初中复习资料：重点英语语法

1．建议advice建议，忠告（不可数）;suggestion建议（可数）________usefuladviceyougaveme!(What)________valuablesuggestionyouhaveofferedme!(Whata)2.room/space/place:room“房间”（可数）;“空间”（不可数）Couldyoumakesomeroomforme?你能为我让一下空间吗？space“太空;空间”（不可数）inspace在宇宙太空Isthereanyspaceformeinthecar?车里有给我留的空间吗？(此处和room的含义相当)place“地方”（可数），指某一具体地点。Iwanttoliveinaplacewhichiswarminwinter.我想住在冬季温暖的一个地方。Itisawonderfulplacetogo(to).3.news/information/messagenews新闻，消息（不可数）;information信息（不可数）;message音信，口信（可数）：CanItakeamessageforyou?MayIleaveamessage?4.job/workjob,可数：Ihaveajobasateacher.work,不可数：Icannotfindworkinthistown.5.声音voice/noise/soundvoice指人的声音或嗓音;noise指难听刺耳的噪音，吵闹声;sound指声音的总称。6.数量number/amountnumber指可数名词的数量;amount指不可数名词的数量7.the/anumberofthenumberof“…的数量”；anumberof:“许多的”,都跟可数名词复数。前者作主语，谓语用单数；后者作主语，谓语用复数。Thenumberofthetrees______twothousand.（用单数谓语is.另注意trees前有限定词）Anumberoftrees________beencutdown.（用复数谓语have.另注意trees前无限定词）8.other;elseother修饰名词，放于名词前。else修饰疑问词和不定代词、不定副词，放在后面。Whatelsecanyouseeinthepicture?Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?Whereelsecanyouseeit?Jimistallerthanany_____boyinhisclass.(other)9.well/goodwell:1)adj指身体健康状况好：Youlookwelltoday.2)adv修饰动词或形容词:sellwell畅销，dowellin;bewellworthdoing很值得做good：adj.修饰人或物begoodat;smellgoodTheclotheslook_______andtheysell_______onthemarket.(good;well)10.already/yetalready用于肯定句;yet用于否定句和疑问句11.also;too;aswell;either“也”：either,用于否定句的末尾。also,通常挨着动词，少用于句尾。too,通常在句尾，前常有逗号。aswell,只用于句尾,前无逗号。注意：后三个词都不用于否定句。12.before;agoago“…时间前”结构：时间段+ago,用于一般过去时。TheGreensmovedtoShanghaifourweeksago.Isawittenminutesago.(若有since+时间段+ago，常用现在完成时：Mr.Lihasworkedheresince5yearsago.)before单独放在句尾，常用现在完成时：“以前”IhavebeentoLondonbefore.(若是时间段+before,常用过去完成时，“…前”：Ihadseenthefilmtwoweeksbefore.)13.almost;nearly;hardlyalmost几乎，差不多，后接肯定或否定词；nearly几乎，差不多，后接肯定意义的词。hardly几乎不，表否定。14.toomuch,toomany与muchtoo:muchtoo“过于”，加形容词或副词原级。muchtoohot/slowly等。toomuch“太多的”，加不可数名词。toomuchwork/rain等。toomany“太多的”，加可数复数。toomanybooks/people等。15.abit/alittle区别：都可作副词，后直接加形容词或副词。I’mabit/alittlehungry.Shefeelsabit/alittletired.也都可作代词（或形容词），后接不可数名词，但有所不同：Sheatealittlebreadandwentout.(alittle直接加不可数名词)Sheateabitofbread.（abit先加of，再跟名词）16.everyday与everyday:everyday是形容词，后接名词，“日常的”。HeispracticingeverydayEnglish.everyday是副词，作时间状语，“每天”。WespeakEnglisheveryday.17．wish;hope①wish既可接todosth.也可接sb+todosth.也可接that从句.IwishtospendmysummerholidayinQingdao.IwishyoutojoinmypartythisSunday.Iwish(that)Icouldbeascientist.（注：接that从句时，从句用虚拟语气。）wish还用来接祝愿语：wishsbagreatsuccess;wishyouahappyjourney;wishyougoodluck等。②hope接todosth.或that从句.但不接sbtodosth.Ihopetoreceivealetterfromyousomeday.Ihopeyouwillgetwellsoon.18.spend;take;cost;pay①It+take+sb+sometime+todosth：Ittookushalfanhourtocutdownthetree.②物+cost+sb+钱：Thebagcostmethirtyyuan.若cost后无sb,则译作“价钱是”：Thebagcosts30Yuan.③人+pay+sb+钱+forsth：Ipaidtheseller200Yuanforthebike.④人+spend+时间/钱+onsth/(in)doingsth.Thegirlspenttwohours(in)searchingtheInternet.Thegirlalwaysspendsmuchmoneyonherclothes.spend有时可指“度过”：spendholiday/weekends/winter19.puton;wear;dress；in①puton,“穿上”后接物。表行为，是短暂动词。Youshouldputonyourcoatwhenyouleave.②wear,“穿，穿着”后接物，表状态，是延续性动词。Healwayswearstheyellowsweaterinwinter.③dress,“给…穿衣”后接人。Lucyisdressingherlittlebrothernow.bedressedin后常接具有某种特征的衣物。也可直接加表示颜色的词。Theladyisdressedinawhiteskirt.Thestudentsarealldressedinyellow.getdressed“穿好衣服”，常不接宾语:Hewentoutassoonashegotdressed.dressup(as)...“装扮（成）......”Hedressedupasaclown.他装扮成小丑。④in,“穿着”后接具有某种特征的衣物，表状态，是介词，不可作谓语，可作状语。也可以直接加表示颜色的词。Thewomaninawhiteskirtismyteacher.Iwanttotalktotheboyinblack.(我想找那个穿着黑衣服的男孩谈谈。)20.reach;arrive;get到达：①getto+地点gettoShanghai/London/China接地点副词时，不带to.getthere/home/here.②arrivein+大地点(如Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arriveat+小地点(如school/hospital)arrive只作不及物动词，所以也可单独用：Pleaseringmeupwhenyouarrive.③reach只作及物动词，后直接加地点：reachBeijing/England但常不说reachhome/there/here.21.talk,tell,say,speak:①talk只作不及物动词。