北京师范大学研究生英语

吐京蹄范上当

研究生英语

Reader

for

Criticalthinking

&Englishessaywriting

Spring

Unit1:WritingisaProcess1

Thewritingprocessisusuallycomposedoffoursteps:Pre-writing,writingafirstdraft,

revising,andediting.ThefollowingisthewritingprocessundergonebyAnneonwriting

assignmentofwritingaboutsomeannoyanceineverydaylife.

Step1:Pre-writing

Freewriting

MakingaList

Preparingascratchoutline

Freewriting:amodel

TherearelotsofthingsIgetannoyedby.Oneofthemthat

bothersmemostispeoplewhokeepcomplainingabout

everything.Ifyouarehavingtrouble,dosomethingabout

it.Don'tjustkeepingcomplainingandtalking.Iamreally

annoyedbytraffic.Therearetoomanycarsinourblock

andit'snotsurprising.Everyonehasacar,theparents

havecarsandthekidshavecars,andthey'reallcoming

andgoingallthetimeandoftendrivingtoofast.Speeding

upanddownthestreet.Weneedaspeedlimitsign.Iam

reallybotheredwhenIhavetodrivetothemoviesallthe

congestionalongthewayplustherearejustsomanycars

thereatthemall.Nospaceeventhoughtheparkinglotis

hugeitjustfillsupwithcars.Moviesareabotheranyway

becausethepeoplecanbeannoyingwhoaresittingthere

inthetheatrewithyou,talkinganddroppingpopcorn

cunsandactinglikethevareathomewhenthev'renot.

1AdoptedfromLangan(2013:22-49).Langan,John.(2013).CollegeWritingSkillswithReading(6th

edition).Beijing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress.

Makingalist:amodel

Trafficisbadbetweenmyhouseandtheater

Noisypatrons

Don'twanttorunintoJeremy

Hardtobeonadiet

Kidsrunninginaisles

I'mcrowdedintoseatsbetweenstrangerswhopushmeoff

armrests

Notenoughparking

Parkinglotneedstobeexpanded

Toomanypreviews

Can'tpauseorfast-forwardasyoucanwithaDVD

Longlines

Highticketsprices

Toomanytemptationsatsnackstand

Commercialsforfoodonthescreen

Canpreparehealthysnacksformyselfathome

Tubsofpopcornwithbutter

Hugechocolatebars

Candyhasalwaysbeenmydownfall

Moviemaybesoldout

Peoplewho'veseenmoviebeforetalkalongwithactorsand

giveawayplottwists

Peoplecoughingandsneezing

Ickystuffonfloor

Teenagersyellingandshowingoff

Preparingascratchoutline:amodel

1Trafficisbadbetweenmyhouseandtheater

3Noisypatrons

2Hardtobeonadiet

3Kidsrunninginaisles

3I'mcrowdedintoseatsbetweenstrangerswhopushme

offarmrests

1Notenoughparking

1Parkinglotneedstobeexpanded

1Toomanypreviews

Can'tpauseorfast-forwardasyoucanwithaDVD

1Longlines

1Highticketsprices

2Toomanytemptationsatsnackstand

Commercialsforfoodonthescreen

2Canpreparehealthysnacksformyselfathome

2Tubsofpopcornwithbutter

2Hugechocolatebars

Caftdy-has_always_beefWHy_dewftfeU

1Moviemaybesoldout

3Peoplewho'veseenmoviebeforetalkalongwithactors

andgiveawayplottwists

3Peoplecoughingandsneezing

1Ickystuffonfloor

3Teenagersyellingandshowingoff

Step2:Writingafirstdraft

Writingafirstdraft:amodel

Eventhough1lovemovies,myfriendshavestoppedaskingmetogo.

Therearejusttoomanyproblemsinvolvedingoingtomovies.

