmentatmosphereintheeventofasizablebreachoffuelcladding.5.Twofullcapacityindependentsafetysystemsareprovidedforthedesignpurposeof.（A）A.condensingthesteamreleasedintothecontainmentwhenpressureexceedsdesignlimit.B.maintainingthehighpressureinthecontainmentC.discharginglargeamountofsteamD.mitigatingtheeffectofradiationhazardtothecontainment.6.Thereactorbuildingspraysystemwillbeactuatedautomatically.（C）A.after24hoursaftertheaccident;B.immediatelyaftertheaccident;C.whenthecontainmentpressurereachesalevelofdesignlimit;D.whentheairinthecontainmentiscirculatedthroughtheheatexchanger.7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisINCORRECT?（B）A.Theemergencycoolerconsistsoffansandheatexchangers.B.Theemergencycoolersystemcansprayboratedwaterintocontainment.C.Allthetwosystemareappliedforreturningthecontainmentpressuretobeblowatmosphericaftertheaccident.D.Sodiumhydroxideadditiveisprovidedinthespraywatertoreducetheamountofradioactivefissionproduces.PassageIVManyreactor-yearsofoperatingexperiencehaveshownthatitisnotthefissionchainreactioninthereactorcorethatisthemostlikelysourceofmalfunctionandaccidents,butthe“conventional”componentsofthepowerplantsuchaspumps,valves,switches,relaysandpartsunderstresssuchaspressurevesselorpipework.Humanerroronthepartofoperatingandmaintenancestaffhasalsoprovedtobearatherfrequentsourceoftroubleinnuclearpowerplant.Thesefactorsarenotpeculiartonuclearpowerplant,buttheyassumegreatimportancebecauseofthehazardousnatureofnuclearreactors.Designershavetoensurethatallsystemsshouldasfaraspossiblebefail-safeandredundant,i.e.ifonesystemfailstofunctioncorrectly,anotherisavailabletofulfillthesamefunction.Asstatedabove,nuclearreactorscannotexplodelikenuclearbombs.ThisprimarilybecauseofthefastactingnegativethermalfeedbackduetoDopplerbroadeningofthe238Uabsorptionresonances.Inadditioninthermalreactorswhereneutronsaremoderated,thepromptneutronlifetimeLpistheorderof10-4second;inabomb,sincetheneutronsareunmoderated,thepromptneuronlifetimeisoftheorderof10-8seconds.Finally,reactorfuelconsiststypicallyof2to3percent235U,whereasnuclearweaponscontainalmostpure239Pu.Theneteffectofthesedifferenceisthat,eveninareactorwhichistotallyoutofcontrolandgonepromptcritical,thereactorperiodwillnotbemuchlessthanasecondorso.Inanuclearbomb,theperiodisoftheorderofnanoseconds.Accordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerrorThefirstsentenceofsecondparagraph“Thesefactorsarenotpeculiarto…”,whatdoes“Thesefactors”mean?HumanerrorMalfunctionofconventionalcomponentsFissionchainreactioninthecoreAlloftheaboveWhatmakethepressurizedwaterreactorscannotexplodelikeanuclearbomb?Dopplerbroadeningofthe238UabsorptionresonancesTheneutronsaremoderatedPWRfuelcontainsmuchlessfissileisotopesthannuclearbombAlloftheaboveThelasttwosentences“Theneteffectof…isoftheorderofnanoseconds.”Giveacomparisonaboutthereactorperiod,whatdoestheauthormostlikelytoexpress?ThereactorperiodistooshortcomparingwithanuclearbombThe239PuinanuclearbombismoreeasilytogopromptcriticalityThenuclearreactorcannotgeneratelargeamountofheatasanuclearbombdoeswithinveryshorttime,thereforenuclearreactorcannotexplode.Theauthorwantstogiveusareferenceaboutthedataofthereactorperiodtime.PassageVTheprimaryfunctionsofthecontrolroddrivemechanisms(CRDM)aretoinsertorwithdrawrodclustercontrolassembliesandgrayrodcontrolassemblesintoorfromthecoretocontrolaveragecoretemperatureatadesignedspeed.AschematicdiagramofCRDMisgiveninFig1.Controlrodwithdrawalonestepinvolvessixactions.Fig1.Controlroddrivemechanism1)MoveableGripperCoilB-on.Thelatch-lockingplungerrisesandswingsthemovablegripperlatchesintothedriverodassemblygroove.Asmallaxialclearanceexistsbetweenthelatchteethandthedriverod.2)StationaryGripperCoilA-off.Theforceofgravity,actinguponthedriverodassemblyandattachedcontrolrod,causesthestationarygripperandplungertomovedownward1/16inch,transferringtheloadofthedriverodassemblyandattachedcontrolrodtothemovablegripperlatches.Theplungercontinuestomovedownwardandswingsthestationarygripperlatchesoutofthedriverodassemblygroove.3)LiftCoilC-on.The5/8-inchgapbetweenthemovablegripperpoleandtheliftpolecloses,andthedriverodassemblyrisesonesteplength.4)StationaryGripperCoilA-on.Theplungerrisesandrisesthegapbelowthestationarygripperpole.Thethreelinks,pinnedtotheplunger,swingthestationarygripperlatchesintoadriverodassemblygroove.Thelatchescontactthedriverodassemblyandliftitasmallfractionofaninch.Thesmallverticaldriverodassemblymovementtransfersthedriverodassemblyloadfromthemovablegripperlatchestothestationarygripperlatches.5)MovableGripperCoil–off.Thelatch-lockingplungerseparatesfromthemovablegripperpoleundertheforceofaspringandgravity.Threelinks,pinnedtotheplunger,swingthethreemovablegripperlatchesoutofthedriverodassemblygroove.6)LiftCoilC–off.Thegapbetweenthemovablegripperpoleandthelifepoleopens.Themovablegripperlatchesdrop5/8inchtoapositionadjacenttoadriverodassemblegroove.Repetitionoftheabovesixactionswillmakeanotherstepofwithdrawalmovementofcontrolrod.Accordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerrorAccordingtothetext,themostlikelysourceoftroublesinanuclearcomesfromCoreofthereactorConventionalcomponentsPartsunderstressHumanerror句子翻译－举例Which从句Theatomsofallelements,whichatonetimewerethoughttobethefundamentalparticlesofnature,consistofnumbersofthreemorefundamentalparticles-protons,neutronsandelectrons.曾经被认为是自然界中基础粒子的原子是由多个更基础的粒子组成－质子、中子和电子。Theforceofelectrostaticrepulsion静电斥力betweenlikecharges,whichvariesinverselyasthesquareoftheirseparation,wouldbeexpectedtobesolargethatnucleicouldnotbeformed.在相同的电荷之间的静电斥力与它们之间的距离成反比，这个力如此之大以至于原子核无法形成。Differentisotopesofanelementbehaveidenticallyasfarastheirchemistryisconcerned,whichisnotsurprisingaschemicalbondsexistbetweenelectrons.(非限定性定语从句)仅考虑化学性质，一个元素的不同同位素都有相同的性质，这一点并不奇怪，因为化学键仅存在于电子之间。Isotopesdifferfromoneanotherphysicallyinthatthemassesandothercharacteristicsoftheirnucleiaredifferent,whichistobeexpectedasitisinthenucleithatthedifferencebetweentwoisotopeslies.(非限定性，修饰前面的句子)同位素之间的物理特性是不同的，由于两个同位素的差别是在原子核内，因此可以预计到它们的原子核的质量和其它特性都会有差别。Thetotalnewmassproducedistwicethemass-energyoftheelectron,2(0.51)=1.02MeV,whichmeansthatthereactioncanoccuronlyifthegammarayhasatleastthisamountofenergy.(非限定性)所产生的总的新质量是两倍电子的质能2(0.51)=1.02MeV，这意味着仅当伽马射线最少具有这个能量时这个反应才可能发生。WaterhasexcellentneutronslowingdownpropertieswhichenablewatermoderatedreactorstohavemuchmorecompactcoresthanarepossibleinothertypesofthermalreactorsThereactorvesselislocatedwithinadeeppit,whichcanbefloodedwhenthereactorisshutdown.反应堆容器被放置在一个深坑中，这个坑在反应堆停堆后可以被水淹没。Thecooledwaterleavingthesteamgeneratorsisreturnedtothecorebyalargecirculatingpump,andthesteamproducedflowstoaturbine,whichdrivestheelectricalgenerator.