二手汽车-外文文献翻译

二手汽车-外文文献翻译学校代码：10128学号：200920302070学校代码：10128学号：200920302070英文参考文献及译文题目：题目：TheUsedCarIndustry姓名：马威学院：能源与动力工程系别：交通运输系专业：交通运输班级：交通运输09-2指导教师：高志鹰副教授二〇一三年六月TheUsedCarIndustryWithannualsalesofnearly$370billion,theusedvehicleindustryrepresentsalmosthalfoftheU.S.autoretailmarketandisthelargestretailsegmentoftheeconomy.In2005,about44millionusedcarsweresoldintheU.S.,whichismorethandoublethatofthenearly17millionnewcarssold.In1898,theEmpireStateMotorWagonCompanyisoneoftheveryfirstusedcarcompanies.Theusedvehiclemarketissubstantiallylargerthanotherlargeretailsectors,suchastheschoolandofficeproductsmarket($206billioninestimatedannualsales)andthehomeimprovementmarket($291billioninEstimatedannualsales).The\o"FederalTradeCommission"FederalTradeCommissionrecommendsthatconsumersconsideracarretailer’sreputationwhendecidingwheretopurchaseausedcar.IntheUnitedStates,anestimated34%ofconsumers(in2006)arebuyinga\o"Vehiclehistoryreport"Vehiclehistoryreportforusedcars.Vehiclehistoryreportsareonewaytocheckthetrackrecordofanyusedvehicle.Thereportmayindicateminor/moderatecollisiondamageorimpropervehiclemaintenance.Thesereportswillindicateitemsofpublicrecord,suchas\o"Vehicletitlebranding"vehicletitlebranding,\o"Lemonlaw"lemonlawbuybacks,\o"Odometerfraud"odometerfraud,and\o"Productrecall"productrecallvehiclehistoryreportsprovidecustomerswitharecordbasedonthevehicle'sserialnumber.Anattempttoidentifyvehicleswhichhavebeenpreviouslyownedbyhirecarrentalagencies,\o"Emergencyservice"policeandemergencyservicesortaxifleetsisalsomade.Consumersshouldresearchvehiclescarefully,asthesereportingservicesonlyreporttheinformationtowhichtheyhaveaccess.Insomeplacesthegovernmentisaproviderofvehiclehistory,butthisisusuallyalimitedserviceprovidinginformationonjustoneaspectofthehistory.TwovehiclehistoryreportingservicesusedtooffertheserviceforfreenamelyInstallVINandVinCheck.ButcurrentlycustomersneedtopaytoviewvehiclereportsthroughInstating.VinCheckbecamepartofAutoCheckandprovidesverylittleinformationforfree,andcustomersneedtobuyadetailedreport.Severaloftheservices,mostnotablythoseintheUnitedKingdomandtheUnitedStates,sellreportstodealersandthenencouragethedealerstodisplaythereportsontheirInternetsites.Thesereportsarepaidforbythedealerandthenofferedforfreetopotentialbuyersofthevehicle.Carcheckserviceisavailableonlineforthepublicandmotortrade.Companiesmayaddtothereportsadditionalinformationgatheredfrompolice,financeandinsurancecompanies.IntheUK,theDVLAprovidesinformation(\o"Carcheck"Carcheck)ontheregistrationofvehiclestocertaincompaniesforconsumerprotectionandanti-fraudpurposes.Usedcarpricingreportstypicallyproducethreeformsofpricinginformation.DealerorRetailPriceisthepriceyoushouldexpecttopayifbuyingfromalicensednew-carorused-cardealer—retailprice.DealerTrade-inPriceorwholesalepriceisthepriceyoushouldexpecttoreceivefromadealerifyoutradeinacar.Thisisalsothepricethatadealerwilltypicallypayforacaratadealerwholesaleauction.Private-PartyPriceisthepriceyoushouldexpecttopayifyouwerebuyingfromanindividual.Aprivate-partysellerishopingtogetmoremoneythantheywouldwithatrade-intoadealer.Aprivate-partybuyerishopingtopaylessthanthedealerretailprice.ThegrowthoftheInternethasfueledtheavailabilityofinformationonthepricesofusedcars.Thisinformationwasonceonlyavailableintradepublicationsthatdealershadaccessto.Therearenownumeroussourcesforusedcarpricing.Multiplesourcesofusedcarpricingmeansthatlistedvaluesfromdifferentsourcesmaydiffer.Eachpricingguidereceivingdatafromdifferentsourcesandmakesdifferentjudgmentsaboutthatdata.Pricingofusedcarscanbeaffectedbygeography.Forexample,\o"Convertible"convertibleshaveahigherdemandinwarmerclimatesthanincoolerareas.Similarly,\o"Pickuptruck"pickuptrucksmaybemoreindemandinruralthanurbansettings.Theoverallconditionofthevehiclehasamajorimpactonpricing.Conditionisbasedonappearances,vehiclehistory,mechanicalconditionandmileage.Thereismuchsubjectivityinhowtheconditionofacarisevaluated.Therearevarioustheoriesastohowthemarketdeterminesthepricesofusedcarssoldbyprivateparties,especiallyrelativetonewcars.Onetheorysuggeststhatnewcardealersareabletoputmoreeffortintosellingacar,andcanthereforestimulatestrongerdemand.Anothertheorysuggeststhatownersofproblematiccars("\o"TheMarketforLemons"lemons")aremorelikelytowanttoselltheircarsthanownersofperfectlyfunctioningvehicles.Therefore,someonebuyingausedcarbearsahigherriskofbuyingalemon.Acardealershiporvehiclelocaldistributionisabusinessthatsellsnewand/or\o"Usedcar"usedcarsatthe\o"Retail"retaillevel,basedonadealershipcontractwithan\o"Automaker"automakeroritssales\o"Subsidiary"subsidiary.Itemploys\o"Automobilesalesman"automobilesalespeopletodotheselling.Itmayalsoprovidemaintenance\o"Service(motorvehicle)"servicesforcars,thusemploying\o"Automobilemechanic"automobilemechanics,stockandsellspare\o"Automobileparts"automobileparts,andprocess\o"Warranty"warrantyclaims.InChina,anauthorizedcardealershipiscalled4Scarshops.The4SrepresentsSale,Sparepart,ServiceandSurvey.Inmostcases,brand-namenewcarscanbepurchasedonlyfrom4Sshops.Fornewcarsinhighdemand,apremiumissometimesaddedforinstantdeliveryorjustplacinganorder.Likewise,carswithhighsupplyareoftendiscounted.Theprofitofcardealersin\o"China"Chinaisquitehighcomparedtotherestoftheworld,inmostcases10%.Thisisduetothenon-transparentinvoicepriceasannouncedbymanufacturersandtothepremiumstheychargeforquickdelivery.Duetothelackofknowledgeformostcustomers,dealerscanselladd-onsatmuchhigherpricesthantheaftermarket.Thisfieldisruledby\o"EuropeanUnionregulation"CommissionRegulation(\o"EuropeanCommunity"EC)NO1400/2002of31July2002,ontheapplicationofarticle81(3)oftheTreatytocategoriesofverticalagreementsandconcertedpracticesinthe\o"Motorvehicle"motorvehicle\o"Listofrecognizedeconomicsectors"sector.IntheMemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion,motorvehicleand\o"Sparepart"sparepartmanufacturersdistributetheirproductsthroughnetworksofdistributors.Asfarasmotorvehiclesareconcerned,thesedistributorsarecommonlyknownasdealers.Motorvehiclemanufacturersandother\o"wikt:undertaking"undertakingsalsooperatenetworksofauthorized\o"Repairer(pagedoesnotexist)"repairers.Suchadistributionorrepairnetworkconsistsofabundleofsimilaragreementsbetweenthemanufacturerandtheindividualdistributorsorbodyshops.ForthepurposesofEUcompetitionlaw,theseagreementsarereferredtoas\o"Verticalagreement"verticalagreements,asthemanufactureranddistributororrepairereachoperateatdifferentlevelsoftheproductionordistributionchain.Whetheraverticalagreementactuallyrestrictscompetitionandwhetherinthatcasethebenefits\o"wikt:outweigh"outweightheanti-\o"Competitive"competitiveeffectswilloftendependonthemarketstructure.ThenewRegulation1400/2002,whichenteredintoforceon1October2002,introducesanumberofsubstantialchangesasregardstheexemptionofdistributionagreementsfornewmotorvehiclesandspareparts.Italsointroducesmajorchanges]asregardstheexemptionofagreementsfortheprovisionofrepairandmaintenanceservicesbyauthorizedandindependentrepairersandotherindependentoperators,suchas\o"Onroadassistanceoperator"onroadassistanceoperators,distributorsofsparepartsandprovidersoftrainingforrepairers.