Therearenosmalltheatersanymore,Ihavetodrivefifteenminutes

toabigmultiplex.Becauseofasupermarketandrestaurants,theparking

lotisfilled.Ihavetokeepdrivingaroundtofindaspace.ThenIhaveto

standinalongline,hopingthattheydonorunoutoftickets.Finally,I

havetopaytoomuchmoneyforaticket.Puttingoutthatmuchmoney,I

shouldnothavetodealwithafloorseemscoatedwithrubbercement.By

theendofamovie,myshoesareoftensealedtoamixofspilledsoda,

bubblegum,andotherstuff.

ThetheaterofferstemptationsintheformofsnacksIreallydon't

need.LikemostofusIhavetoworryaboutweightgain.AthomeIdo

prettywellbysimplywatchingwhatIkeepinthehouseandnotbuying

stuffthatisbadforme.Icanmakedowithhealthysnacksbecausethere

isnothinginthehouse.Goingtothetheaterislikespendingmyevening

ina7-eleventhat'sbeenequippedwithamoviescreenandthereare

seatswhicharecomfortable.Itrytopersuademyselftojusthaveadiet

soda.Thesmellofpopcornsoonovercomesme.Myfriendsareasbadas

Iam.Chocolatebarsseemstojumpintoyourhands,Iameating

enormousmouthfulsofmilkduds.BythetimeIleavethetheaterIfeel

sickandtiredofmyself.

Someoftheothermoviegoersaretheworstproblem.Thereare

teenagerswhotrytoimpresstheirfriendsinonewayoranother.Little

kidsraceupanddowntheaisles,gigglingandlaughing.Adultsactasif

they'rewatchingthemovieathome.Theytalkloudlyabouttheagesof

thestarsandgiveawaytheplot.Otherpeoplearedroppingpopcorntubs

andcupsofsodacrushediceandsodaonthefloor.Alsocoughingalot

anddoingotherstuff-bms!

IdecidedonenightthatIwasnotgoingtobeamoviegoeranymore.

IjounedNetflix,andI'llwatchmoviescomfortableinmyownliving

room.

Steps3and4:Revisingandediting

Revisingandediting:amodel

TheHazardsofMoviegoing

Iamamoviefanatic.Myfriendscountonmetoknowmovietrivia

(whowasthepigtailedlittlegirlinE.T.:TheExtra・Teirastrial?Drew

Barrymore)andtoremembereverybigOscarawardedsinceIwasin

gradeschool(BestPicture,1994?ForrestGump),Myfriends,though,

havestoppedaskingmeifIwanttogoouttothemovies.WhileIlove

moviesasmuchasever,theinconvenienceofgoingout,thetemptations

oftheconcessionstand,andthebehaviorofsomepatronsarereasonsfor

metowaitandrenttheDVD.

Tobeginwith,Ijustdon'tenjoythegeneralhassleoftheevening.

Sincesmalllocalmovietheatersareathingofthepast,Ihavetodrivefor

fifteenminutestogettothenearestmultiplex.Theparkinglotisshared

withseveralrestaurantsandasupermarket,soit'salwaysjammed.Ihave

todrivearoundatasnail'spaceuntilIsptanotherdriverbackingout.

Thenit'stimetostandinanendlessline,withtheconstantthreatthat

ticketsfortheshowIwantwillsellout.Ifwedogettickets,thetheater

willbesocrowdedthatIwon'tbeabletositwithmyfriends,orwe'llhave

tositinafrontrowgapingupatagiantscreen.Ihavetoshellouta

ridiculousamountofmoney-upto$11一foraticket.Thatentitlesmeto

sitwhilemyshoessealthemselvestoastickyfloorcoatedwithspilled

soda,bubblegum,andcrushedRaisinets.

Second,thetheaterofferstemptingsnacksthatIreallydon'tneed.

