2020年度大学英语四级真题模拟试卷含答案

大学英语四级真题试卷含答案

资料仅供参考

6月四级试题

PartIIReadingComprehension（35minutes）

PassageOne

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

Onaverage,Americankidsages3to12

spent29hoursaweekinschool,eighthours

morethantheydidin1981.Theyalsodidmore

householdworkandparticipatedinmoreof

suchorganizedactivitiesassoccerandballet（芭

蕾舞）.Involvementinsports,inparticular,rose

almost50%from1981to1997:boysnowspend

anaverageoffourhoursaweekplayingsports;

girlsloghalfthattime.Allinall,however,

children'sleisuretimedroppedfrom40%ofthe

dayin1981to25%.

“Childrenareaffectedbythesametime

crunch（危机）thataffectstheirparents,"says

SandraHofferth,whoheadedtherecentstudy

ofchildren'stimetable.Achiefreason,shesays,

isthatmoremothersareworkingoutsidethe

home.（Nevertheless,childreninboth

资料仅供参考

double-incomeand“malebreadwinner”

householdsspentcomparablemountsoftime

interactingwiththeirparents,19hoursand22

hoursrespectively.Incontrast,childrenspent

only9hourswiththeirsinglemothers.)

Allworkandnoplaycouldmakeforsome

verymessed-upkids.“Playisthemostpowerful

wayachildexplorestheworldandlearnsabout

himself,99saysT.BerryBrazelton,professorat

HarvardMedicalSchool.Unstructuredplay

encouragesindependentthinkingandallowsthe

youngtonegotiatetheirrelationshipswiththeir

peers,butkidsages3to12spentonly12hoursa

weekengagedinit.

Thechildrensampledspentaquarterof

theirrapidlydecreasing“freetime”watching

television.Butthat,believeitornot,wasoneof

thefindingsparentsmightregardasgoodnews.

Ifthey9respendinglesstimeinfrontoftheTV

set,however,kidsaren'treplacingitwith

reading.Despiteeffortstogetkidsmore

interestedinbooks,thechildrenspentjustover

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anhouraweekreading.Lefsfaceit,who'sgot

thetime?

21.Bymentioning“thesametimecrunch99(Line

1,Para.2)SandraHofferthmeans.

A)childrenhavelittletimetoplaywith

theirparents

B)childrenarenottakengoodcareofby

theirworkingparents

C)bothparentsandchildrensufferfrom

lackofleisuretime

D)bothparentsandchildrenhavetrouble

managingtheirtime

22.Accordingtotheauthor,thereasongivenby

SandraHofferthforthetimecrunchis.

A)quiteconvincing

B)partiallytrue

C)totallygroundless

D)ratherconfusing

23.Accordingtotheauthorachilddevelops

betterif.

A)hehasplentyoftimereadingand

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studying

B)heislefttoplaywithhispeersinhis

ownway

C)hehasmoretimeparticipatinginschool

activities

D)heisfreetointeractwithhisworking

parents

24.Theauthorisconcernedaboutthefactthat

Americankids.

A)areengagedinmoreandmore

structuredactivities

B)areincreasinglyneglectedbytheir

workingmothers

C)arespendingmoreandmoretime

watchingTV

D)areinvolvedlessandlessinhousehold

work

25.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

A)extracurricularactivitiespromote

children'sintelligence

B)mostchildrenwillturntoreadingwith

TVsetsswitchedoff

资料仅供参考

C)effortstogetkidsinterestedinreading

havebeenfruitful

D)mostparentsbelievereadingtobe

beneficialtochildren

PassageTwo

Questions26to30arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

HenryFord,thefamousU.S.inventorand

carmanufacturer,oncesaid,6Thebusinessof

Americaisbusiness.99Bythishemeantthatthe

U.S.wayoflifeisbasedonthevaluesofthe

businessworld.

