大学英语四级语法

大学英语皿级语法精栗

I动词（时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等）

1.时态

1）现在完成进行时态（have/hasbeen+-ing分词构成）：动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到

现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

I'vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.

I'vebeensittinginthegarden.

2）过去完成进行时（由hadbeen+ing分词构成）：过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

I'dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.

Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.

3）将来完成进行时：将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.

Inanothermonth'stimeshe'llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.

4）将来完成时（由shall/willhave+过去分词构成）：将来某时会业已发生的事.

Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.

They911havehittheyear9stargetbytheendofOctober.

2.语态

1）可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如：

Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.

Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.

能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相信”等意义的动词，常见的有

assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.

Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.

担当besupposedto与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：

Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknow

thespeedlimit.（你应该晓得速度限制）

2）双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

a）双宾语结构的被动语态：双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,

另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.

Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.

b)宾补结构的被动语态：

ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.

Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.

Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.

Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.

3.短语动词

1)Vi+adv

Theplanetookofftwohourslate.

2)Vi+prep

TheylookedroundtheCathedral.

3)Vi+prep(有被动语态)

She'slookingafterhersister'schildren.

Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.

4)Vi+adv+prep

Ibegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.

5)Vt+0+adv

Somewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.

Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.

Theytookhimon.

6)Vt+adv+0(无被动语态)

Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.

7)Vt+0+prep

WetalkedDonaldintoagreement.

4.省略

1)在以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中，如果谓语

包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主语是itb),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓

语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.

a)Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.

Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.

Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.

Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.

Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.

Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.

Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.

Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.

Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.

Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.

Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.

Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.

Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.

Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedvery

young.

Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.

b)IfnecessaryIT1havetheletterduplicated.

Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.

Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.

Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.

2)在以thana)或asb)引起的从句中，常会有一些成分省略.

a)Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.

Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.

b)Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).

Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.

Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.

Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.

3)错误的省略

HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.

Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.

5.一致

1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,

morethan等引导的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.

Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.

Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.

Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.

2)代词作主语时的一致

a)each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词，都作单数看待.

Eachofushassomethingtosay.

Iseverybodyready?

Somebodyisusingthephone.

Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.

Haseitherofthemtoldyou?

b)some,few,both,many等作复数

c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.

none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单

数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：

Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus

Noneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.

None（=notasingleone）ofushasgotacamera.

None（=nobody）hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.

Noneofthisworriesme.

all和most可后接复数，也可接不可数名词（allofthe..mostofthe..动词用单数.

3）由and或both...and连接名词词组时，后用复数；由notonly...but（also）,either...or,

neither…nor或or连接的并列主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.

Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.

Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.

EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.

NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.

如果一个句子是由there或here引导，而主语又不止一个，谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.

Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.

Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.

4）people,police,cattle,poultry（家禽）,militia（民兵）等通常都用作复数.

Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.

Thepolicearelookingforhim.

有些集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来决定.

Hisfamilyisn'tverylarge.

Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.

Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.

Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.

Theaudiencewasenormous.

Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.

有些名词单复数同形，可根据意思决定谓语动词的数：

Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.

Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.

Thisspeciesisnowextinct.

Thesespeciesarenowextinct.

5）表示时间，重量，长度，价值等的名词，尽管仍是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词也可用单

数形式（当然用复数动词也是可以的）：

Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.

Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.

6）其他问题

a）书名，国家名用单数：

TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.

b）学科名，如mathematics,economics用单数.

c）manya或morethanone所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式：

Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.

Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.

anumberof后接复数,thenumberof后接单数：

Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.

Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.

d）oneofthose后用单数.在“oneof+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的

单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：

Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.

当。ne之前友theonly等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形

式：

Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.

II非谓语动词

1.不定式

1）形式

主动形式被动形式

一般式todotobedone

完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone

进行式tobedoing

完成进行式tohavebeendoing

a）完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同

时）发生，或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发

生，就要用不定式的完成式.

Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother（=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother）.

（比较：Iamgladtoseeyou.）

Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.

Hepretendednottohaveseenme.

b）进行式：如果主要谓语表示的动作（状态）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不

定式的进行式.

Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven'tquiterecoveredyet.

Wedidn'texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.

Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.

c)完成进行式：在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作，就要用不定式的完成进行式.

Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.

Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.

d)被动式：当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动

形式.

Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.

Shehatedtobeflattered.

Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.

Thisisboundtobefoundout.

Therearealotofthingstobedone.

Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.

2)功用：不定式可以作主语(a),宾语(b),表语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).

a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.

b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.

c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.

d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?

e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.

3)不带to的不定式：

a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，如果动词是表示感觉意义的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,

notice等，或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等，其后的不定式结构不带to.

