韩国气候变化市场调研和分析报告（英文版）-2024年1月上传培训课件

POLITICS

&

SOCIETYClimatechangeinSouthKoreaCHAPTER

01OverviewAnnualanomaliesinglobaloceansurfacetemperaturefrom1880to2022,basedontemperaturedeparture(indegreesCelsius)Globaloceantemperatureanomalies1880-20221.00.80.60.40.20.0-0.2-0.4-0.63Description:In2022,theglobaloceansurfacetemperaturewas0.67degreesCelsiuswarmerthanthe20th-centuryaverage.Oceansareresponsibleforabsorbingover90percentoftheEarth'sexcessheatfromglobalwarming.Departuresfromaverageconditionsarecalledanomalies,andtemperatureanomaliesresultfromrecurringweatherpatternsorlonger-termclimatechange.Whiletheextentofthesetemperatureanomaliesfluctuatesannually,anupwardtrendhasbeenobservedover[...]

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1880to2022Source(s):NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationHistoricalcarbondioxideemissionsfromglobalfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocessesfrom1750to2021(inbillionmetrictons)GlobalhistoricalCO₂emissionsfromfossilfuelsandindustry1750-202140353025201510501750

1760

1770

1780

1790

1800

1810

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

20214Description:Thecarbondioxideemissionsreleasedbyglobalfossilfuelcombustionandindustrialprocesseshaveseenadramaticrisesincethebirthoftheindustrialrevolution.Carbondioxide(CO₂)emissionsbegantorisemoresteeplyfromthe1950s,andby2000hadreached25.45billionmetrictonsofCO₂.Emissionssoared31.1percentbetween2000and2010,andin2021totaled37.12billionmetrictons.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;1750to2021;*Originaldatahavebeenconvertedfrommillionmetrictonsofcarbontounitsofcarbondioxidebymultiplyingby3.664.

Thevalueshavebeenrounded.Datapriorto1850wasretrievedfromapreviousversion[...]

ReadmoreSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingstein,etal.);GlobalCarbonProjectPercapitacarbondioxideemissionsworldwidein2021,bycountry(inmetrictons)Globalcarbondioxideemissionspercapita2021,bycountryCO₂

emissions

in

metric

tons

per

capitaQatar35.5926.6624.9723.6823.5321.7919.1BahrainKuwaitTrinidadandTobagoBruneiDarussalamUnitedArabEmiratesNewCaledoniaSaudiArabiaOman18.717.9215.0915.0314.8614.41AustraliaMongoliaUnitedStatesKazakhstan5Description:Qatarhasthehighestpercapitacarbondioxideemissionsworldwide,at35.6metrictonsperperson.ManycountriesintheMiddleEasthadhighlevelsemissions,especiallywhencomparedtocountriesinAfrica.

ReadmoreNote(s):Worldwide;2021;BasedonterritorialemissionsfromcombustionandindustrialprocessesSource(s):Expert(s)(Friedlingsteinetal.(2022),AndrewandPeters(2022).);GlobalCarbonProjectConcentrationlevelofcarbondioxide(CO2)inSouthKoreafrom1999to2022(inpartspermillion)CO2concentrationlevelSouthKorea1999-2022435425415405395425423.1420.4417.9415.2412.2409.9407404.6402.4399.9396.8394.9392.6390.7388.6386.5384.3382.1385379.9377.6375.6373.3375

371.23651999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

20226Description:In2022,theconcentrationlevelofcarbondioxide(CO2)inSouthKoreaamountedtoaround425partspermillion,upfromabout371.2partspermillionin1999.TheconcentrationofCO2hascontinuedtoincreaseovertime.

ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;1999to2022Source(s):KoreaMeteorologicalAdministration;StatisticsKoreaProportionofglobalCO2emissionsbySouthKoreafrom2011to2021GlobalshareofCO2emissionsSouthKorea2011-20212.0%1.81%1.8%1.8%1.81%1.82%1.79%1.78%1.77%1.74%1.8%1.6%1.4%1.2%1.0%0.8%0.6%0.4%0.2%0.0%1.69%1.66%201120122013201420152016201720182019202020217Description:SouthKoreaemitted1.66percentofglobalcarbondioxideemissionsin2021.Thatyearalsosawthelowestinfiguresinthepasttenyears.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;2011to2021Source(s):GlobalCarbonProject;OWIDCHAPTER

02WeatherchangesAnnualaveragetemperatureinSouthKoreafrom1973to2022(indegreesCelsius)AnnualaveragetemperatureinSouthKorea1973-202214.013.513.012.512.011.511.010.59Description:TheaveragetemperatureinSouthKoreain2022was12.9degreesCelsius.TheaveragetemperatureinSouthKoreahasrisensteadilyovertheyears,whichisshowninthegraph.

ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;1973to2022;nationwideaveragetemperatureSource(s):KoreaMeteorologicalAdministration;StatisticsKoreaAverageseasurfacetemperatureinSouthKoreafrom1968to2021AverageseasurfacetemperatureSouthKorea1968-202118.51817.918.017.517.016.516.015.517.617.417.317.217.217.116.916.916.916.916.916.616.11615.91968197019751980198519901995200020052010201520162017201820192020202110Description:In2021,theaverageseasurfacetemperatureinSouthKoreawas17.4degreesCelsius,slightlyhigherthanthepreviousyear.ThegeneralseasurfacetemperatureinSouthKoreahasshownanincreasingtrendsince1968.

ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;1968to2021Source(s):KoreaMeteorologicalAdministration;NIFSHottestsummersinSouthKoreabetween1973and2023,byheatwaveperiodHottestsummersinSouthKorea1973-2023,byheatwavedaysNumberofdayswithheatwaves15

20051025303520181994201620131990197819961973200419853129.62216.616.416.315.715.214.814.711Description:In2018,SouthKorearecordeditshottestsummersince1973,with31heat-wavedays.Heatwaveswithmaximumtemperaturesabove33degreesCelsiususuallyoccuraftertherainyseasoninsummer.Inrecentyears,notonlythefrequencyofheatwaveshasincreased,butalsotheirintensity.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;1973to2023Source(s):KoreaMeteorologicalAdministrationNumberofpatientssufferingfromheatrelateddiseasesinSouthKoreafrom2011to2023PatientswithheatrelatedillnessesSouthKorea2011-20235,0004,5004,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5004,5262,8182,1251,84120191,57420171,56420221,537.220211,18920131,05620151,07820209841,000500055644320112012201420162018202312Description:BetweenMayandSeptember2023,around2,800peopleinSouthKoreawerediagnosedwithheat-relatedillnessesasreportedbytheKoreaDiseaseControlandPreventionAgency(KDCA).Thiswasmorethan1,000casescomparedtothepreviousyear.Thesummerof2018sawamajorheatwaveacrossNortheastAsia,leadingtoanabnormallyhighamountofpatientssufferingfromheat-relateddiseases.

ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;MaytoSeptembereachyearSource(s):KoreaDiseaseControlandPreventionAgencyCHAPTER

03GreenhousegasesProportionofcumulativeglobalcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsbySouthKoreafrom2011to2021GlobalshareofcumulativeCO2emissionsSouthKorea2011-20211.2%1.1%1.1%1.0%1.09%1.08%1.06%1.05%1.03%1.01%0.99%0.98%0.96%1.0%0.9%0.9%0.93%20120.91%201120132014201520162017201820192020202114Description:Asof2021,SouthKoreahasemitted1.09percentoftotalculmulativeglobalcarbondioxideemissions.TheshareofglobalcumulativecarbondioxideemissionsproducedbySouthKoreahasrisenslowlyinthepastseveralyears.

ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;2011to2021Source(s):GlobalCarbonProject;OWIDAnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionspercapitainSouthKoreafrom1990to2020(inmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentpercapita)PercapitagreenhousegasemissionsvolumeSouthKorea1990-20201614.113.813.713.713.613.613.613.513.5141210813.212.711.610.76.864201990200020052010201120122013201420152016201720182019202015Description:In2020,greenhousegasemissionsreachedabout12.7metrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalentspercapita.Thiswasadeclinefromthepreviousyearandinlinewiththegradualyearlydeclineobservedsince2018.

ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;1990to2020Source(s):ME(SouthKorea)AnnualvolumeofgreenhousegasemissionsinSouthKoreain2022,bysource(inmillionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent)AnnualgreenhousegasemissionsvolumeSouthKorea2022,bysource700654.56005004003002001000245.8213.997.848.325.57.1TotalIndustrialsectorPowerconversion

TransportationsectorsectorBuildingsectorAgricultural,livestock,andfisheriessectorWastesector16Description:Accordingtoprovisionaldata,thetotalvolumeofgreenhousegasemittedinSouthKoreain2022amountedtoover650millionmetrictonsofcarbondioxideequivalent.GHGemissionsfromtheenergysectoraccountedformorethan245millionmetrictonsofthetotalGHGemissionsinthecountry.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;2022;ProvisionalfiguresSource(s):ME(SouthKorea)Emissionsofparticulatematter(PM10)inSouthKoreafrom2009to2020(inmetrictons)PM10emissionsSouthKorea2009-2020250200150233.18233.09232.99218.48207.87146.73131.18121.56119.98116.81103.7410097.9250020092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202017Description:In2020,approximately146,730tonsofparticulatematter(PM10)wereemittedinSouthKorea,downfrom207,870tonsin2009.Withtheinclusionoffugitivedustandbiocombustionemissionsincalculations,2015showedhigherlevelsofPM10emissionsthanbefore.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;2009to2020Source(s):ME(SouthKorea);StatisticsKoreaEmissionsofparticulatematter(PM2.5)inSouthKoreafrom2011to2020(in1,000tons)PM2.5emissionsSouthKorea2011-2020120100.2598.8198.3910091.7387.6281.7976.2976.880604020063.2958.56201120122013201420152016201720182019202018Description:In2020,approximately58,600tonsofparticulatematter(PM2.5)wasemittedinSouthKorea,downfrom87,600thousandtonsinthepreviousyear.Withtheinclusionoffugitivedustandbiocombustionemissionsincalculationsin2015,figureshadanotableincreasebeforeseeingadeclinein2019.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;2011to2020Source(s):ME(SouthKorea);StatisticsKoreaCHAPTER

04PublicperceptionShareofrespondentswhothoughtitlikelythataverageglobaltemperatureswouldincreaseinSouthKoreain2020Respondents'viewsonincreasingaverageglobaltemperaturesSouthKorea202090%85%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%10%LikelyUnlikely20Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedbyIpsosonpredictionsforglobalissuesin2020,85percentofSouthKoreansbelieveditlikelythattheaverageglobaltemperatureswillincreasein2020.Theresultsofthesurveyshowedthat77percentoftherespondentsaroundtheworldthoughtaverageglobaltemperatureswillincreasein2020.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;November26toDecember6,2019;500+respondents;16-64yearsSource(s):IpsosOpinionontheseverityoftheclimatecrisisinSouthKoreain2021,byageOpinionontheclimatecrisisseveritySouthKorea2021,byage100%90.4%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%85.2%81.5%Respondentsintheir20sand30sRespondentsintheir40sand50sRespondentsintheir60sandabove21Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinSouthKoreain2021,morethan90percentofrespondentsintheir60sandaboveansweredthattheythoughtthecurrentclimatecrisiswassevereorverysevere.Incomparison,around80percentofrespondentsintheir20sand30shadthesameresponse.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;November2to5,2021;1,600respondents;20yearsandolder;sumof"severe"and"verysevere"answersSource(s):KoreaEnvironmentInstituteFactorsthatareseenasresponsibleforclimatechangeinSouthKoreain2021,bytypePerceptionofmaincausesforclimatechangeSouthKorea2021,bytypeUnsure3.7%Naturalphenomena,suchassolaractivity9.0%Humanactivity86.7%22Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinSouthKoreain2021ontheclimatecrisis,around87percentofrespondentsstatedthathumanactivityisthemaincauseofclimatechange.Ontheotherhand,9.6percentansweredthatnaturalphenomenaarethemaincausesbehindclimatechange.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;December8to13,2021;1.000respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):HankookResearch;SisainSocietalissuesthatareseenasindividualresponsibilitiesinSouthKoreain2021,bytypeIndividualresponsibilitiesonsocietalissuesSouthKorea2021,bytypeShareofrespondents20%