FewwouldarguewithFord'sstatement.A

briefglimpseatadailynewspapervividlyshows

howmuchpeopleintheUnitedStatesthink

aboutbusiness.Forexample,nearlyevery

newspaperhasabusinesssection,inwhichthe

dealsandprojects,financesandmanagement,

stockpricesandlaborproblemsofcorporations

arereporteddaily.Inaddition,businessnews

资料仅供参考

canappearineveryothersection.Mostnational

newshasanimportantfinancialaspecttoit.

Welfare,foreignaid,thefederalbudget,andthe

policiesoftheFederalReserveBankareall

heavilyaffectedbybusiness.Moreover,business

newsappearsinsomeoftheunlikeliestplaces.

Theworldofartsandentertainmentisoften

referredtoas“theentertainmentindustry"or

“showbusiness.99

ThepositivesideofHenryFord's

statementcanbeseenintheprosperitythat

businesshasbroughttoU.S.life.Oneofthe

mostimportantreasonssomanypeoplefromall

overtheworldcometoliveintheUnitedStates

isthedreamofabetterjob.Jobsareproduced

inabundance（大量地）becausetheU.S.

economicsystemisdrivenbycompetition.

Peoplebelievethatthissystemcreatesmore

wealth,morejobs,andamateriallybetterway

oflife.

ThenegativesideofHenryFord's

statement,however,canbeseenwhentheword

资料仅供参考

businessistakentomeanbigbusiness.Andthe

termbigbusiness-referringtothebiggest

companies,isseeninoppositiontolabor.

ThroughoutU.S.historyworkingpeoplehave

hadtofighthardforhigherwages,better

workingconditions,andtherighttoform

unions.Today,manyoftheoldlabordisputes

areover,butthereisstillsomeemployeeanxiety.

Downsizing-thelayingoffofthousandsof

workerstokeepexpenseslowandprofitshigh—

createsfeelingsofinsecurityformany.

26.TheunitedStatesisatypicalcountry

A)whichencouragesfreetradeathomes

andabroad

B)wherepeople'schiefconcernishowto

makemoney

C)whereallbusinessesaremanaged

scientifically

D)whichnormallyworksaccordingtothe

federalbudget

资料仅供参考

27.TheinfluenceofbusinessintheU.S.is

evidencedbythefactthat.

A)mostnewspapersarerunbybig

businesses

B)evenpublicorganizationsconcentrate

onworkingforprofits

C)Americansofallprofessionsknowhow

todobusiness

D)evenartsandentertainmentare

regardedasbusiness

28.Accordingtothepassage,immigrantschoose

tosettleintheU.S.,dreamingthat.

A)theycanstartprofitablebusinesses

there

B)theycanbemorecompetitiveinbusiness

C)theywillmakeafortuneovernightthere

D)theywillfindbetterchancesof

employment

29.HenryFord'sstatementscanbetaken

negativelybecause.

A)workingpeoplearediscouragedtofight

资料仅供参考

fortheirrights

B)therearemanyindustriescontrolledby

afewbigcapitalists

C)thereisaconflictingrelationship

betweenbigcorporationsandlabor

D)publicservicesarenotrunbythe

federalgovernment

30.Acompany'seffortstokeepexpenseslow

andprofitshighmayresultin.

A)reductioninthenumberofemployees

B)improvementofworkingconditions

C)fewerdisputesbetweenlaborand

management

D)ariseinworkers9wages

PassageThree

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

ProfessorSmithrecentlypersuaded35

people,23ofthemwomen,tokeepadiaryofall

theirabsent-mindedactionsforafortnight.

Whenhecametoanalysetheirembarrassing

资料仅供参考

lapses（差错）inascientificreport,hewas

surprisedtofindthatnearlyallofthemfellinto

afewgroupings.Nordidthelapsesappeartobe

entirelyrandom（随机的）.

