维多利亚时代简介 (权威英文版)

维多利亚时代简介(权威英文版)EnglishLiteratureintheVictorianPeriodQueenVictoriaEnglishLiteratureintheVictorianPeriodVictoria:1819-1901QueenVictoriatookthronein1837(at18)Longreign,diedin1901(at82)andbecameoneofthemostpowerfulandsuccessfulrulersinEnglishhistory.Her63-yearreignwasthelongestinBritishhistory.GreatBritainreachedtheheightofitspowerduringthisperiod.

EnglandbecamewealthiestnationAsaresult,thetimeofVictoria’sreign

isoftencalledtheVictorianAge.Victoria’sachievementDuringtheVictoriaAge,greateconomic,social,andpoliticalchangesoccurredinBritain.Economically:Britainwentthroughaperiodofrapidindustrializationandenjoyedtremendousindustrialexpansionathome.Railroadsandlandscrisscrossedthecountry.Scienceandtechnologymadegreatadvances.Politically:ItbuiltagreatcolonialempireandtheBritishEmpirereachesitsheightandcoveredaboutthefourthoftheworld’sland.“ThesunneversetsonEngland.”Queen-empressover200millionpeoplelivingoutsideGreatBritainIndia,NorthAmerica,SouthPacific,etc.Socially:Thesizeofthemiddle-classgrewenormously.Btthe1850s,moreandmorepeopleweregettingeducation.Thegovernmentintroduceddemocraticreforms.Forexle,anincreasingnumberofpeoplereceivedtherighttovote.ProblemsInspiteoftheprosperityoftheVictorianAge,factoryworkersandfarmworkerslivedinterriblepoverty.Richpeoplelivedonpoorpeoplewiththecoverofreligion.Englandwastwonations,onerichandonepoor.Newscientifictheoriesseemedtochallengemanyreligiousbeliefs.ThemostcontroversialtheoryappearedintheOriginofSpecies(1859)bythebiologistCharlesDarwinledmanypeoplefeelthattraditionalvaluescouldnolongerguidetheirlives.Writersalsoanalyzedthelossoffaithintraditionalvalues.CriticalRealismArealisticpresentationofthesufferingsoftheworkingclass,tothecriticismofEnglishinstitutions,andtotheeducationofthemasses.FeaturesofCriticalRealism1.Todisclosethegreedandhypocrisyoftheupperclassesandshowprofoundsympathyforthecommonpeople2.TheuseofhumorandsatireintheEnglishrealisticnovelsof19thcentury.3.Stronglycriticalofthesocialrealityofthetimebutneverhadthethoughtofoverthrowingtheexistingsocialoverthattheycouldestablishanewone.4.oftenhavehappyendingoranimportantcompromisetocurrentsociety5.Sofarastheliteraryformorgenreisconcerned,themajorcontributionmadebythe19thcenturycriticalrealistsliesintheirperfectionofthenovel.TheVictorianNovelThenovelwasthedominantforminVictorianliterature.Victoriannovelsarerealistic.ThewritersinVictorianAgecriticizedthecourts,theclergy,andtheneglectofthepoor.CharlesDickens’OliverTwist,WilliamThackery’sVanityFairthethreeBronteSisters---JaneEyre,allthesewritersattackedthegreedandhypocrisytheysawinsociety,discusstherelationshipbetweensocietyandtheindividual.