Likemostofus,Ihavetobattleanexpandingwaistline.AthomeIdo

prettywellbysimplynotbuyingstuffthatisbadforme.Icanmakedo

withsnackslikeceleryandcarrotsticksbecausethereisnoicecreamin

thefreezer.Goingtothetheater,however,islikespendingmyeveningin

a7-Eleventhat'sbeenequippedwithamoviescreenandcomfortable

seats.AsItrytopersuademyselftojusthaveaDietCoke,thesmellof

freshpopcorndrippingwithbuttersoonovercomesme.Chocolatebars

thesizeofsmallautomobilesseemtojumpintomyhands,Iriskpulling

outmyfillingsasIchewenormousmouthfulsofMilkDubs.BythetimeI

leavethetheater,Ifeeldisgustedwithmyself.(continued)

Manyoftheotherpatronsareevenmoreofaproblemthanthe

concessionstand.Littlekidsraceupanddowntheaisles,usuallyin

gigglingpacks.Teenagerstrytoimpresstheirfriendsbytalkingbackto

thescreen,whistling,andmakingwhattheyconsidertobehilarious

noises.Adultsactasiftheywereathomeintheirownlivingroom.They

commentloudlyontheagesofthestarsandrevealplottwiststhatare

supposedtobeasecretuntilthefilm'send.Peopleofallagescreate

distractions.Theycrinklecandywrappers,stickgumontheirseats,and

droppopcorntubsorcupsofcrushediceandsodaonthefloor.Theyalso

coughandburp,squirmendlesslyintheirseats,fileoutforrepeatedtrips

totherestroomsorconcessionstands,andelbowmeoutofthearmreston

eithersideofmyseat.

Afterarrivinghomefromthemoviesonenight,IdecidedthatIwas

notgoingtobeamoviegoeranymore.Iwastiredoftheproblemsinvolved

ingettingtothetheatre,resistingunhealthysnacks,anddealingwiththe

patrons.Thenextday,Iarrangedtohavepremiummoviechannelsadded

tomycableTVservice,andIalsogotaNetflixmembership.Imaynowsee

moviesabitlaterthanotherpeople,butfllbemorerelaxedwatchingbox

officehitsinthecomfortofmyownlivingroom.

Unit2:TheBasicStructureoftheTraditionalEnglish

Essay

Readanddiscuss,tryingtogetfamiliarizedwiththefollowingconcepts:

>ThetraditionalEnglishessaystructure

>Thethesisstatement

>Thesupportingideas

>Thesupportingdetails

>Transitions

Readthefollowingessaywithnoindentationsstartingnewparagraphsandtryto

identifytheaboveelements.

NativeAmericanInfluencesonModernU.S.culture2*

AliceOshima

WhenthefirstEuropeanscametotheNorthAmericancontinent,theyencounteredthecompletelynew

culturesoftheNativeAmericanpeoplesofNorthAmerica.NativeAmericans,whohadhighly

developedculturesinmanyrespects,musthavebeenascuriousaboutthem.Asalwayshappenswhen

twoormoreculturescomeintocontact,therewasaculturalexchange.NativeAmericansadoptedsome

oftheEuropeans5ways,andtheEuropeansadoptedsomeoftheirways.Asaresult,NativeAmericans

havemademanyvaluablecontributionstomodemU.S.culture,particularlyintheareasoflanguage,

art,food,andgovernment.Firstofall,NativeAmericansleftapermanentmarkontheEnglish

language.TheearlyEnglish-speakingsettlersborrowedfromseveraldifferentNativeAmerican

languageswordsforplacesinthisnewland.Allacrossthecountryarecities,towns,rivers,andstates

withNativeAmericannames.Forexample,thestateofDelaware,Iowa,Illinois,andAlabamaare

namedafterNativeAmericantribes,asarethecitiesofChicago,Miami,andSpokane.Inadditionto

placenames,EnglishadoptedfromvariousNativeAmericanlanguagesthewordsforanimalsand

plantsfoundintheAmericas,Chipmunk,moose,raccoon,skunk,tobacco,andsquasharejustafew

examples.AlthoughthevocabularyofEnglishistheareathatshowsthemostNativeAmerican

influence,itisnottheonlyareaofU.S.culturethathasbeenshapedbycontactwithNativeAmericans.