Oneofthewomen,forinstance,onleaving

herhouseforworkonemorningthrewherdog

herearringsandtriedtofixadogbiscuitonher

ear.“Theexplanationforthisisthatthebrainis

likeacomputer,99explainstheprofessor.66People

programmethemselvestodocertainactivities

regularly.Itwasthewoman'scustomevery

morningtothrowherdogtwobiscuitsandthen

putonherearrings.Butsomehowtheactiongot

reversedintheprogramme.99Aboutonein

twentyoftheincidentsthevolunteersreported

werethese“programmeassemblyfailures/9

Altogetherthevolunteerslogged433

unintentionalactionsthattheyfoundthemselves

doing-anaverageoftwelveeach.Thereappear

tobepeakperiodsinthedaywhenweareatour

zaniest（荒谬可笑的）.Thesearetwohourssome

timebetweeneighta.m.andnoon,betweenfour

资料仅供参考

andsixp.m.withasmallerpeakbetweeneight

andtenp.m.66Amongmenthepeakseemstobe

whenachangeoverinbrain'programmes'

occurs,asforinstancebetweengoingtoand

fromwork/9Womenonaveragereported

slightlymorelapses-12.5comparedwith10.9

formen-probablybecausetheyweremore

reliablereporters.

Astartlingfindingoftheresearchisthat

theabsent-mindedactivityisahazardofdoing

thingsinwhichweareskilled.Normally,you

wouldexpectthatskillreducesthenumberof

errorswemake.Buttryingtoavoidsillyslipsby

concentratingmorecouldmakethingsalot

worse-evendangerous.

31.InhisstudyProfessorSmithaskedthe

subjects,

A)tokeeptrackofpeoplewhotendto

forgetthings

B)toreporttheirembarrassinglapsesat

random

C)toanalysetheirawkwardexperiences

资料仅供参考

scientifically

D)tokeeparecordofwhattheydid

unintentionally

32.ProfessorSmithdiscoveredthat.

A)certainpatternscanbeidentifiedinthe

recordedincidents

B)manypeopleweretooembarrassedto

admittheirabsent-mindedness

C)mentendtobemoreabsent-minded

thanwomen

D)absent-mindednessisanexcusable

humanweakness

33.“Programmeassemblyfailures"(Line6,

Para.2)referstothephenomenonthatpeople

A)oftenfailtoprogrammetheirroutines

beforehand

B)tendtomakemistakeswhentheyarein

ahurry

C)unconsciouslychangethesequenceof

doingthings

D)arelikelytomessthingsupiftheyare

资料仅供参考

tootired

34.Welearnfromthethirdparagraphthat

A)absent-mindednesstendstooccur

duringcertainhoursoftheday

B)womenareverycarefultoperform

actionsduringpeakperiods

C)womenexperiencemorepeakperiodsof

absent-mindedness

D)men'sabsent-mindednessoftenresults

infunnysituations

35.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat

A)peopleshouldavoiddoingimportant

thingsduringpeakperiodsoflapses

B)hazardscanbeavoidedwhenpeopledo

thingstheyaregoodat

C)peopleshouldbecarefulwhen

programmingtheiractions

D)lapsescannotalwaysbeattributedto

lackofconcentration

资料仅供参考

PassageFour

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowing

passage:

Ifsnosecretthatmanychildrenwouldbe

healthierandhappierwithadoptiveparents

thanwiththeparentsthatnaturedealtthem.

Thafsespeciallytrueofchildrenwhoremainin

abusivehomesbemusethelawblindlyfavors

biologicalparents.It'salsotrueofchildrenwho

sufferforyearsinfosterhomes（收养孩子的家

庭）becauseofparentswhocan9torwon'tcare

forthembutrefusetogiveupcustody（监护）

rights.

Fourteen-year-oldKimberlyMaysfits

neitherdescription,butherrecentcourtvictory

couldeventuallyhelpchildrenwhodo.

Kimberlyhasbeentheobjectofanangry

custodybattlebetweenthemanwhoraisedher

andherbiologicalparents,withwhomshehas

neverlived.AFloridajudgeruledthatthe

teenagercanremainwiththeonlyfathershe's

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everknownandthatherbiologicalparentshave

“nolegalclaim^^onher.