Don’ttalkinclass.ShallwetalkaboutourEnglishstudy?Heistalkingwithhisteacher.MayItalktoyou?(注意talk接人和接物时介词搭配不同：talkwith/tosb;talkaboutsth)②tell只作及物动词,“告诉；讲”。常接双宾结构（tellsbsth.）,常用短语有：tellalie;tellthetruth;tellthedifferencebetween---;tellsbastory;tellajoke③say必须接有内容，或逻辑上有内容作宾语。（所接内容见以下划线部分）PleasesayitinEnglish.HowdoyousaythatinEnglish?Pleaseshowmewhattosay..Doyouhaveanythingtosay?Imustsaysorrytoyou.④speak●“说话”不及物动词。●接人时先加介词to.MayIspeaktoMr.Smith?●也可译为“说”，作及物动词，后接语言。DoyouspeakEnglish/Chinese?22.win与beat区别：都有“赢”的意思。win后加物：而beat后加的是人，也可译为“打败”：I’mafraidtheywillbeatus.23.leave;forget①leave可指“离开”leaveZhengzhouforWuhan离开郑州到武汉②leave留下；忘记Ileftmybookathome.leave后接地点，而forget后无地点。如：Sorry,Iforgotthemoney.24.take,bring,fetch与carry:都译为“拿”。◆take“拿走”，从说话人处带到另一处。Couldyoutaketherubbishoutwhenyouleave?◆bring“带来”，从另一处带到说话人处。Don’tforgettobringyourhomeworkheretomorrow.◆get“去拿来”，先到另一地拿东西，然后再返回到说话人处。如：Whenyougobacktotheclassroom,pleasegetmemypen.◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，没有特定方向。Timiscarryingabox.25.receive;acceptreceive指收到，但不一定接受；accept指接受，收下I________agiftfromoneofmyfriends,butIdon’twantto_________it.(receive;accept)26.put短语puton(穿上)putoff(推迟)putaway(把…整理好)putup(举起，搭起，挂起，张贴)putdown(放下)putout(扑灭);27.turn短语turnon打开turnoff关闭turnup调大turndown关小turnout结果是turntosb向某人求助28.give短语giveaway赠送giveout发放giveup放弃giveback归还givein屈服，让步29.take短语takeoff脱下，起飞takeaway拿走takeout拿出takein吸收takeup从事30.look短语lookup查找lookover仔细查看lookafter照看lookout当心lookthrough浏览31.used短语usedtodosth过去常常做某事beusedtodoingsth习惯于做某事beusedtodosth=beusedfordoingsth被用来做某事32．keep,make,get,have用法：①keep+sb/sthdoingsth“让…一直做…”I’msorryforkeepingyouwaitingsolong.(区别：keep+doingsth“坚持做某事，一直做某事”)②make+sb/sthdosth让…做某事(接动原）I’lltrytomakeyouunderstandwhatImean.make若用于被动语态，原有后接动词原形要改为带to不定式(本文源自锦鲤英语微信公众号)：Imadehimwaitforlong.→Hewasmadetowaitforlong.③get+sb/sthtodosth.让…做某事。HegotPetertobuyhimapen.④have+宾语+动词原形/ing/过去分词Havehimdoit,please.让他做它吧。（him和do逻辑上形成主谓关系，do用原形。）Wehadthemachineworking.我们让机器一直工作着。（让某物一直在进行着某事。）Wehadthemachinerepaired.我们让人修理了那台机器（让机器被修理了，表被动。）⑤也都可接形容词：keepsafe/busy,keepthedoorclosed/open,makeushappy,getthedoorclosed,haveeverythingready.33.in/after+一段时间in+一段时间，用于将来时，用howsoon提问。after+一段时间，用于过去时34.through/past/across区别:都可作介词，“穿过”，前常有位移动词(以下黑体部分)。Heclimbedthroughthewindowandsawwhathecouldtakeaway.（从内部穿过）Hewentpastmewithoutsayinganywords.（从旁边经过）Heswamacrosstheriver.（从表面经过）【through,内部;past,旁边;across,表面】位移动词+past相当于动词pass;位移动词+across相当于动词cross.35.since/for+时间since+过去某时间（点）for+一段时间（段），常用于完成时，强调动作的延续性，用howlong提问。36.infrontof/inthefrontofinfrontof在物体外部的前面;inthefrontof在物体内部的前面37.乘交通工具之表达:①bybike/car/sea(ship)/air(plane)(前无冠词，且不用复数)②onahorseback/hisbike/theplane/aship(有冠词或限定词)③inhis/acar(car前用in)④onfoot⑤动词短语:rideabike/ahorse;driveacar;walk;takeaplane/taxi/bus;fly等。38.常见带介词to的短语：prefer…to…(与---相比较更喜欢)；lookforwardto…(期待；渴望)；payattentionto…(注意)；be\getusedto…(习惯于)；devote…to…(致力于)putone’seffortinto…把某人的精力投身到……makegreatcontributionto对……做出贡献(以上短语可接名词或代词，若接动词，需用ing形式)thekeyto…(…的钥匙),theanswerto---（…的答案)；replyto(….的答复)；leadto…(引起…);theclueto（---的线索）;thewitnessto（---的证人）39．连词if/whetherif如果(引导条件状语从句，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时)/是否(引导宾语从句，根据时间确定时态)：Doyouknowifhewillgotothepostoffice?Ifhegoesthere,Iwillaskhimtobuymesomestamps.两个if,前者“是否”；后者“如果”，观察其后时态的不同。whether“是否”引导宾语从句（相当于if），whether可接or（not）,也可接带to不定式。而if则不可。另外，if从句中用any，常不用some。40．howlong/howoften/howsoon/howfar:①howlong是对长度或时间段提问。②howoften是对频率提问，如：never,sometimes,often,usually,always,onceaweek,twiceaday,threetimesayear,everyday/everyfouryears等。若只有次数，则用howmanytimes提问：HowmanytimesdoyouwatchTVaweek?-Twice./onlyonce.】③howsoon是对“in+时间段”提问：④howfar是对以下三种表达法的提问：—Howfarisitfromyourhometotheschool?有以下三种回答：▲—It’sfiveminutes’walk/anhour’sride/thirteenminutes’busride.▲—It’sabout20kilometersaway.(注意回答时不再用far,而用away)▲—It’s15minutesbybus/onfoot/bytrain/bybike.41.主谓一致：