ArtisanotherareaofimportantNativeAmericancontributions.Woolrugswovenbywomenofthe

NavajotribeinArizonaandNewMexicoarehighlyvaluedworksofartintheUnitedStates.Native

Americanjewelrymakefromsilverandturquoiseisalsoverypopularandveryexpensive.Especially

2AdoptedfromOshimaandHogue(2006:58-59).Oshima,Alice&Hogue,Ann.(2006).WritingAcademic

English(4thedition).NY:PearsonEducation,Inc.

inthewesternandsouthwesternregionsoftheUnitedStates,nativecraftssuchaspottery,leather

products,andbeadworkcanbefoundinmanyhomes.Indeed,nativeartandhandicraftsarea

treasuredpartofU.S.culture.Inadditiontolanguageandart,agricultureisanotherareainwhich

NativeAmericanshadagreatandlastinginfluenceonthepeopleswhoarrivedherefromEurope,

Africa,andAsia.Beingskilledfarmers,theNativeAmericanstaughtthefirstsettlerstoplaceadead

fishinaplantingholetoprovidefertilizerforthegrowingplant.Furthermore,theytaughtthesettlers

irrigationmethodsandcroprotation.ManyofthefoodspeopleintheUnitedStateseattodaywere

introducedtotheEuropeansbyNativeAmericans.Forexample,cornandchocolatewereunknownin

Europe.NowtheyarestaplesintheU.S.diet.Finally,itmaysurprisesomepeopletolearnthatcitizens

oftheUnitedStatesarealsoindebtedtothenativepeopleforourformofgovernment.TheIroquois,

whowereanextremelylargetribewithmanybranchescalled“nations,“haddevelopedahighly

sophisticatedsystemofgovernmenttosettledisputesthatarosebetweenthevariousbranches.Fiveof

thenationshadjoinedtogetherinaconfederationcalled“TheLeagueoftheIroquois.^^Underthe

league,eachnationwasautonomousinrunningitsowninternalaffairs,butthenationsactedasaunit

whendealingwithoutsiders.TheleaguekepttheIroquoisfromfightingamongthemselvesandwas

alsovaluableindiplomaticrelationswithothertribes.Whenthe13colonieswereconsideringwhat

kindofgovernmenttoestablishaftertheyhadwontheirindependencefromBritain,someone

suggestedthattheyuseasystemsimilartothatoftheLeagueoftheIroquois.Underthissystem,each

colonyorfuturestatewouldbeautonomousinmanagingitsownaffairsbutwouldjoinforceswiththe

otherstatestodealwithmattersthatconcernedthemall.Thisisexactlywhathappened.Asaresult,the

presentformofgovernmentoftheUnitedStatescanbetraceddirectlybacktoaNativeAmerican

model.Inconclusion,wecaneasilyseefromthesefewexamplestheextentofNativeAmerican

influenceonourlanguage,ourartforms,oureatinghabits,andourgovernment.Thepeopleofthe

UnitedStatesaredeeplyindebtedtoNativeAmericansfortheircontributionstoU.S.culture.

Unit3:SupportingYourThesiswithSub-ideasand

Evidence⑴

Readanddiscuss,focusingonthefollowingconcepts:

>Thesisstatement

>Supportingideas

>Theuseofevidenceinessaywriting

>Thetextorganization

Readthefollowingarticleandtrytoanalyzeandhencecriticallyappreciateit

basedontheaboveconcepts.

DitchYourBooksforanE-ReaderfortheSakeofEnvironment3

ByBrianPalmer

Withtheemergenceofe-readerssuchasiPadandKindle,thecompetitionbetweene-booksand

printbookshasstarted.Amongmanyfactorsconsidered,thecriticalquestioninpeople'smindsis

whichismoreenvironmentallyfriendly,ane-readeroraprintbook?

Environmentalanalysiscanbeanendlessbalancingofthisvs.that.Doyoucaremoreabout

conservingwateroravoidingtoxicchemicalusage?Minimizingcarbondioxideemissionsor

radioactivenuclearwaste?ButtodaytheLanternhasgoodnews:TherewillbenoSophie'sChoice4

whenitcomestoe-books.Aslongasyouconsumeahealthynumberoftitles,youreadatanormal

paceandyoudon'ttradeinyourgadgeteveryyear,perusingelectronicallywilllightenyour

environmentalimpact.