Theruling,thoughitmayyetbereversed,

setsasidetheprinciplethatbiologyisthe

primarydeterminantofparentage.Thafsan

importantdevelopment,onethat'slongoverdue.

ShortlyafterbirthinDecember1978,

KimberlyMaysandanotherinfantwere

mistakenlyswitchedandsenthomewiththe

wrongparents.Kimberly'sbiologicalparents,

ErnestandReginaTwigg,receivedachildwho

diedofaheartdiseasein1988.Medicaltests

showedthatthechildwasn'ttheTwiggs'own

daughter,butKimberlywas,thussparkinga

custodybattlewithRobertMays.In1989,the

twofamiliesagreedthatMr.Mayswould

maintaincustodywiththeTwiggsgetting

visitingrights.Thoserightswereendedwhen

Mr.MaysdecidedthatKimberlywasbeing

harmed.

ThedecisiontoleaveKimberlywithMr.

Maysrenderedhersuitdebated.Butthejudge

资料仅供参考

madeclearthatKimberlydidhavestandingto

sue(起诉)onherownbehalf.Thushemade

clearthatshewasmorethanjustpropertytobe

handledasadultssawfit.

Certainly,thebiologicallinkbetween

parentandchildisfundamental.Butbiological

parentsaren'talwayspreferabletoadoptive

ones,andbiologicalparentagedoesnotconvey

anabsoluteownershipthatcancelsalltherights

ofchildren.

36.Whatwastheprimaryconsiderationinthe

Floridajudge'sruling?

A)Thebiologicallink.

B)Thechild'sbenefits.

C)Thetraditionalpractice.

D)Theparents9feelings.

37.WecanlearnfromtheKimberlycasethat

A)childrenaremorethanjustpersonal

possessionsoftheirparents

B)thebiologicallinkbetweenparentsand

资料仅供参考

childshouldbeemphasized

C)fosterhomesbringchildrenmorepain

andsufferingthancare

D)biologicalparentsshouldn'tclaim

custodyrightsaftertheirchildisadopted

38.TheTwiggsclaimedcustodyrightsto

Kimberlybecause.

A)theyfoundherunhappyinMr.Mays'

custody

B)theyregardedherastheirproperty

C)theywereherbiologicalparents

D)theyfeltguiltyabouttheirpastmistake

39.KimberlyhadbeengiventoMr.Mays

A)bysheeraccident

B)outofcharity

C)athisrequest

D)forbettercare

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthejudge's

rulingcouldbedescribedas.

A)doubtfulB)criticalC)

cautiousD)supportive

资料仅供参考

PartIIIVocabularyandStructure

(20minutes)

Directions:Thereare3.0.incompletesentences

inthispart.Foreachsentencetherearefour

choicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Choosethe

ONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.Then

markthecorrespondingletterontheAnswer

Sheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

41.ShehertriptoNewYorkbecauseshe

wasill.

A)calledoffB)closeddownC)

putupD)wentoff

42.thestorm,theshipwouldhave

reacheditsdestinationontime.

A)ButforB)IncaseofC)

InspiteofD)Becauseof

43.Weshouldconcentrateonsharplyreducing

interestratestopulltheeconomyoutof.

A)rejectionB)restrictionC)

资料仅供参考

retreatD)recession

44.TheoffindinggoldinCalifornia

attractedalotofpeopletosettledownthere.

A)prospectsB)speculationsC)

stakesD)provisions

451sufferedfrommentalbecauseof

stressfrommyjob.

A)damageB)releaseC)

reliefD)fatigue

46.Therestofthedaywasentirelyathis

forreadingorrecreation.

A)dismissalB)survivalC)

disposalD)arrival

47.Youwillnotbeaboutyourfoodin

timeofgreathunger.

A)specialB)particularC)

peculiarD)specific

48.Crimeisincreasingworldwide,andthereis

everyreasontobelievethewillcontinue

intothenextdecade.

A)emergencyB)trendC)

paceD)schedule

资料仅供参考

49.Youshouldn'thavewritteninthe

sincethebookbelongstothelibrary.

