高考英语二轮复习第二部分专题一主旨大意课件

专题一主旨大意-2-Ⅰ.词汇复习13(根据汉语提示填入以g开头的单词的适当形式,然后背诵情景,熟记以g开头的课标高频词汇。)【情景】Togaina15%discountofsome1.goods(商品),suchasgas,grain

andothergroceries,manyGermans

2.grasped(抓住)thechanceand3.gathered(聚集)atthegateofthesupermarket.Agentlemanwhomightbeageneral

4.glanced(扫视)overthecrowd,makingagenerous

gesturetothepeopleandtoldthemthegoalofthegovernmentwasto5.guarantee(确保)thateveryonecouldbegiven

gifts

gradually.译文:为了获得一些商品百分之十五的折扣,像汽油、谷类以及其他杂货,很多德国人抓住这次机会,聚集在超市的门口。一位绅士,也许是位将军,扫视了一下人群,向他们做出了大方的表示,并且告诉他们政府的目的是确保人人都可以逐渐地得到礼物。-3-Ⅱ.高考范文必背(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)假定你是李华,暑假想去一家外资公司兼职,已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教MsJenkins写信,请她帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。注意:1.词数100左右;2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。-4--5-主旨大意题,主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作意图等形式出现,此类题属于能力型题目。主旨大意题的选项特点:正确选项通常不含细节信息和绝对意义的词,能概括文章全部内容。干扰项通常是以以下方式设置:以偏概全,选项过于笼统,选项内容是命题者杜撰的或选项为无关信息等。-6-一、标题归纳类主旨大意题考生在做标题归纳类试题时要注意标题的三个特性,即醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。其主要设题形式有:Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis

.

Themostsuitabletitleofthispassageis

.

Whatwouldbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?Thesuitableheadlineofthepassagemaybe

.

-7-方法突破1.领悟主旨要义,避免以偏概全标题归纳类主旨大意题考查考生对文章的领悟和概括能力。所选文章标题必须能概括全文的中心内容,即标题涵盖性强,能覆盖全文;标题要体现主题,既不能太大,也不能过于片面,即标题所指的范围要恰当;标题准确性要强,表意准确,与文章的感情色彩相同。总之,考生应认真揣摩作者的写作意图,弄清文章的篇章结构,避免以下三种错误:概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体);过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);以事实或细节代替抽象概念的主旨大意。-8-2.逆向思维,避重就轻采用逆向思维法解题,先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题,然后假设按照这个标题,文章通常应该怎么写、写什么;再根据其核心词,考生就可以大致确定文章的结构和内容了。如果二者与短文基本相同,就可以判断该项正确;如果与短文大相径庭,就可以判断该项不正确。-9--10--11-Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanberudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.-12--13-35.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold解析:B

标题概括题。通读全文内容可知,文章主要说明沉默具有文化差异性,在不同的文化中,沉默表达的含义和所起的作用各不相同。因此B项最具概括性。-14--15-...Andsoitiswithsmartphones.Sometextsfromfriendsdistractusfromourdailylives;otherswrench(使痛苦)oursouls.Q:Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.HoldthePhone!B.Goodbye,Smartphones!C.TechnologyIsDouble-edgedD.SmartphonesMakeanImpactonSocialSkillsA-16-二、文章大意类主旨大意题一篇文章总是有中心思想的,获取文章中心思想的方法就是找主题句。主题句通常在首段或结尾段,但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。因此,在阅读时要对文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句给予特别的关注。其主要设题形式有:Themainpurposeofthearticleistoshowthat

.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Thewriterofthepassagewantstotellusthat

.

Thepassageismainlyabout

.

Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethepassage?Whatisthesubjectdiscussedinthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydealwith?-17-方法突破选项、文章双结合,避免看懂文章却出错有的文章主旨贯穿于全文,这就需要考生通读全文,抓住每段或每个层次的主要含义,对获取的信息进行加工、提炼,通过对语篇的分析把握文章内部各层次间的逻辑关系,将每段的主题综合起来,找出文章的中心。但是考生在解答文章主旨大意类试题时,常会出现看懂文章却做错题这一现象。因为考生在选择文章主旨大意时,常会犯以偏概全的错误。要避免出现这种错误,考生首先要明白自己懂的是全文的中心思想还是细节,懂的是词汇的字面意思还是其蕴含的意义;然后以“三主一问”作为解题思路。“三主”指文章的主题思想、文章的结构主线和关键句的主谓结构。“一问”指根据文章后面所设的问题来发问:此题的考查点是什么?考生一定要读懂题干,这样在阅读文章时才能站得高,看得远,从而知全局。-18-例(2020·全国Ⅲ卷,C)Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤独),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law:shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol—oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,

bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.-19--20--21-31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries.B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain.D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.解析:D

主旨大意题。文章第一段就点明了主题:more

families

are

choosing

to

live

together。再由下文内容可知,文章主要介绍了在英国越来越多的家庭选择合住这一社会现象。-22-演练2AsanauthorwithadegreeinEnglish,33-year-oldTomWilliamshasachievedmorethanmanypeoplewillinalifetime.Whatmakesthoseachievementsmoreimpressiveisthathe’sdyslexic(诵读困难的)....Itwasn’tuntiltheageof17thathewasgivenatestfordyslexiathatshowedwhyhe’dstruggledforsolong.Noteveryoneunderstandsdyslexiasowell.“Ifteachersaren’ttrainedtorecognizesignsofdyslexia,theywillthinkchildrenarelessableandmaythinkit’scarelessness.”hesays.-23-D解析:主旨大意题。根据文中的“As

an

author”和“What

makes

those

achievements

more

impressive

is

that

he’s

dyslexic.”可知,文章主要讲述了诵读困难症患者Tom

Williams克服困难,最终成了一位作家的故事。-24-三、段落大意类主旨大意题每个段落通常都有一个中心,通常中心思想会在该段首句或末句体现出来,即常说的段落主题句。一般说来,采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后。若主题句出现在段首,则文章多为说明文和议论文。主题句也可能出现在段落的中间。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句,考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。其主要设题形式有:Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat

.

Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?WhatdoesthewritertrytoexpressinParagraph...?WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraph...?WhatisthemainideadiscussedinParagraph...?-25-方法突破如何找准主题句找准主题句是确定文章主旨大意的主要方法。主题句在文中的位置:开门见山:提出主题——细节支撑——阐明主题;段末点睛:细节描述——归纳要点——概括主题;段中点旨:细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。在阅读非故事性文章如科普说明文时,主题句尤其明显。有的文章的主题句不明显,隐含在段落之中,考生要注意辨别。-26-例(2019·浙江卷,C)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素).Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.-27--28--29-27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.解析:A

段落大意题。通读第二段可知,在加利福尼亚的不同地区,大树减少的程度都非常严重。由此可知,本段主要讲述加利福尼亚大树减少的严峻性。故选A项。-30-演练3...Originallyyouhadtobreakthebanktogettothemoney,bringinginasenseofseriousnessintosavings.Whilepiggybanksteachchildrenthewisdomofsaving,adultsoftenneedtorelearnchildhoodlessons.Thinkaboutthethingsinlifethatrequirelargeamountsofmoney—collegeeducation,weddings,cars,medicalcare,startingabusiness,buyingahome,andfunstufflikegreattrips.Sowhenyouhavemoney,takeoffthetop10%,putitaside,saveandinvestwisely.-31-Q:Thelastparagraphtalksabout

.

A.theseriousnessofeducatingchildrenB.theenjoymentoftakingagreattripC.theimportanceofmanagingmoneyD.thedifficultyofstartingabusinessC解析:段落大意题。“Originally

you

had

to

break

the

bank

to

get

to

the

money,bringing

in

a

sense

of

seriousness

into

savings.”是本段的主题句,主要讲述了管理钱财的重要性,要认真严肃地对待。故选C项。-32-演练4Forpatients,telemedicineappsareacheap,easyalternativetonon-emergencyconsultations.Askingtext-basedquestionsonHealthTapandAskMDisfree,anda15-minuteappointmentviaDoctoronDemandcosts$40(roughlythesameasaregularco-pay,exceptthatitdoesn’trequireinsurance).Fordoctors,theappsareatooltoattractnewpatientsandmakealittleextracashduringtheirdowntime.Andforhospitals,they’reameanstostreamlinecareforexistingpatients.AsMurrayAitken,executivedirectorofIMSInstituteforHealthcareInformatics,putsit,“Wearegoingtoseeamajorchangeinhowmedicineispracticed.”-33-Q:Theparagraphismainlyabouttelemedicineapps’

.