IftheLanternhastaughtyouanything,it'sthatmostconsumerproductsmaketheirbiggestscar

ontheEarthduringmanufactureandtransport,beforetheyevergetintoyourgreedylittlehands.

Accordingly,green-mindedconsumersareusually一althoughnotalways一betteroffbuyingfewer

thingswhenpossible.Reusableclothdiapers,forexample,arebetterthandisposables,becausethe

environmentalcostsofmanufactureandtransportoutweighthoseofwashing.

RetrievedandadaptedfromonJuly.3,2016.

Thinkofane-readerastheclothdiaperofbooks.Sure,producingoneKindleistougheronthe

environmentthanprintingasinglepaperbackcopyof“PrideandPrejudice^^.Buteverytimeyou

downloadandreadanelectricbook,ratherthanpurchasinganewpileofpaper,you'repayingbacka

littlebitofthecarbondioxideandwaterdeficitfromtheKindleproductionprocess.Theactual

operationofane-readerrepresentsasmallpercentageofitstotalenvironmentalimpact,soifyourun

yourdeviceintotheground,you'llenduppayingbackthatdebtmanytimesover.(Unless,ofcourse,

reading“PrideandPrejudice^^overandoveragainisenoughforyou.Then,byallmeans,buyitinprint

andenjoy.)

AccordingtotheenvironmentalconsultingfirmCleantech,whichaggregatedaseriesofstudies,a

singlebookgeneratesabout7.5kilograms(almost17pounds)ofcarbondioxideequivalents一the

valueofallitsgreenhousegasemissionsexpressedintermsoftheimpactofcarbondioxide.That

includesproduction,transportandeitherrecyclingordisposal.

Apple'siPadgenerates130kilogramsofcarbondioxideequivalentsduringitslifetime,according

tocompanyestimates.AmazonhasnotreleasednumbersfortheKindle,butCleantechandother

analystsputitat168kilograms.Thoseanalysesdonotindicatehowmuchadditionalcarbonis

generatedperbookread(asaresultoftheenergyrequiredtohostthee-bookstore?sserversandpower

thescreenwhileyouread),buttheydoincludethefullcostofmanufacture,whichlikelyaccountsfor

thelion'sshareofemissions.(TheiPadusesjustthreewattsofelectricitywhileyou5rereading,farless

thanmostlightbulbs.)Ifwecantrustthosenumbers,then,theiPadpaysforitsCO2emissionsabout

one-thirdofthewaythroughyour18thbook.You'dneedtogethalfwayintoyour23rdbookonKindle

togetoutoftheenvironmentalred.Sofar,electronicreaders-notthemachines,inthiscase,buttheir

owners-arefarsurpassingthatpace.ForresterResearchestimatesthattheaverageuserpurchases

threebookspermonth.Atthatrate,youcouldearnbackyouriPad'scarbondioxideinjustsixmonths.

Waterisalsoamajorconsideration.Thenewspaperandbookpublishingindustriestogether

consume153billiongallonsofwaterannually,accordingtofiguresbythenonprofitgroupGreenPress

Initiative.Ittakesaboutsevengallonstoproducetheaverageprintedbook,whilee-publishing

companiescancreateadigitalbookwithlessthantwocupsofwater.(E-bookpublishesconsumewater,

likeanyothercompany,throughthepapertheyuseandotherofficeactivities.)Researchersestimate

that79gallonsofwaterareneededtomakeane-reader.Soyoucomeoutontop,water-wise,after

readingaboutadozenbooks.