A)intervalB)borderC)margin

D)edge

50.Theofairplaneenginesannounceda

comingairraid.

A)roarB)exclamationC)

whistleD)scream

51.Thisticketyoutoafreeboattouron

thelake.

A)entitlesB)appointsC)

grantsD)credits

52.ThisisthenursewhotomewhenI

wasillinhospital.

A)accompaniedB)attendedC)

entertainedD)shielded

53.1wasabouttoamatchwhenI

rememberedTom'swarning.

A)rubB)hitC)scrape

D)strike

54.Theadvertisementsaysthismaterialdoesn't

inthewash,butithas.

资料仅供参考

A)contractB)shrinkC)slim

D)dissolve

55.Hewasproudofbeingchosentoparticipate

inthegameandheusthathewouldtry

ashardaspossible.

A)insuredB)guaranteedC)

assumedD)assured

56.Notonlytheprofessionalsbutalsothe

amateurswillfromthenewtraining

facilities.

A)deriveB)acquireC)benefit

D)reward

57.Theworkwasalmostcompletewhenwe

receivedorderstonofurtherwithit.

A)progressB)proceedC)march

D)promote

58.1waitedforhimhalfanhour,buthenever

A)turnedinB)turneddownC)

turnedoffD)turnedup

59.Ahousewithadangerousgascanbe

brokenintoimmediately.

资料仅供参考

A)leakB)splitC)mess

D)crack

60.Adarksuitistoalightonefor

eveningwear.

A)favourableB)suitableC)

preferableD)proper

61.ItwasintheUnitedStatesthatImadethe

ofprofessorJones.

A)acknowledgementB)acquaintanceC)

recognitionD)association

62.Couldyoutakeasheetofpaperand

writeyournameatthetop?

A)bareB)vacantC)hollow

D)blank

63.Acultureinwhichthecitizenssharesimilar

religiousbeliefsandvaluesismorelikelytohave

lawsthatrepresentthewishesofitspeople

thanisaculturewherecitizenscomefrom

backgrounds.

A)extensiveB)influentialC)

diverseD)identical

64.Areaswherestudentshaveparticular

资料仅供参考

difficultyhavebeentreatedparticular

care.

A)byB)inC)underD)

with

65.Hegaveatohandletheaffairsina

friendlymanner.

A)pledgeB)missionC)plunge

D)motion

66.Don'tletthechildplaywithscissors

hecutshimself.

A)incaseB)sothatC)now

thatD)onlyif

67.thedangerfromenemyaction,

peoplehadtocopewithasevereshortageof

food,clothing,fuel,andalmosteverything.

A)AsfarasB)AslongasC)As

wellasD)Assoonas

68.Manypeoplelosttheirjobsduringthe

business.

A)desperationB)decreaseC)

despairD)depression

69.Wheneverabigcompanyasmallone,

资料仅供参考

theproductalmostalwaysgetsworse.

A)getsonwithB)cutsdownC)

takesoverD)putsupwith

70.Mr.Smithwastheonlywitnesswhosaidthat

thefirewas.

A)matureB)deliberateC)

meaningfulD)innocent

PartIVShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes)

Directions:Inthispartthereisashort

passagewith8questionsorincomplete

statements.Readthepassagecarefully.Then

answerthequestionsorcompletethestatements

inthefewestpossiblewords.Writeyouranswers

inthespacesprovidedontherightofthepage.

Whatpersonalqualitiesaredesirableina

teacher?Ithinkthefollowingwouldbe

generallyaccepted.

First,theteacher'spersonalityshouldbe

livelyandattractive.Thisdoesnotruleout

peoplewhoareplain-looking,orevenugly,

becausemanysuchpeoplehavegreatpersonal

资料仅供参考

charm.Butitdoesruleoutsuchtypesasthe

over-excitable,sad,cold,andfrustrated.