ImagesoftheVictorianPeriodMajorNovelistsofthePeriodCharlesDickensOliverTwistGreatExpectationsEmilyBronteWutheringHeightsCharlotteBronteJaneEyreThomasHardyTessoftheD’Uberville’sGeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans)SilasMarnerMiddlemarchVictorianPoetryAlwaysseemsinferiorwhencomparedtoRomanticismDevelopnewwaystotellstories—e.g.dramaticmonologueDonotshareRomantics’confidenceintheimaginationEmphasisonvisualimageryandsoundMajorPoetsofthePeriodLordAlfredTennysonRobertBrowningdramaticmonologueElizabethBarretBrowningThomasHardyVictorianPoetryDramaticmonologue–theideaofcreatingalyricpoeminthevoiceofaspeakerironicallydistinctfromthepoetisthegreatachievementofVictorianpoetry.VictorianDramaThetheaterwasaflourishingandpopularinstitutionduringtheVictorianperiod.Thepopularityoftheaterinfluencedothergenres.BernardShawandOscarWildetransformedBritishtheaterwiththeircomicmasterpieces.OtherWriter’softhePeriodBernardShawPygmalionMrs.Warren’sProfessionMajorBarbaraCharlesDarwinTheOriginoftheSpeciesNaturalselectionSurvivalofthefittestCharlesDarwin(达尔文）CharlesDickens

(1812-1870)CharlesDickensPickwickPapers(1836-7)《匹克威克外传》OliverTwist(1837-1838)《奥利佛.退斯特》TheOldCuriosityShop(1841)《老古玩店》DombeyandSon:(1846_48)《董贝父子》DavidCopperfield:(1849-50)《大卫*科波菲尔》BleakHouse(1854)《荒凉山庄》HardTimes(1854)《艰难时世》

LittleDorrit(1855-57)《小杜丽》

ATaleOfTwoCities(1859)《双城记》

GreatExpectations(1860_61)

《远大前程》

CharlotteBrontë(1816-1855)Emily(Jane)Brontë(1818-1848)AnneBrontë(1820-1849)BrontëSistersCharlotte,1816-1855Emily,1818-1848Anne,1820-1849CharlotteBrontëBrontëSistersEmilyAnneBrontëSistersCharlotteBronteBornofIrishancestryin1816LivedatHaworth,aparsonageMotherdiedofcancerwhenCharlottewas5yearsold.TheBrontesistersCharlottehad4sistersand1brother.WhileattheClergyDaughter’sSchool,her2oldersisters(Maria&Elizabeth)diedoftuberculosisCharlotte’sfamilycon.’tTheClergyDaughter’sSchoolatCowanBridgebecamethemodelforLowood,thefictitiousgirls’schoolinJaneEyre.AnneandEmilyBrontewerealsosuccessfulwriters.Charlotte’sbrother,Branwell,wasagiftedpainter.MoreonCharlotte’sFamilyIn1846,Charlotte&hersistersstartedpublishingpoemsandbeganwritingnovels:TheProfessorwasCharlotte’sattempttofictionalizeherloveforacollegeprofessorshehadmetatBrussels.In1847WutheringHeightswassisterEmily’sfirstsuccess.CharlottefollowedwithJaneEyre.All3BronteSisters…UsedamasculinepennamebecausewomenwriterswerenottakenseriouslyatthattimeinVictorianEngland.CharlotteusedthenameCurrerBell.MarriageBellsIn1854Shemarriesherfather'scurate,ArthurBellNichols.Thenextyear,shebecamepregnant,thenill.

Shediedamonthbeforeher39thbirthdayHometown:HaworthHaworthstreet博物馆的标志“BronteParsonageMuseum”三姐妹的故乡HaworthHaworth博物馆的花园中三姊妹的雕像。三姐妹的故乡HaworthParishChurch教区教堂的墓地。Bronte的父亲就在此教堂任职。

三姐妹的故乡HaworthBrontësisters’novelsCharlotte:JaneEyre(1847,byCurrerBell)Shirley(1849,byCurrerBell,《雪莉》)Villette(1853，《维莱特》)TheProfessor:ATale(1857,herfirstwrittenbutlastpublished，《男教师》)Emily:WutheringHeights(1847)Anne:AgnesGrey(1847)TheTenantofWildfellHall(1848，《怀德菲尔庄园的房客》)夏洛蒂的主要作品简·爱JaneEyre(1847)雪利Shirley(1844)维莱特Villette(1853)教授TheProfessor(1855)CharlotteBrontë’s

JaneEyre《简·爱》JaneEyreJaneEyre’sdevelopmentTherearefivedistinctstagesofdevelopment,eachlinkedtoaparticularplace:Jane’schildhoodatGateshead,hereducationattheLowood

