新概念英语第二册语法_第1页
新概念英语第二册语法_第2页
新概念英语第二册语法_第3页
新概念英语第二册语法_第4页
新概念英语第二册语法_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩17页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(一)

新概念二册语法精粹一、一般现在时

一、一般现在时:

1.构成:使用动词原形,第三人称单数须有变化。

(1)直接加"s",works,takes

(2)以辅音加“y”结尾,变y为“i”,再加“es",carrycarries

(3)以"o,s,x,ch,sh"结尾的动词加"es",goesdresseswatchesbrushes

2.功能:

(1)我现在的事实、状态或动作:

eg:Birdsfly.

Shelovesmusic.

Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.

(2)表习惯性动作或职业,常与often,sometimes,usually,always,everyweek,seldom,occasionally,

frequently等时间副词连用。

eg:Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.

Shewritestomeveryoften.

Tomandhisgirlfriendgoouttotakeapicnicoccasionally.

(3)表客观真理,格言警句或事实:

Theearthmovesroundthesun.

Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.

Twoandtwomakesfour.

Nomanbuterrs.人非圣贤,熟能无过。

(4)表将来:

A.在由when,after,before,as,assoonas,although,because,if,evenif,incase,till,untiL

unless,solongas,where,whatever,wherever等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表将来发生的动作。

(黄金重点,所有考试都不放过它!)

例如:I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.

Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.

Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.(不错的句型,背下!!)

I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.(很感人的句型!)

B.按时间表示将要发生的动作或事件,用一般现在时表达将来时概念。

Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.

Whendoestheplanetakeoff?

Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.

Accordingtothetimetable,theexpresstraintoShanghaistartsatnineinthemorning.

(按照时刻表,开往上海的特快列车早上7点出发。)

测试精编

1.TheBrownsanicecarandBrown'sbrotheranicejeep.

A.have/haveB.has/hasC.haveIhasD.has/have

2.Iftheirhousenotlikeours,whatitlooklike?

A.is/isB.is/doesC.does/doesD.does/is

3.-youthinkhewillcome?-Ifittomorrow,hewillnotcome.

A.Do/rainsB.Are/rainsC.Do/willrainD.Are/willrain

4.Thelittlechildnotevenknowthatthemoonaroundtheearth.

A.do/moveB.do/movesC.does/movesD.did/moved

5.Manyastudentfondoffilms,butagoodstudentseldomtothecinema

A.are/goesB.is/goesC.are/goD.is/go

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(二)

新概念二册语法精粹二、现在进行时:is/am/are+现在分词

1.表示现在正在进行的动作。如

Thekettleisboiling.ShallImaketea?

Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingonweight(体重增力口)。

Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.

2.表现阶段正进行的动作。

Heistakingphysicsthissemester(本学期)。

Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.

3.go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,returnjoin,etc,用于进行时态时表示即将开始的动作。

Look!Thebusiscoming.#!车来了!

Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.

AliceisleavingforBeijingwithhermother.

4.与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用,表示说话人带有感*彩:赞赏或厌恶。

Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.(他总是想着别人。)

Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.(这男孩不断地发出吵闹声。)

Theteacherisconstantly(always)criticizingherforbeinglate.(老师•直在批评她迟到。)

5.下面表示状态、感觉、情绪、精神活动的动词不可用于进行时。(此条戒律请背10遍!!!)

believe(相信),doubt(怀疑),see(看见),hear(听见),know(知道),understand(理解),

belong(属于),think(认为),consider(认为),feel(觉得),look(看起来),seem(看上去),

show(显示),mind(介意),have(有),sound(听起来),taste(尝起来),require(要求),

possess(拥有),care(关心),like(喜欢),hate(讨厌),love(喜爱),detest(憎恨),desire

(意欲)

【简单记忆】:

•永远不要说I'mbelieving…或Heisseeingahouse.再简单,点说,这些动词后面不要随意加・ing.

•可怕的是:我们在写作及口语中常犯此类大错!

•注意:haveaparty/thinkabout可以用进行时,因为这里have意为“举行";think意为“考虑

测试精编:

1.HowcanyouIfyouarenot?

A.listening/hearingB.hear/listening

C.belistening/heardD.behearing/listeningto

2.Thegirlevenwon'thaveherlunchbeforesheherhomework.