Secondly,itisnotmerelydesirablebut

essentialforateachertohaveagenuinecapacity

forsympathy,acapacitytounderstandthe

mindsandfeelingsofotherpeople,especially,

sincemostteachersareschoolteachers,the

mindsandfeelingsofchildren.Closelyrelated

withthisisthecapacitytobetolerant-not,

indeed,ofwhatiswrong,butoftheweaknesses

andimmaturityofhumannaturewhichinduce

（诱导）people,andagainespeciallychildren,to

makemistakes.

Thirdly,Iholditessentialforateacherto

bebothintellectuallyandmorallyhonest.This

meansthathewillbeawareofhisintellectual

strengthsandlimitations,andwillhavethought

aboutanddecideduponthemoralprinciplesby

whichhislifeshallbeguided.Thereisno

contradictioninmygoingontosaythata

teachershouldbeabitofanactor.Thatispart

ofthetechniqueofteaching,whichdemands

资料仅供参考

thateverynowandthenateachershouldbe

abletoputonanact-toenliven（使生动）a

lesson,correctafault,orawardpraise.Children,

especiallyyoungchildren,liveinaworldthatis

ratherlargerthanlife.

Ateachermustbecapableofinfinite

patience.This,Imaysay,islargelyamatterof

self-disciplineandself-training,forwearenone

ofusbornlikethat.

Finally,Ithinkateachershouldhavethe

kindofmindwhichalwayswantstogoon

learning.Teachingisajobatwhichonewill

neverbeperfect;thereisalwayssomething

moretolearnaboutit.Therearethreeprincipal

objectsofstudy:thesubjectswhichtheteacher

isteaching;themethodsbywhichthesubjects

canbestbetaughttotheparticularpupilsinthe

classesheisteaching;andgbyfarthemost

important-thechildren,youngpeople,or

adultstowhomthesubjectsaretobetaught.

ThetwofundamentalprinciplesofBritish

educationtodayarethateducationiseducation

资料仅供参考

ofthewholeperson,andthatitisbestacquired

throughfullandactiveco-operationbetween

twopersons,theteacherandthelearner.

SI.Plain-lookingteacherscanalsobeadmired

bytheirstudentsiftheyhave.

S2.Theauthorsaysitisthatteachers

besympatheticwiththeirstudents.

S3.Ateachershouldbetolerantbecausehumans

tendtohaveS3(1)andtobeS3(2)

___________•

(1)_________________________________

(2)_________________________________

S4.Ateacherwhoiswillbeableto

makehislessonsmorelively.

资料仅供参考

S5.Howcanateacheracquireinfinitepatience?

S6.Sinceteachingisajobnoonecanbeperfect

at,itisnecessaryforteacherstokeepimproving

theirknowledgeofthesubjectstheyteachand

their.

S7.Teachers9mostimportantobjectofstudyis

S8.Educationcannotbebestacquiredwithout

betweentheteacherandthelearner.

资料仅供参考

PartVWriting(30

minutes)

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirty

minutestowriteaneye-witnessaccountofa

trafficaccident.Youshouldwriteatleast120

wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowin

Chinese.