冷却后的水离开蒸汽发生器由一个巨大的循环泵送回堆芯，产生的蒸汽流到驱动发电机的汽轮机。介词+which，如inwhich等Theatomconsistsofnucleusinwhichallthepositivelychargedprotonsandunchargedneutronsarecloselygroupedtogether,andanumberofnegativelychargedelectronsmovinginorbitalpathsaroundthenucleus.原子包含一个原子核，其中带正电的质子和不带电的中子紧密聚集在一起，一定数量带负电的电子沿着轨道绕核运动。Theexplanationistobefoundintheprincipleoftheequivalenceofmassandenergyinwhich(修饰principle)Einsteinstatedthatmassandenergyaredifferentformsofthesamefundamentalquantity.从质量和能量的等效原理中可以找到解释，在这一原理中，爱因斯坦证明了质量和能量时同一基本量的两个不同形式。Consequentlyalphaparticleshaveashortandwell-definedrangeinmatterwhichdependsontheirenergyandthedensityofthematerialthroughwhichtheypass.因此粒子在物质中有一个短而明确的穿透范围，该范围取决于其能量和穿过物质的密度。Thevaluesfortherangeof5MeValphaparticlesinairandaluminumareabout3.5cmand0.0025cmrespectively,fromwhichitisevident(tosee)thatalphaparticlescanbeeasilystoppedandpresentnoshieldingprobleminnuclearphysicsorengineering,althoughtheydopresentahealthhazardifanalpha-emittingisotopeisingested(摄入)inthebody.能量为5MeV的粒子在空气和铝中的穿透距离大约分别为3.5cm和0.0025cm，从中可以明显看出，尽管它们在被摄入体内后确实对健康有危害，粒子在核物理或工程上可以非常容易地被阻止，不会造成屏蔽问题。Theword“material”willrefertobulkmatter,whetherofmineralorbiologicalorigin,aswellastheparticlesofwhichthematteriscomposed,includingmolecules,atoms,electrons,andnuclei.“材料”一词是指矿物和生物性质的块状物质，以及组成物质的粒子，其中包括分子、原子、电子和原子核。现在分词做状语Theelectrongainsenergyandmovesawaywithhighspeedvandtotalmass-energymc2,leavingtheatomionized.电子获得能量并带着总质能mc2高速离开原子核，从而使原子电离。Ifitsenergyislarger,itmayimpartenergytoatomicelectronsasdescribedbytheBohrtheory,causingexcitationofelectronstohigherenergystatesorproducingionization,withsubsequentemissionoflight.如果其能量更大，它可以按照波尔理论把能量传递给原子的电子，使电子激发到高能态或电离，并伴随发光现象。Anincidentphotonofhighenoughenergydislodges(移出)anelectronfromtheatom,leavingapositivelychargedion.能量足够高的一个入射光子从原子中击出一个电子，剩下一个带正电的离子。Electronsalsoflowinatelevisiontube,wheretheyaremadetohitthescreen,causingaflashoflight.电子也能在电视显像管中流动，显像管中的电子冲击荧光屏，因而引起闪光。表示“导致”的常用词：Resultin,resultfrom,asaresultofTheabovetwoprocessesareusuallytreatedseparatelyeventhoughbothresultinionization.尽管都导致电离，上述两个过程通常被分别对待。Weincludethoseproducedbybothatomicandnuclearprocessesandthoseresultingfromelectricalacceleration.我们包括那些由原子和核反应过程中产生的射线，也包括那些由电加速产生的射线。Thelatterprocessmayresultintheneutronbeingcapturedinthenucleus,beingeffectivelyscattered,orcausingthefissionorsplittingofthenucleus.后一个过程可能导致中子被原子核俘获、被散射、或者原子核的裂变或分裂。LeadtohoweveritispossiblethatthedistortionmayleadtoadumbbellshapeatwhichpointtheCoulombforceofrepulsionbetweenthetwohalvesofthedumbbellexceedthenuclearforcewhichisweakenedbythedistortionofthenucleus.大多数情况下，扭曲会被核力所限制，在退出激发态后，原子核的球形被恢复，但是，当扭曲可能导致原子核变成哑铃状，这时哑铃的两个半球之间的库仑斥力超过因原子核变形而减弱的核力。cause,causebyTheycauseintense(强烈的)ionizationduetotheirdoublepositivecharge,andsoloseenergyrapidly.它们导致强烈的电离，因为它们具有两个正电荷，并迅速失去能量。Inthisisotopefissioncanbecausedbyneutronsofanyenergy,lowenergyneutronsbeingthemosteffective.对该同位素，裂变可以由任何能量的中子引发，低能量中子最有效。ProduceFalloutfromnuclearweaponstestingproducesasimilarhazard.从核武器试验中放出的辐射微尘会产生相似的危害。Wenowturntoagroupofthreerelatedprocessesinvolvinggammarayphotonsproducedbynuclearreactions.我们现在开始介绍一下关于由核反应产生的伽马射线光子的三个相关过程。bringControlrods,insertedthroughtheremovablehead,providesufficientcontroltobringthecoretoahotshutdowncondition.