School,hertimeasAdele’sgovernessatThornfield,hertimewiththeRiversfamilyatMoorHouse,andherreunionwithandmarriagetoRochesteratFerndean.《简·爱》EducationClergyDaughter’sSchool,CowanBridgeRoeHeadSchoolLowoodSchoolinJaneEyreJaneEyreasAutobiographyJaneEyre(1)Janeisanorphanwhogrowsuplonelywithoutnobodycaringforher.Janeisasmall,plainandpoorgovernessofVictorianerainsteadoftherich,gentle,frail,modestandvirtuousbeautiesoftheconventionalheroine.Janeonlyhasanintensefeeling,areadysympathyandastrongsenseofequalityandindependence.JaneEyre(2)Mostimportantly,Janedarestolovehermasterandmarrieshimopenlyindefianceofthesocialconventionandprejudices.ItmakesherasanentirelynewwomanintheeraofVictorian.Janeisaspiritedandintelligentwomantoacceptherappointedplaceinsocietywithunusualfranknessandwithapassionatesenseofthedignityandneedsofhersex.ConflictsandstrugglesinJaneEyreTheouterconflictsbetweenJaneandothers:Appearance,status,wealth,educationandsoonTheinnerstrugglesinJane:ReasonandemotionRealityandimaginationHerdependentpositionandherdesireforindependenceHeractualinferiorityandspiritualsuperiorityIgrievetoleaveThornfield:

IloveThornfield:Iloveit,becauseIhavelivedinitafullanddelightfullife,momentarilyatleast.Ihavenotbeentrledon.

Ihavenotbeenpetrified.Ihavenotbeenburiedwithinferiorminds,andexcludedfromeveryglimpseofcommunionwithwhatisbrightandenergeticandhigh.

Ihavetalked,facetoface,withwhatIreverence,withwhatIdelightin,withanoriginal,avigorous,anexpandedmind.

Ihaveknownyou,Mr.Rochester;anditstrikesmewithterrorandanguishtofeelIabsolutelymustbetornfromyouforever.

Iseethenecessityofdeparture;anditislikelookingonthenecessityofdeath."“要离开桑菲尔德，我感到忧伤，因为我爱桑菲尔德；我爱它，因为我在这里过了一段充实而愉快的生活，尽管是短暂的。我没有被人踩在脚下。我没有被吓倒。我没有跟一些头脑迟钝的人一起遭到埋没，而且没有被排斥在同聪明、能干和崇高的人交往的圈子之外。我曾经面对面地与我所敬重所喜爱的人，与一个有独到见解、充满活力而开朗的心灵促膝谈心。我已经对您有所了解，罗切斯特先生，要我非得从您这里永远走开，我感到恐惧和痛苦。我看到我非走不可，就仿佛看到我非死不可一样。”——第23章，戴侃译。‘ItellyouImustgo!’Iretorted,rousedtosomethinglikepassion.‘DoyouthinkIcanstaytobecomenothingtoyou?DoyouthinkIamanautomaton?-amachinewithoutfeelings?andcanbeartohavemymorselofbreadsnatchedfrommylips,andmydropoflivingwaterdashedfrommycup?Doyouthink,becauseIampoor,obscure,plain,andlittle,Iamsoullessandheartless?Youthinkwrong!——Ihaveasmuchsoulasyou-andfullasmuchheart!AndifGodhadgiftedmewithsomebeautyandmuchwealth,Ishouldhavemadeitashardforyoutoleaveme,asitisnowformetoleaveyou.Iamnottalkingtoyounowthroughthemediumofcustom,conventionalities,norevenofmortalflesh:itismyspritthataddressesyourspirit;justasifbothhadpassedthroughthegrave,andwestoodatGod’sfeet,equal----asweare!’“我告诉您我一定要走，”我有些恼火地反驳说。“您以为我能留下来做一个对您毫无意思的人吗？您以为我只是台自动机器，一台没有感情的机器吗？您以为我能容忍别人把我那一小口面包从嘴里抢走，把我那一滴赖以活命的水从杯子里泼掉吗？您以为我既然又穷又贱，长得又不美，个子又小，我就没有灵魂，没有心肝了吗？您想错了！我的灵魂跟您的一样高尚，心也跟您的一样充实！要是上帝能赐给我一点美和许多的财富，我也会让您难以离开我，就像我现在难以离开您一样。我现在并不是从世俗习惯、甚至也不是从凡人的躯体出发对您讲这番话，这是我的灵魂在跟您的灵魂对话，仿佛我们俩穿过了坟墓，一起站在上帝的脚下。彼此平等——因为我们就是平等的呀！”简·爱