30%0%10%40%50%60%70%80%74.9%HousingandrealestateissuesJobandemploymentissues70.5%LowbirthrateandagingissuesClimatecrisisandenvironmentissuesWelfareanddistributionissuesDe-nuclearizationandenergyissuesGenderequalityissues68.3%64.5%62.8%47.5%38.2%23Description:AccordingtoasurveyconductedinSouthKoreain2021ontheclimatecrisis,around75percentofrespondentsstatedthattheyconsideredhousingandrealestateissuesasindividualresponsibilities.Thisisfollowedbyjobandemploymentissues,whichwereansweredasbeingindividualresponsibilitiesbyabout71percentofrespondents.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;December8to13,2021;1.000respondents;18yearsandolderSource(s):HankookResearch;SisainCHAPTER

05PoliticalatmosphereRankingofhumanrightsissuesthatmayarisefromtheclimatecrisisbypoliticiansinSouthKoreain2023,bytypeClimatecrisis-relatedhumanrightsissuesrankedSouthKorea2023,bytypeShareofrespondents0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%Worseninginequalityduetohighclimatedisaster-relatedriskenvironmentsofsociallyvulnerablegroups83%ThreattorighttosurvivaloffuturegenerationsAffectedlivelihoodsfromfrequentforestfiresanddroughts68.1%31.9%Occupationalinequality(e.g.outdoorworkersexposedtoheatwaves)17%25Description:Accordingtoasurveyconductedin2023amongNationalAssemblymembersinSouthKoreaaboutclimatechangeawareness,about83percentofrespondentsbelievedthatthemostworryinghumanrightsissuethatmayarisefromtheclimatecrisisistheworseninginequalityonenvironmentswheresociallyvulnerablegroupslive.Theenvironmentstheyliveintendtobeespeciallyvulnerabletoclimatedisasterssuchasfloods.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;April3to14,2023;94respondents;membersofthe21stNationalAssemblySource(s):BigWave;GreenEnvironmentYouthKorea;Greenpeace;RenewableEnergyFollowersOpinionsonhowtheclimatecrisisisaneconomiccrisisamongpoliticiansinSouthKoreain2023,byreasonHowtheclimatecrisisisaneconomiccrisisSouthKorea2023,byreasonShareofrespondents0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%Changesintheinternationaltradeenvironment(e.g.ER100,carbonbordertax,andESGsupplychainduediligence)75%Marketinstabilityduetohealthcrisis,foodcrisis,GDPloss,etc.causedbyclimatechange75%Economiclossessuchasinfrastructuredamageanddecreasedproductivityduetonaturaldisasters35%Changesinthefinancialinvestmentenvironment(e.g.theflowoffossilfuels,mandatoryclimatedisclosurebyfinancialinstitutions)15%26Description:Accordingtoasurveyconductedin2023amongNationalAssemblymembersinSouthKoreaaboutclimatechangeawareness,around75percentofrespondentsbelievedthattheclimatecrisisisalsoaneconomiccrisisbecauseofchangesintheinternationaltradeenvironment.Thesameamountofrespondentsalsothoughtthesamebecauseofmarketinstabilitycausedbyotherconsequencesoftheclimatecrisis.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;April3to14,2023;100respondents;membersofthe21stNationalAssemblySource(s):BigWave;GreenEnvironmentYouthKorea;Greenpeace;RenewableEnergyFollowersOpiniononcurrentnationalgreenhousegasreductiongoalamongpoliticiansinSouthKoreain2023,bylevelOpiniononcurrentnationalgreenhousegasreductiongoalSouthKorea2023,bylevelShareofrespondents0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%VerysufficientSufficient3%46.5%Insufficient38.6%Veryinsufficient11.9%27Description:Accordingtoasurveyconductedin2023amongNationalAssemblymembersinSouthKoreaaboutclimatechangeawareness,justover49percentofrespondentsbelievedthatthecurrentnationalgreenhousegasreductiongoalissufficientorverysufficient.Incomparison,over50percentbelievedthatthegoalwasinsufficient.ReadmoreNote(s):SouthKorea;April3to14