A.willfinishB.isfinishing

C.hadfinishedD.finishes

3.Thosewhohaveappliedforthepost(职位)intheoffice.(此题超前)

A.arebeinginterviewedB.areinterviewing

C.interviewingD.tobeinterviewing

4.Theoldscientisttodomoreforthecountry.

A.iswishingB.hasbeenwishing

C.wishesD.hasbeenwished

5.Ifhe,don'twakehimup.

A.stillsleepsB.isstillsleeping

C.stillhasbeensleepingD.willbesleepingstill

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(三)

新概念英语第二册语法精粹(三)一般过去时。

1.表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况。

Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.

IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.

Chinawasfoundedin1949.

2.在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。(参)

Shetoldmethatshewouldnotgowithusifitrainedthenextday.

Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.

Myfriendpromisedtomarrymeonceshemadeherfinaldecision.

3.一般过去时,现在时和过去时的儿组差异:(别以为这很简单,下面的差异你不一定明白。)

•Herbrotherwasachemist.(已去世)

•Herbrotherisachemist.(尚健在)

•That'sallIhadtosay.(话已说完)

•That'sallIhavetosay.(言之未尽)

•Itwassonicetoseeyou.(离别时用)

•Itissonicetoseeyou.(见面时用)

•Janedidalotofworkthismorning.(i_l是当天下午或晚上)

•Janehasdonealotofworkthismorning.(仍是上午)[木句现在完成时,此乃后话!]

测试精编I:(用所给动词的正确进态填空)。

1.YesterdayI(think)thatyouwerenotinBeijing.

2.Aliceusually(sit)inthefrontoftheclassroom,butshe(sit)atthebackthis

morning.

3.He(tell)thenewstousthreedaysago.

4.He(begin)toteachChinesein1990.

5.shewouldnottelephonemeifshe(have)notime.

测试精编II:

1.Theythetripuntiltherainstopped.

A.continuedB.didn'tcontinue

C.hadn'tcontinuedD.wouldcontinue

2.Thelocalpeasantsgavethesoldiersclothesandfoodwithoutwhichtheyofhungerand

cold,(without在这里表条件,你知道吗?)

A.woulddieB.willdieC.wouldbedeadD.wouldhavedied

3.ItwasnotuntilthenthatIcametoknowthattheeartharoundthesun.

A.movedB.hasmovedC.willmoveD.moves

4.Whenallthosepresent(到场者)hebeganhislecture.(重点题)

A.sitB.setC.seatedD.wereseated

5.IfIhadhadtime,Iwouldhavewrittentoyou.ButinfactInot.

A.haveB.wouldhaveC.hadD.hadhad

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(四)

新概念二册语法精粹四.过去进行时:were/was+现在分词

1.表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。

Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.

WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.

Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.

2.用于条件状语从句中表示过去将来进行的动作。

Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.

IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.

3.过去某时将发生的事。可参考一2(4)

TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.

HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.

测试精编:

1.Mybrotherwhilehehisbicycleandhurthimself.

A.fell/wasridingB.feel/wereriding

C.hadfallen/rodeD.hadfallen/wasriding

2.Hehislegasheinafootballmatch.

A.broke/playedB.wasbreaking/wasplaying

C.broke/wasplayingD.wasbreaking/played

3.-Myfatherwillbeheretomorrow.-Ithoughtthathetoday.

A.wascorningB.iscoming

C.willcomeD.comes

4.Jackwasgoingoutoftheshopwhenhecollidedwithanoldwomanwhoin.

A.comeB.wascomingC.hadbeencomingD.hadcome

5.Michikecouldn'tcometothetelephonewhenMr.Smithcalledherbecausesheinthelab.

A.hadbeenworkingB.hasbeenworking

C.wasworkingD.worked

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(五)

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(五)

现在完成时:have/has+过去分词

1.表示过去所发生的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果。常与yet,just,before,recently,lately(最近),

ever,never等表时间的副词搭配使用。

•Hehasn'tseenherlately.

•Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.

2.表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在并可能持续下去的动作,常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。

如:sofar(迄今为止),uptillnow(直到现在),since,foralongtime(很长时间),uptopresent(直

到现在),inthepast/inthelastfewyears(在过去的几年里),thesedays(目前)...

Hehasworkedherefor15years.

IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.

TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.

Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.