C解析:段落大意题。根据文中的“For

patients,telemedicine

apps

are

a

cheap,easy

alternative

to

non-emergency

consultations.”“For

doctors,the

apps

are

a

tool”和“And

for

hospitals,they’re

a

means

to

streamline

care

for

existing

patients.”可知,该段从病人、医生和医院三个方面谈及了“telemedicine

apps”的好处。故选C项。-34-ABCWedonotusuallythinkabouthowourlanguageworks.Talkingissuchanatural,everydayactivitythatwedonotoftenstoptoconsiderhowitactuallyworks.Whenwedostudyourlanguage,though,weareoftensurprisedthatweareabletounderstandourconversations.Wordscanmeansomanydifferentthings.However,itturnsoutthatthespeakingsituationhelpsalotinmakinglanguagework.-35-ABCFirst,thespeakingsituationhelpsmakewordsmoreparticular.Forexample,theword“dog”candescribeadogthataspeakersawinadream.Itcanalsobeusedtodiscussaneighbor’sdog.Nolanguagehasaseparatewordfortheidea“dogthatIsawyesterday”andanotherwordfortheidea“dogthatIsawinadream”.Thisisbecausethespeakingsituationmakesitclearwhatspeakersmeanwhentheyusewords.So,whenyouhaveaconversationwithyourneighbor,theknowledgethatyouhaveadogtellsyourneighborwhattheword“dog”probablymeansinthatsituation.-36-ABCThespeakingsituationalsohelpsmakelanguageclearer.Forexample,theword“bank”hastwopossiblemeanings.Itcanmean“aplacewherepeoplekeepmoney”,butitcanalsomean“thesideofariver”.Sothesentence“Iwenttothebank”isnotclear.ItcouldmeanIwenttothesideoftheriveroritcouldmeanIwenttotheplacewheremymoneyiskept.However,ifthespeakeristalkingaboutfishingorgoingtothemountains,othersprobablyknowthat“bank”means“thesideofariver”.Thethingsthatspeakerssaymaynotalwaysbeclear.Sometimesthewordsarenotveryparticular,butthespeakingsituationcanprovidethemeaning.Othertimeswordsmayhavemanymeanings.Thenthespeakingsituationlimitstherightmeaning.Thisextraknowledgefromthesituationisveryimportanttounderstandlanguage.-37-ABC【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出,许多单词都有不同的意思,这就需要人们根据语境来判断单词的具体含义,并用dog和bank举例,进一步讲述了语境对语言的理解起着很大作用。-38-ABC1.Thepassageismainlyabout

.

A.thebesttimeandplacetotalktoothersB.howthespeakingsituationhelpslanguageworkC.whattosayindifficultsituationsD.howourlanguageworksB解析:主旨大意题。由文章第一段的最后一句“However,it

turns

out

that

the

speaking

situation

helps

a

lot

in

making

language

work.”可知,语境对语言的理解有重大作用。此句点明了全文的主旨,然后下文进行了详细的论述。故选B项。-39-ABC2.Accordingtothepassage,wecansafelysaythat

.

A.thespeakingsituationdoesnotaffectthemeaningofwordsB.speakingisnotverynaturalformostpeopleC.thespeakingsituationisnotimportantD.peopleoftendonotconsiderhowtalkingworksD解析:细节理解题。根据第一段中的“We

do

not

usually

think

about

how

our

language

is

such

a

natural,everyday

activity

that

we

do

not

often

stop

to

consider

how

it

actually

works.”可知D项正确。-40-ABC3.Byusingtheexampleoftheword“dog”,thewriterwantstoshowthat

.