Johnmadehertellhimeverything.

这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式.

Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.

b)在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,

cannotbut等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to.

I'drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.

Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.

c)在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,

heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式.

Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.

Fveheardtellofhim.

d）在动词help（或help+宾语）之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式.

CanIhelp（to）liftthisheavybox?

e）在介词except,but之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to,反之带to.

Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.

Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.

There5snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.

f）连词ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首时，其后的不定式不带to.

Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.

出现在句中其他位置时，其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.

Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.

Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.

g）用作补语的动词不定式，如果主语是由“all+关系分句”，“thing+关系分句”，“what分句”

或“thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可

以省to,也可以不省.

Whathewilldois（to）spoilthewholething.

Allyoudonowiscompletetheform

TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.

Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.

TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.

4）不定式的其他用法

a）too...to结构通常表示否定意义：

Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.

enough...to结构则表示肯定意义：

Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.

nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式连用时，不定式一般不表示否定意义：

He'sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.

so...as（to）这种结构也可用不定式作状语：

Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.

b）如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语：

Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.

Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.

在以某些形容词（如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,

careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等）作表语时，不定式前可加一个of引起的短语，来说

明不定式指的是谁的情况：

It'skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.

（Itis）Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.

It'sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.

It'sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.

2.V+ing形式（现在分词及动名词）

1）形式

a）完成式：如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成

形式.

Hedidn'tmentionhavingmetme.

Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.

在某些动词后（或成语中），常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式，尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作

之前发生的.

Excusemeforcominglate.

Idon'tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.

现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.

Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.

Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.

另外，独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.

Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.

Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.

b）被动式：当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式.

Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.

Hecouldn'tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.

但要注意，在want,need,deserve,require等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思，却用动名词的主

动形式.

Mypenneedsfilling.

Thepointdeservesmentioning.

Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.

在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.

Hermethodisworthtrying.

现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语，宾语补足语，状语及用于独立结构中.

Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.

You'Hfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.

Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn'tverywellrefuse.

Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.

c）完成被动式：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.

Idon'trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.

但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式，而用一般被动形式代替，以免句子显得累赘.

现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.

Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?

Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.

Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.

2）句法功用

a）作主语：

Walkingisgoodexercise.

It'snicetalkingtoyou.

Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.

b）作宾语：

Yourshoesneedpolishing.

Youmustn'tdelaysendingthetractorsover.

Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.

c）作介词宾语：动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面，常见的有:

insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect...of,accuse...of,charge...with,hearof,

approveof,prevent...from,keep...from,stop...from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,

opposedto,dependon,thank...for,feellike,excuse...for,aimat,devote...to,setabout,spend...in,

get（be）usedto,befondof,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,be

interestedin,feel（be）ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.

d）作表语：

Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.

动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来，在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词；在表

示具体某词动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式.

e）作宾语补足语：分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语

补足语.

Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.

Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.

Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.

在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后，及可用现在分词，也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现

在分词时，表示动作正在发生，用不定式时表示动作发生了.

Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?

Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.

f）作状语：现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动

作加以修饰或作为陪衬.

Iranoutofthehouseshouting.

Igothome,feelingverytired.

DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.

现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.

Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn'tgetintouchwithher.

Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.

Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn'twanttogotothecinema.

现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语，相当于when引起的从句：

Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn'thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.

如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用when或while加分词这种结构.

Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.

Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.

ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.

3）前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构：一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词（或名词的所有格结

构），来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.

Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.

Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.

Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?

Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.

如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词宾格），这比用所有格更自

然一些.

Idon'tmindhimgoing.

Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.

4）只能用动名词作宾语的动词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can'thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leaveoff,

require,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,

escape,miss

5）既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语的动词：love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,

attempt,can'tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can'tafford

等.，」「

有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等词后差别

是比较明显的.

Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.

Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.

Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.

IregrettosayIhaven?tgivenyouenoughhelp.

Shedoesn'twant（need）tocome.

Thehousewants（needs）cleaning.

Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.

Let'strydoingtheworksomeotherway.

6）悬垂修饰：分词作状语时，表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.

Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers,（walking是we的动作，正确）

Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.（错误）

Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.（正确）

Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.（错误）

3.分词

1）意义：过去分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义；而现在分词有的来自及物动词，

有的来自不及物动词，通常带有主动意义和未完成意义.

frozenfoodafreezingwind

aboredtravelleraboringjourney

alostcausealosingbattle

aconqueredarmyaconqueringarmy

afinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouch

thespokenwordaspeakingbird

aclosedshoptheclosinghour

arecordedtalkarecordingmachine

来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语，能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词，仅表

示完成意义，不表示被动意义.

therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departed

friends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors

用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分，在意义上相当于关系分句.