3.某些非延续性动词(即:动作开始便终止的动词),在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间状语搭配。

黄金要点:

I.常见的非延续动词:die,arrive(到达),join(加入),leave(离开),go,refuse(拒绝),fail(失

败),finish,buy,marry,divorce(离婚),awake(醒),buy,borrow,lend...(背三遍!)

II.这类动词并非不能用现在完成时,而是不能接常由for引导的时间状语。

III.但若是用在否定句中,非延续动词的现在完成时可以与表示段时间的状语连用。

•Shehasgoneawayforamonth.(误)

•Shehasbeenawayforamonth(IE)

•Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.(误)

•Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.(1E)

•Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?(误)

•Howlonghaveyougotthebook.(正)

4.注意since的用法:

Theyhaven'thadanytroublesincetheycamehere.

Ithasbeentenyearssincewemetlasttime.

Hehasbeenheresince1980.

Hehasbeenheresincetenyearsago.

5.几组对比:

HehasgonetoShanghai.他到上海去了。

HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。

Shehasgone.她已走了。

Sheisgone.她缺席了。(or她死了。)

Thedoorhasbeendosed.门关上了。(动作)

Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。(状态)

测试精编:

1.Thepricesgoingupallthetimeinthepastfewyears.

A.keepB.keptC.havekeptD.arekeeping

2.Forthewholeperiodoftwomonths,therenoraininthisarea.

A.isB.w川beC.hasbeenD.havebeen

3.TodayisJane'sweddingday.SheJohn.

A.havejustmarriedwithB.wasjustmarriedto

C.hasjustbeenmarriedtoD.justhasbeenmarriedto

4.Nowondertheflowerhavewithered,theyanywaterforages.

A.hadn'tB.haven'tC.haven'thadD.hadn'thad

5.Nowadayscomputerawideapplicationwiththedevelopmentofproductionandscience.

A.foundB.hasfoundC.findsD.hadfound

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(六)

新概念二册语法精粹第六章英语句型基本结构

精要:五种基本句型

1.主+谓(不及物动词)

Mancanthink.Thefireisburning.

不可忽视:常用不及物动词有break,breathe,burn,smoke,swim,skate,appear,disappear,work,

thinketc.

2.主+谓+表语(系动词)

Hebecameascientist.

Sheisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful.

不可忽视:常用系动词:be,get,turn,feel,seem,appear,looktaste,sound,smell,become,

go,proveetc.

3.主+谓+宾(及物动词)

Welovepeace.

Theywillpaintthedoor.

常用动词有:see,watch,need,love,like,study,answer,carry,etc.

4.主+谓+宾+宾补

Weelectedhimpresident.

Theypaintedthedoorwhite.

Iadvisedthestudentstorecitethetexts.

王牌重点:常用作其补的形式:(请将每个例句大声朗读一遍)

(1)名词:

ThecouplenamedtheirbabyJohnson.

(2)形容词:

Ikeepthedooropen.

(3)副词:

Thenaughtyboyknockedthebottleover.

(4)不定式:

Heorderedhismentofire.

(5)分词:

Heheardmesinging.

Isawthevasebroken.

(6)介词短语:

Theylookonhimasateacher.

(7)名词性从句:

Iaskedhimwhathewasdoing.

5.(1)主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语

Myfriendboughtmeagift.

Ipassedhimthebook.

(2)主+谓+直宾+介词+间宾

Myfriendboughtagiftforme.

Ipassedthebooktohim.

忘记就意味着背叛->

常与介词for搭配的动词有:

buy,make,doget,play,call,choose,cook,fetch,find,keeporder,save,etc.

常与介词to搭配的动词有:

bring,give,grant,hand,pass,lend,offer,pay,promise,sell,send,show,each,tell,throw,write,

etc.

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(七)

七.过去完成时:had+过去分词

1.表示过去某个动作或某个具体时间之前已经发生、完成的动作。“过去的过去”。

•TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.

•TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.

2.过去完成时常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than等固定句型结构中。(此乃超级重点

句型,意为:“一……就”)

•Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.

•Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.

(注意nosooner在句首时句型倒装。)

3.intend(打算),mean(意味),hope(希望),want(想要),plan(计划)等动词的过去完成时

用来表示本打算做而没有做的事。

•Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.

(...原想昨天去看你....)

•Theyhadplanedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecausethebadweather.

(……原计划上周举行一场足球赛……)

测试精编:

1.-Let'shurry!Thepresidentiscoming.-Oh,Iwasafraidthatwe.

A.alreadymisshimB.hadalreadymissedhim

C.willmisshimalreadyD.havealreadymissedhim

2.YourlettercamejustasImyoffice.

A.wasleavingB.wouldleave

C.hadleftD.left

3.Imykeys,Ican'trememberwhereIlastsawthem.

A.waslosingB.lostC.hadlostD.havelost

4.Nobodyknewwheretheteacher.

A.hasgoneB.wouldhavegone

C.hadgoneD.wouldbegone

5.Thesportsmentrainingfor3hourswhenthecoachtoldthemtobreakoffforrest.

A.havebeenB.are

C.hadbeenD.were

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(八)

新概念二册语法精粹八.一般将来时:shall/will+动词

A.一般将来时:shall/will+动词原形

1.友示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

•Hewillgraduatefromthecollegenextyear.

•Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.

2.将来时的其它结构:(务必背下!)

I.begoingtodosomething.打算做某事。(美国口语中常读作begonna)

•I'mgoingtobuyanewcoatthisfall.

[begoingto与will的对比:卜.列情况须用will]

•I'llbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.

•Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow.

•Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.

II.be+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或用来征求意见。

•AmItotakeoverhiswork?

•Wearetomeetatthegate.

III.beabouttodosth.即将做某事。

•Thetalkisabouttobegin.

3.重点补充:

beonthepointofdoingsth.正要做某事

setouttodosth.着手做某事

setaboutdoingsth.开始做某事

测试精编:

1.-"Themeetingisscheduledtobeginat7o'clock.'*

「'Butadelay."

A.itwillbeB.there'dbe

C.therewillbeD.thereis

2.He'llleaveforParisbeforeyounextweek.

A.willcomebackB.willbeback

C.comebackD.cameback

3.Ournextmeetingon1stDecember.

A.hasbeenheldB.willhold

C.istobeheldD.isholding

4.Whereawill,thereisaway.

A.therewillhaveB.hasbeenthere

C.thereisD.therehasbeen

5.ItbeWednesdaytomorrow.

A.isgoingtoB.willC.isabouttoD.isto

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(九)

—>过去将来时的构成:

过去将来时的谓语为:would/should+动词原形(would通用于所有人称,should只用于第一

人称;should和would可缩写为“'d";shouldnot和wouldnot的缩写形式分别为shouldn't和

wouldn'to)

二、过去将来时的用法:

1.表示从过去某个时刻看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句中。

•Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.

ItoldherIshould(或would)returnthebookinafewdays.

Mr.Smithtoldmethathe*dbegintowritethebooksoon.

测试精编:

1.OntelevisionlastnightthenewscasterannouncedthattheleaderonSaturday.

A.isarrivingB.willarrive

C.wouldbearrivedD.wouldarrive

2.Hetoldusthathewouldbeginthedictationwhenweready.

A.willbeB.wouldbeC.wereD.are

3.Myaunttoseeus,shewouldbeheresoon.

A.iscorningB.wascoming

C.cameD.hadcame

4.Theywouldbegivenanewhouseifmorethenextyear.

A.willbebuiltB.wouldbebuilt

C.arebuiltD.werebuilt

新概念英语第二册语法精粹及练习(十)

一.过去完成进行时的构成为:hadbeen+现在分词

Ihadbeenherewaitingfor30minutesbeforehearrived.他到之前,我已等了30分钟了。

二.过去完成进行时的用法

表示动作从过去某•时间之前开始,到过去某一时间仍在进行或刚刚结束;同过去完成时•样,过

去完成进行时必须以某一特定过去时间为前提。同现在完成时相似,过去完成进行时也强调动作的持续性。

如:

HehadbeenlivingherebeforehewenttoEngland.

Ihadbeenwaitingintheroomforhalfanhourbeforeshecalledmein.

在她喊我进去之前,我已经在房间里等了半个小时

•ShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.

比较:

Thegirlhadcleaneduptheroom,soitwastidy.

Thegirlhadbeenclearinguptheroom,sowehadtowaitoutside.

测试精编:

1.Itforfourdayswhenwearrived,sotheroadswereverymuddy.