E-readersalsohavebooksbeatontoxicchemicals.Theproductionofinkforprintingreleasesa

numberofvolatileorganiccompoundsintotheatmosphere,includinghexane,tolueneandxylene,

whichcontributetosmogandasthma.Someofthemmayalsocausecancerorbirthdefects.Computer

productionisnotfreeofhard-to-pronouncechemicals,tobesure,butboththeiPadandtheKindle

complywithEurope'sRoHS5standards,whichbansomeofthescarierchemicalsthathavebeen

involvedinelectricsproduction.E-readersdo,however,requiretheminingofnonrenewableminerals,

suchascolumbite-tantalite,whichsometimescomeformpoliticallyunstableregions.Andexpertscan't

seemtoagreeonwhetherwe'reatriskofexhaustingtheworld'ssupplyoflithium,thelifebloodofthe

e-reader?sbattery.

Ifyou'renotreadytoplunkdown$139foraKindleor$499foraniPad,orifyoujustlovethe

feelofdeadtreebetweenyourfingers,there'sonethingyoucandotosignificantlyeasethe

environmentalimpactofyourreading:Buyyourbooksonline.Brick-and-mortarbookstoresarevery

inefficientbecausetheystockmorebooksthantheycansell.Betweenaquarterandathirdofa

bookstore'svolumeswillultimatelybeshippedbacktothepublisherandontorecyclingcentersor

landfills.Thecarbonfootprintoftheaveragebookpurchasedinabookstoretops15kgofCO2

equivalents,morethantwicetheoverallaverageforbooks.

Anevenbetteroptionistowalktoyourlocallibrary,whichspreadtheenvironmentalimpactofa

singlebookoveranentirecommunity.Unfortunately,librariesareunderutilized.Studiessuggestthat

fewerthanathirdofAmericansvisittheirlocallibraryatleastonceamonth,andfewerthanhalfwent

inthelastyear.Librariesreportthattheaveragecommunitymemberchecksout7.4booksperyear——

farlessthanthethreepermonthconsumedone-readers—andmorethanathirdofthoseitemswere

children'sbooks.

Toconclude,whenitcomestobeingenvironmentallyfriendly,e-readerssuchasiPadsand

Kindlesarealwaysabetteroptionthanprintbooks.Ofcourse,youcouldalsostopreadingaltogether.

Butthenhowwouldyouknowhowmuchcarbonyousaved?

5RoHS是欧盟立法制定的一项强制性标准，它的全称是《关于限制在电子电器设备中使用某些有害成分的指令》

(RestrictionofHazardousSubstance)。

Unit4:SupportingtheThesiswithSub-Ideasand

Evidence(2)

Readanddiscuss,focusingonthefollowingconcepts:

>Thesisstatement

>Supportingideas

>Theuseofevidenceinessaywriting

>Thetextorganization

Readthefollowingarticleandtrytoanalyzeandhencecriticallyappreciateit

basedontheaboveconcepts.

WhyWeShouldSendaMannedMissiontoMars6

ByMelissaJoulwan

MarshasfascinatedEarth-boundhumanssinceprehistorictimes,duetoitscaptivatingredhue

andproximitytoEarth.Theromanceofspacetravelandtheexplorationofnewworldsisamajor

argumentinfavorofamannedmissiontoMars.Supportersclaimthatexploringandcolonizingthe

moonandMarswillgiveusabetterunderstandingofourownhomeplanet,Earth.Othersupportersare

motivatedbyfeelingsofnationalpride,sayingtheprestigeoftheUnitedStatesisatstake.Stillothers

believethattheresearchrequiredbysuchacomplexmissionwillhelptheUnitedStatesretainits

positionasaleaderinscienceandtechnology.

ThesuccessoftheApolloprograminthe1960sand1970screatedagenerationofastronaut

heroesthatinspiredthenation."In1969,Americasentmentothemoon,notmachines,“Ben

WattenbergsaidonPBS'sThinkTank.<c[H]umanbeingsareexploratorycreatures...mankindneeds

bigideasandbigprojectstoennobleandinspiresociety.Don'tourlittleboysandgirlsneedheroesand

heroinestosay,Tookathim,lookather,she'sthere'?"PresidentGeorgeW.Bushoncesaidinan

addresstothenation,'"Mankindisdrawntotheheavensforthesamereasonwewereoncedrawnto

unknownlandsandacrosstheopensea.Wechoosetoexplorespacebecausedoingsoimprovesour

livesandliftsournationalspirit.,,

ManysupportersofmannedtraveltoMarsarguethatbecauseofitssimilaritytoEarth,Mars

offersopportunitiestodiscovertheoriginsoflifeandwaystoprotecttheenvironmentonEarth.