JaneEyre(1847)JaneEyreMr.RochesterThecentertheme:womenshouldhaveequalrightswithman.Theproblemoforphan;Theproblemofthebourgeoissystemofeducation;Thepositionofwomaninsociety.Charlotte’sfeaturesofhernovels1.presentsavividrealisticpictureoftheEnglishsociety.2.showsasintenseloveforthebeautyofnature.3.GreatlyinfluencedbyByronandScott,hernovelsareallaboutlonelyandneglectedyoungwomenwithafiercelongingforlifeandlove.4.Charlotteisexceptionallygoodatlandscapepaintingandpresentationofatmospheresofmystery,horrorandprophesy.5.Charlotteisknownasagreatimpressionisticverbalpainter.呼啸山庄(WutheringHeights,1847)Heathcliff-IsabellaCatherine–EdgarLintonHindleyHareton(Hindley’sson)Cathy(Catherine’sdaughter)WutheringHeights呼啸山庄所描述的“Moor”荒原

WutheringHeightsItisoneofthemostintensenovelswrittenintheEnglishlanguage.Itisastoryofdoomedloveandrevenge.TheprotagonistsarecharacterizedasfiguresofviolentemotionsandtypicalYorkshirecharacters.TheGothictraditionandtranscendingincludingitssophisticatedobservationandartisticsubtlety.ThegothicnovelTheGothicnovelisaliterarygenre,inwhichtheprominentfeaturesaremystery,doom,decay,oldbuildingswithghostsinthem,madness,hereditarycursesandsoon.Featuresofthisnovel1.Thereisthecombinationofextremelysimplelanguagewiththemostmightyandintensifiedeffects.2.Itsconfusingnarrativeformsandnarrators.Thefirstpersonandthethirdperson.3.Theapparentabsenceofsocialmortality.Narratorornarrators?Lockwood,anewcomertothelocaleofWutheringHeights,narratestheentirenovelasanentryinhisdiary.ThestorythatLockwoodrecordsistoldtohimbyNelly,aservant,andLockwoodwritesmostofthenarrativeinhervoice,describinghowshetoldittohim.SomepartsofNelly’sstoryarenarratedbyothercharacters.Somequestions1.What’sthemeaningof“intense”?2.Whatmakeslovedoomed?3.Whatdoyouthinktherevengeinthisnovel?4.What’sthepointofthe“moors”?5.Whydoestheauthormention“ghosts”sometimes?6.What’sthethemeofthisnovel?moorsThelandscapeinthenoveliscomprisedprimarilyofmoors:wide,wildexpanses,highbutsomewhatsoggy,andthusinfertile.Themoorsserveverywellassymbolsofthewildthreatposedbynature.AsthesettingforthebeginningsofCatherineandHeathcliff’sbond(thetwoplayonthemoorsduringchildhood),themoorlandtransfersitssymbolicassociationsontotheloveaffair.ghostsGhostsappearthroughoutWutheringHeights,astheydoinmostotherworksofGothicfiction,yetBrontëalwayspresentstheminsuchawaythatwhethertheyreallyexistremainsambiguous.Thustheworldofthenovelcanalwaysbeinterpretedasarealisticone.Certainghosts—suchasCatherine’sspiritwhenitappearstoLockwoodinChapterIII—maybeexplainedasnightm