假设你在某日某时目击一起车祸，就此写

一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：

1.车祸发生的时间及地点

2.你所见到的车祸情况

3.你对车祸原因的分析

AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTraffic

Acciden

6月四级试题详解

(10)6月四级试题译文

资料仅供参考

PassageOne

译文

美国3~12岁的孩子平均每星期的在校时间为

29小时，比1981年多了8小时。同时，她们做

家务活多了，而且参加更多的像足球、芭蕾舞等

有组织的活动。特别是参与体育活动的时间，从

1981年到1997年增长了50%：现在男孩子平均

每周花4小时运动，女孩的运动时间是男孩的一

半。可是，总的说来，孩子们的空闲时间从1981

年的40%降到25%o

“影响父母的时间危机同样也影响着孩子

们，”最近对儿童作息时间表做调研的项目负责

人SandraHofferth如是说。她说一个最主要的

原因是更多的母亲外出工作。当然，生活在双收

家庭或“父亲挣钱养家型”的家庭的孩子有较多

的时间与她们的父母沟通。分别是每周19或22

个小时。相反，生活在单身母亲家庭的孩子每周

与母亲在一起的时间只有9小时。

如果一味地学习，而没有玩耍会使孩子们的生

活变得一团糟。哈佛学院的教授T-Berry

Brazeltoii说：“玩耍是孩子们探索世界和认识自

我的最有效的途径”。自由的玩耍促使孩子们独

资料仅供参考

立地思考，并使她们与同伴协调地相处，然而，

3~12岁的孩子花在玩耍的时间每周只有12个小

时。

抽样的调查显示，孩子们把已经快速减少的

“自由时间”的四分之一用于看电视。可是，不

论你相信不相信，家用长们对这样的结果还是庆

幸的。即使孩子们不花更多的时间看电视，她们

也不会把时间用在读书上。尽管家长们费尽心思

让孩子们对书本感兴趣，可是，她们每周花在阅

读上的时间也只有一个多小时。让我们面对现实

吧，谁有时间呢？

PassageTwo

译文

美国最著名的创造家和汽车制造商亨利•福特

曾经说：“美国的一切都是商业”。此话的意思是

说，美国人的生活方式建立在商品社会的价值观

上。

很少有人对福特的说法提出疑义。只在一张日

报上瞥一眼，就不难发现有多少美国在关心商

业。比如，几乎每家报纸都有商业版，对各种工

程项目、资金和管理、股票价格和公司的劳动问

资料仅供参考

题都是每日一报。另外，商业信息还在其它版面

中出现。大多数国内新闻都反映重要的金融信

息。福利、援外、联邦财政预算以及联邦储备银

行的政策都极大地受到商业的影响。而且，商业

信息还会在一些最不可能的地主出现。艺术和娱

乐界经常被称为“娱乐业”或“演艺业”。

福特说法积极的一面能够从商业给美国生活

带来的繁荣中看到。之因此有如此众多的人从世

界各地蜂拥而至美国，其最重要的原因之一就是

实现找到一份更好的工作梦想。工作的机会很

多，因为美国的经济制度是由竞争驱动的。人们

相信这样的制度能创造更多的财富，提供更好的

工作和更好的物质生活。

可是，福特的说法中消极的一面也显而易见，

即当商业这个词用来指代大财团的时候。'大财

团’这个词一一指代是与工人相正确最大的商业

集团或公司。在美国的历史上，工人们曾经为争

取更高的工资、更好的工作环境以及组织工会的

权利而艰苦地斗争。今天，许多旧的劳资纠纷已

经消失，可是，雇员们依然存在着忧虑。裁员一

一解雇成千上万的工人以保证成本和高效益一

一使很多人产生不安全感。

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PassageThree

译文

史密斯教授最近说服了35个人，其中有23位

妇女，坚持记两周日记，把她们所有心不在焉的

行为都记下来。当她在一份科研报告中分析这些

令人尴尬的差错时，她惊奇地发现几乎所有的差

错都能够归入几类。这些差错并不是毫无规律

的。例如，其中的一位妇女，早晨离家上班的时

候，把她的耳环扔给了她的狗，却试图把宠物饼

干戴在耳朵上。“对这种行为的解释是，大脑就

像是计算机”，教授说。“人们为自己设定好了程

序去做一些经常性的事务。对这位妇女来说，扔

给她的狗两块饼干，然后戴上耳环是每天早晨的

习惯。可是，有时候程序中的步骤颠倒了。”报

告中受试者的差错约有二十分之一属于“此类程

序排列错误”。

受试者共记录了433件她们自己认为是无意

识的而做的事情一一平均每人十二件。研究发现

人们在一天中的高峰时段经常会做出荒谬可笑

的事情。一天中共有两个小时这样的时间，分别

出现在早晨8点到中午，下午4点到6点之间，

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晚上8点到10点之间有个小高峰。“对男人来说,

高峰时段出现在大脑‘程序'需要切