A.awordmayneedtobeexplainedinaconversationB.awordmayhavedifferentmeaningsC.thespeakingsituationhelpspeopleunderstandtheparticularmeaningofawordD.themeaningofwordsisnotparticularC解析:推理判断题。根据第二段的第一句“First,the

speaking

situation

helps

make

words

more

particular.”和下文的“For

example”可知,下文正是用dog一词举例论证该句。故选C项。-41-ABC4.Accordingtothepassage,wecanknowthemeaningoftheword“bank”byreferringto

.

A.thetimeandtheplacewheretheconversationhappensB.theoccupationofthepersonwhousesthewordC.earlierorlaterpartsoftheconversationD.areliabledictionaryC解析:细节理解题。根据第三段所讲,作者用bank一词举例说明对话中这个词之前或之后的部分决定了这个词的含义。故C项正确。-42-ABCOnewinter,mycousinandIwereplayingtoyblocksintheyard.Mymomwasoutforshoppingtogetgroceriesandmydadwasasleepupstairsinhisroom.Suddenly,itstartedtosnow.Firstitwasjustalittle.Butthenitstartedtopourheavily.Then,weputthefinishingtouchestoourblocksandheadedbackinside.RightwhenIopenedtheslidingglassdoor,mycousinfelldownontheslipperywoodenstairs.Iletgoofthedoor,myworstmistake,yousee.ThedoorlockedautomaticallybutIhadputarock,rightnexttothedoorsoitwouldn’tclose.ButwhileIwasrunningtomycousin’saidI’daccidentallykickedtherock.-43-ABCNow,mycousinandIwerelockedoutside.Andunfortunatelyitstartedtogetreallywindy.Itwasreallyfreezingwiththesnow.Firstwestartedtocallmydad,buthewassleepingsoundly.Imeansleep-through-a-tornado-soundly.Itwasofnouse.ThenItriedtoclimboverthefencebutitdidn’tworkbecausethefencewasicedbysnowandwind,andthefencewassixfeethigh.So,Iclimbeduptomytreehouseandbrainstormedsomeideasonwaystogetout.Atonepoint,Iwasseriouslyconsideringjumpingoutofthetreehouseandusingthetrampoline(蹦床)tojumpoverthefence.-44-ABCSo,wegottowork.First,Itookoutthetrampoline.ThenIstartedtojump.Firsttry—Ialmostcrackedmyhead.Secondtry—thistimeIconvincedmycousintodoitbutatthelastsecond,hechickenedout.Thirdtry—Ijumpedandmissedbutatthelastsecond,myhandcaughtthefence,andwithalotofpushingIfinallyclimbedoverthefenceandluckily,Ifellonabigsnowdrift.

Finally,mymomcameback.ThenIgotinsideandunlockedthedoorformycousintogetin.Thenwesharedthisstorywithmymomanddad.【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文。作者叙述的是自己小时候和表弟在院子里玩耍、探险的故事。-45-ABC1.Whentheauthorwantedtojumpout,themainproblemwasthat

.

A.thefencewasicyB.thefencewasslipperyandhighC.thetrampolinecouldn’tbeartheweightD.thetrampolinewastoosmallB解析:细节理解题。

根据文章第四段的第一句“Then

I

tried

to

climb

over

the

fence

but

it

didn’t

work

because

the

fence

was

iced

by

snow

and

wind,and

the

fence

was

six

feet

high.”可知作者想跳出去但是篱笆太滑并且很高。-46-ABC2.Theattitudeoftheauthor’scousintowardsjumpingonthetrampolineseems

.

A解析:观点态度题。passive“消极的”;positive“积极的”;indifferent“冷淡的”;objective“客观的”。根据文章第五段的“Second

try—this

time

I

convinced

my

cousin

to

do

it

but

at

the

last

second,he

chickened

out.”可知作者的表弟对于跳蹦床的态度是消极的。故选A项。-47-ABC3.Thephrase“chickenedout”inParagraph5mostprobablymeans“

”.

A.felldown

B.criedout