A.wasrainingB.wouldberainingC.hadbeenrainingD.hasrained

2.Hetoldusthathetheresince1982.

A.hasbeenlivingB.hadbeenliving

C.wouldhavelivedD.wasliving

3.HehadbeenlearningEnglishfor3yearsbeforehecamehereandnow.

A.isstilllearningB.hadbeenlearning

C.wasstilllearningD.hasbeenlearning

4.Bytheendoflastweek,heinthecompanyfor10years.

A.hadworkedB.hadbeenworking

C.willhaveworkedD.wouldhaveworked

5.Notuntilthendidpeopleknowthatheimportantmilitaryinformationtotheenemyforalong

time.

A.soldB.wouldsellC.hadsoldD.hadbeenselling

新概念英语第一册自学必备资料下载汇总

新概念英语第I册补充教材(新东方在线新概念英语网络课堂课件)

新概念英语第一册有声E书电子书下载

新概念英语教师用书第一册下载

【新概念英语】第一册笔记PDF下载

新概念第一册全新全绎电子书下载

新概念英语第一册MP3+lrc歌词

新概念英语第一册词汇手册电子书下载

新概念英语第•册讲解电子书下载

新概念英语第一册语法总结下载

新概念英语教程第•册完美排版TXT格式下载

新概念英语第二册自学必备资料下载汇总

新概念英语第2册精美排版TXT格式下载

新概念英语第二册词汇手册电子书下载

新概念英语第二册笔记电子书下载

新概念第二册笔记word版和pdf版全下载

新概念英语第二册笔记WORD格式

新概念英语教师用书第二册

《新概念英语》第二册语法精粹

【新概念英语】第二册精美笔记下载

新概念英语第二册笔记pdf(96课全)

新概念英语有声E书第二册电子书下载

新概念英语第二册全86篇电子书下载

新概念英语第三册自学必备资料下载汇总

新概念英语第3册精美排版TXT格式下我

新概念英语第三册词汇手册电子书下载

新概念第三册经典句子电子书下载

新概念第三册笔记(自学新概念的宝典)

新概念第三册课文精读详解50篇PDF下载

新东方新概念第三册完整笔记共130多页WORD下载

新概念自学导读第三册下载

新概念英语教师用书第三册下载

新概念英语第3册补充教材(新东方在线新概念英语网络课堂课件)

新概念英语第四册自学必备资料下载汇总(更新中)

新概念英语第四册句型精华21篇电子书卜.载

新概念英语第4册精美排版TXT格式下载

新概念英语第四册词汇手册电子书下载

新概念第四册句子精粹电子书下载

新概念第四册课文打印版(适合于背诵)

新概念英语有声E书第4册

新概念英语教师用书第四册卜载

新概念第四册句子精粹电子书下载

新概念英语第四册词汇手册汇总及文本卜载

新概念英语第四册手机电子书下载

1、Ifyoudon'tgoafterwhatyouwant,you'llneverhaveit.Ifyoudon'task,theanswerisalways

no.Ifyoudon'tstepforward,you'realwaysinthesameplace.不去追逐你所渴求,你将永

远不会拥有。不开口问,回答永远是No。不往前走,就将永远停留

2、Havingaprettyfaceisattractivebuthavingabeautifulpersonalityisthe"Mainattraction"------

有一张漂亮的脸蛋很吸引人,但有一颗美好的心灵才是最大的亮点.

3、Loveisphotogenic.Itneedsdarknesstodevelop.爱情就象照片,需要大量的暗房时间来培

养。

4、I'mconvincedthattheonlythingthatkeptmegoingwasthatIlovedwhatIdid.------Steve

Jobs

我确信我热爱我所做的事情,这就是这些年来支持我继续走下去的唯一理山.(斯蒂芬•乔

布斯)

5、Lifefirstlie,generallystartfromwritingacomposition.Becauselyingbyrecognized.人生第

一次撒谎,一般是从写作文开始的。因为撒谎受到了认可。

6、Wefocusonthepast,andallwefeelispain.Butifwefocusonthefuture,allweseeis

人人网《潮流英语》公共主页是人人网最大的英语学习交流分享平台,以快乐

高效学英语为主题,英语成绩一直无法突破?赶紧来关注吧!

p

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

最新文档

评论

0/150

提交评论