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.

2)句法作用

a)作定语：distinguishedguest贵宾，unknownheroes无名英雄，armedforces武装部队，canned

food罐头食品，boiledwater开水，steamedbread馒头，strickenarea灾区

分词还可构成合成词作定语:simply-furnishedroom陈设简单的房间,clear-cutanswer明确的答复,

highly-developedindustry高度发展的工业，heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢，hand-madegoods手工制

品，man-madesatellite人造卫星

b)作补足语：可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有：

see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词.

Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.

Wefoundhergreatlychanged.

make,get,have,keep等表示“致使”意义的动词：

Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.

Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.

Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.

like,want,wish,order等表示希望，要求，命令等意义的动词：

Idon'twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.

Hewon'tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.

c)过去分词短语常用作状语，修饰谓语，很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况.

Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,

Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.

过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.

Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.

有时也可说明动作发生的时间，相当于一个表示时间的状语从句.

Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.

间或也可表示一个假设的情况，相当于一个条件从句.

Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.

偶尔也可用来代替一个“让步”状语从句.

Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.

d)独立结构：在用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上的主语一般必须与句子的主语一.致•但有时

它也可以有自己独立的逻辑上的主语，这种结构称为独立结构，一般表示一种伴随的动作或

情况.

Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.

有时可以表示时间：

Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.

表示原因：

Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.

条件：

Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.

Ill虚拟语气

1.that从居中：

1)wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:

IwishIwereasstrongasyou.

IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.

IwishIrememberedtheaddress.

Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).

Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.

2)suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等动词后的宾语从句：

Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.

Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.

Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.

3)itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itis

important,ithasbeendecided等结构后的主语从句中.

Itwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweek

Itwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.

4)suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表语从句和同位语从句:

Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.

2.在某些句型中

1)itistimethat

Itistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.

Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.

2)asif(though)引起的从句：

Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.

Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.

Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.

3)以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句(这时谓语多用should+动词原形)：

Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.

Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.

rilkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.

4)以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat这类代词或词组引起的从句(这时，谓语多用may加动词原

形构成)：

Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.

Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead.不管发生什么情况，我们都要干下去.

Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he'sstillagoodpolitician.

我承认他年老体衰，然而尽管如此，它仍是优秀的政治家.

3.条件句

1)虚拟条件句主要有下面两类：

a)表示现在及将来情况(表示纯然假设或实现的可能性不大的情况)：

谓语主要形式如下（be多用were这个形式）:

从句主句

过去式would+动词原形

IfIwereyou,Iwouldn'tloseheart.

Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.

b）表示过去情况的虚拟条件句（与事实完全相反的假设情况），谓语主要形式如下:

从句主句

had+过去分词wouldhave+过去分词

Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.

IfIhadn'ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,

Youwouldn'thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.

2）有时候，条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的（如一个是过去发生

的，一个是现在发生的）.这时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整.这种句子可以称为错综

时间条件句.

Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.

Ifwehadn'tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.

3)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是通过一个介词短语来表示.

Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.

Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.

Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.

Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.

4)如果条件句从句中包含有were,had,should或could,有时可把if省略掉，并把were,had,

should或could放在主语前面.

Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.

Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?

Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.

IV介词

1.合成介词和复杂介词

1)合成介词：inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without

2)复杂介词：accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infront

of,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,

togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等

2.介词在句末：

Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.

Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?

3.名词加介词(n+prep)

1)某些名词之后要求用某些介词：solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor

2)某些名词之前要求用某些介词：onone'sguard,atone'srequest,inallprobability,tomy

delight

4.动词加介词

1)Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchupon

2)Vt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等

3)Vi+adv+prep:

Idon'twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.

Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.

You'renottellingmethewholestory.You'reholdingoutonme.

Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.

4)Vt+O+adv+prep:

Youshouldn'ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.

Weshouldn'tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.

5.形容词加介词

about--anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular,

sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etc

at—awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,

useless,weak,etc

for--convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etc

from—evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etc

in--deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etc

of--apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,

dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etc

on—dependent,keen,intent,etc

to-acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf,

destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,

responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etc

with--awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,

wrong,etc

V连词

1.并列连词

1)表示意义的弓I申：and,both...and,notonly...but(also),aswellas,and...aswell,

neither...nor

2)表示选择：or,either...or

3)表示转折：but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可认为是副词)

4)表示因果：for,so,therefore,hence

2.从属连词

1)表示时间：when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once

2)表示原因：because,as,since,nowthat,