6AdoptedfromOshimaandHogue(2006:151-152).Oshima,Alice&Hogue,Ann.(2006).WritingAcademic

English(4thedition).NY:PearsonEducation,Inc.

“Weclingtothehopeofaneighboringplanetthatharbors...atleastsomeprimitiveformsoflife.

IfMarscontainsevennanobacteria-orindisputableevidenceofpastlifeofthesimplestforms-this

willprofoundlychangeourconceptionofourplaceintheuniverse,wroteThomasGangale.ctIfMars

isdeadnow,butwasoncealive,understandinghowMarsdiedmaygiveusacrucialunderstandingof

howclosewearecomingtokillingtheEarth.^^

TheMarsSociety[agroupthatsupportersMarsexploration]sharesthatopinion.InitsFounding

Declaration,thesocietywrote,44Aswebeginthetwenty-firstcentury,wehaveevidencethatweare

changingtheEarth'satmosphereandenvironmentinsignificantways....Mars,theplanetmostlike

Earth,willhaveevenmoretoteachusaboutourhomeworld.Theknowledgewegaincouldbekeyto

oursurvival.”

Manyscientistsassertthatthebestwaytoattainthatknowledgeiswithhumanscientists."Robots

candoalot,“ChrisWelch,alecturerinspacetechnologyatKingstonUniversity,toldtheBBC."But

havingmultipletrainedhumanbeingstherewouldtellussomuchmore.^^DavaNewman,associate

professorofaeronauticsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,agreed.4tIfsriskyandifsalso

verycostly,butthere?sjustsomuchhumanscandoasexplorersthatwedon'thaveanyotherwayto

accomplish.^^

China,Russia,andtheEuropeanUnionhaveallannouncedplanstoboosttheirspaceprogramsin

comingyears,includingsojournstothemoonandMars.Somepeoplebelieveit'sessentialtoU.S.

internationalstatusthattheUnitedStatesleadthewayinspaceexploration.""Republicanofficialssaid

conservativelawmakerswhomightbalkatthecost[ofamannedmissiontoMars]arelikelytobe

luredbythechancetoextendtheU.S.militarysupremacyinspacewhenChinaispursuinglunar

probesandRussiaisconsideringaMarsmission,MikeAllenandEricPianinwroteinThe

WashingtonPost.

TheEuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA)hasdevelopedalong-termplan-knownasAurora-that

willuseroboticstofirstexplorelow-Earthorbitandthenmovefartheroutintoplanetaryexcursions,

includingMars.TheESAintendstosendarovertoMarsby2009andamannedmissiontothemoon

by2024thatwill"demonstratekeylifesupportandhabitationtechnologiesaswellasaspectsofcrew

performanceandadaptation.,,ThefinalstepintheAuroraprogramisahumanmissiontoMarsinthe

2030s.

RegainingthetoppositioninscienceandtechnologyisanotherreasontosupportaMarsmission.

AccordingtoTheNewYorkTimes,thedominancetheUnitedStatesoncehadinscienceandinnovation

hasdeclinedinrecentyearsasthenumberofinternationalprizesandjournalpublicationsawardedto

EuropeanandAsianresearchershasincreased.JenniferBond,vicepresidentforinternationalaffairs

fortheCouncilonCompetitivenesssaid,“Manyothercountrieshaverealizedthatscienceand

technologyarekeytoeconomicgrowthandprosperity.They'recatchinguptous."Shewarnedthat

peopleintheUnitedStatesshouldnot“restontheirlaurels.^^ApollbytheAssocia