\o"AutoTransport"AutoTransportisusedtomovethevehiclefromthefactorytothedealerships.Thisincludescountrytocountryshippingaswellasstatetostateshipping.Autoshippingandtransportwaslargelyacommercialactivityconductedbydealers,manufacturersandbrokersuntilthelasttentofifteenyears.Theexplosionof\o"Internet"Internetusehasallowedthisnicheservicetogrowandreachthegeneralconsumermarketplace.ThiscarshippingindustryhasgrownexplosivelysincetheadventoftheInternet.Peoplearenowabletopurchasecarsfromanywhereintheworldandhavethemshippedtotheirdoorstep.UsedCarRoadshowisacarprogrammethatwasoriginallyairedonthe\o"Men&Motors"Men&Motorschannel,butnowitisalsoshownon\o"ITV4"ITV4.Theshowispresentedby\o"PennyMallory"PennyMalloryand\o"JasonDawe(television)"JasonDawe.Theshowairsforonehour.Eachprogrammeisfilmedatcarshowsthroughoutthe\o"UnitedKingdom"UK,whereenthusiastsdisplaytheircarsandcollections,aswellassomewhowanttosellandbuycars.PennyandJasonalwaysattempttopickthemosteyecatchingandunusualcarsattheseshows,aswellasdemonstratingbargainsthatcanbehadfromtheusedcarmarket.Everyprogrammehasadifferentscenario,whereaviewingmemberofthepublicislookingtobuyausedcar.Scenarioscanvaryfromthebudget-consciousstudentwantingtospendnomorethan£1500,tothemid20yearoldwantingasportscarfornomorethan£20,000.Therearealsoinbetweenswhowantsomethingeconomical,orgoodforlongdistancetouring,orforthefamily.TheygiveJasonthespecificationstheywant,andthethingstheywouldlikeandnotlike.ThroughouttheshowJasoncomesupwithdifferentcarstosuitthebuyer'sneeds,summarizingthepositivesandnegatives.Heoftenpicksthreecars,withonemysterycarthrownintointerestthebuyer.NormallythebuyerisgiventhreecarstoexamineanddecidefromwiththeguidanceofPennyandJasonthroughout,fromwhichonehastobedroppedbeforetheothertwocanbetested.ThetestdriveisnormallytakenwithPennyonboard,whogivesheropinionsonthecartogivethebuyerabetterinsightastowhattheymaywant.Ifthebuyerdecidesthathe/shedoesnotlikeoneofthecars,thenJasonwillthrowinhismysterycartoliventhingsup.Intheendthebuyerusuallymakesadecisiononthecartheywant,andattemptstonegotiatewithJason,whoconsequentlyringstheselleronairfromamobileandtriestoachievethebestdealpossibleforthebuyingmemberofthepublic.Asof2009,nonewseries/episodeshadaired.

二手车行业随着每年接近3700亿的成交量，二手车行业占据了美国接近半数的汽车零售市场，它也成为了最大的零售业务的经济体。在2005年，美国大约有4400万辆二手车成功交易，比新车交易量1700万辆的两倍还要多。在1898年，帝国汽车旅行公司是很早有很多二手车的公司之一。二手车市场明显大于其他的一些大型零售行业，比如学校和办公用品市场（每年的年销售大概是2060亿）以及家装市场（每年的年销售大概是2910亿）。联邦贸易委员会建议消费者在决定在哪里购买二手车的时候考虑汽车零售商的声誉。在美国，预计34％的消费者（2006年）为二手车购买一份车辆历史报告。车辆历史报告是检查任何一辆二手车记录的一种方式。车辆历史报告提供给消费者一份根据车辆序列号的报告。这些报告将指示公共记录的项目，例如车辆所有权的品牌，柠檬法回购，里程表欺诈以及产品召回。该报告可能表明轻微/中度碰撞损坏或车辆维修保养不当。有一种尝试也在进行中，它可以确定先前是否为汽车租赁机构，警察和紧急服务或者出租车队所拥有的。消费者应仔细研究车辆，因为上述所说的服务只能提供给他们有机会获得的信息。在一些地方，政府负责提供车辆历史报告，但是，这也是很有限的，只能提供车辆很少一部分的信息。车辆识别代码安装（Instating）和车辆识别代码检查（VinCheck）是过去免费提供车辆历史报告服务的。但是现在消费者需要支付一定的费用才能通过车辆识别代码安装（Instating）来看车辆报告。车辆识别代码检查（VinCheck）已经变成了自动检查（AutoCheck）的一部分，只提供很少一部分免费的信息，而消费者需要付费才能买到一份很详细的报告。特别在英国和美国，一些机构销售给经销商报告，然后鼓励经销商在他们的互联网站点上显示报告。这些报告由经销商支付，然后免费提供给车辆的潜在买家。在英国，DVLA为了保护消费者和反欺骗的目的提供车辆登记信息（车辆检查）给一些特定的公司。公司可能会增加一些从警察，金融和保险行业收集来的信息。汽车检查服务在网上对于大众和汽车交易也是可行的。二手车定价报告基本提供三方面定价信息。如果你想从持牌新车或者是二手车经销商那里购买，那么经销商或者零售价的价格应该是你所预想的那个价格。经销商贸易价格或批发价的价格应该和你购买一辆汽车从经销商那里得来的报价是差不多的。同时也应该和经销商在汽车拍卖会上购得汽车的价格差不多。私营党的价格应该和你个人购买的价格是一致的。一个私营党的卖方希望得到和经销商交易相比更多的钱，。而一个私营党的买方则希望花和经销商交易相比更少的钱。在市场上，通过私人机构有各种各样的理论决定二手车价格,特别是相对于新的汽车。其中一个理论