One/Neitherofyouisright.（单数谓语）

Tom,withhisfriends,hasgone.(主语是Tom,单数谓语)

Thispairofshoeslooksbeautiful.wouldyouliketotrythemon?（主语是pair,谓语用单数,但代词用复数）

Everyboyandeverygirlhasachancetodoit.（此结构中用单数谓语）

Weeachhaveacar.(主语是we,用复数)

Eachofushasacar.(主语是each,单数谓语)

Theoldneedtobelookedaftercarefully.Theyoungareenergetic.(the加形容词表一类人或物，谓语用复数)

Mr.andMrs.GreenarefromAmerica.指格林夫妇(复数谓语)本文源自锦鲤英语微信公众号

Theteacherandwriterisanableman.指教师兼作家,一个人，单数谓语。

BothyouandIareexcitedaboutthenews.（both…..and…做主语，谓语用复数）

NotonlyyoubutalsoIamastudent.(notonly--,butalso---;neither---nor---;either---or---;therebe有就近原则)

Tenyearshaspassedsincehecamehere.(时间、金钱以及表度量衡的词做主语表单数)42.therebe用法：●常有以下结构:theremaybe（可能有）/mustbe(一定有)/usedtobe(曾经有)●therebe在不同时态中的形式：Thereis/are/was/were/willbe/is(are)goingtobe/have(has)been。●therebe后接的是表示泛指的名词，单数名词前用不定冠词。Thereisadogunderthedesk.●Thereisonlyastudenttakingnotesnow.(划线部分逻辑上是主谓关系，动词加ing)43.常见后接动词原形的词或短语:使役动词（letmakehave）情态动词（canmaymust...）助动词（dodoesdid）whynothadbetterwouldratherwouldyouplease【注意否定形式：hadbetter/wouldrather/wouldyouplease直接加not+动原】44.常见后接动词ing的词或短语：finishenjoypracticeimaginesuggestspendconsidermiss(错过)keep/mindfeellikeprefer…to…can’thelp（禁不住）bebusybeworth（值得）giveuphavefunhaveagoodtimehavetrouble(in)haveproblems(in)havedifficulty(in)/+doing45.havegoneto/havebeento/havebeenin:①havegoneto+地点“已去了…（还未回来）”-Ican’tfindthosechildren,wherearethey?-Theyhavegonetothefarm.(去了农场，不在这儿)②havebeento+地点“去过…（原来去过，现在已回）”句尾常接次数或地点。ShehasbeentoQingdaothreetimes.Ihaveneverbeentherebefore.Wherehaveyoubeen?你去哪儿了？(Where后省略to)③havebeenin+地点，“已在…（多久了）”句尾常接for+时间段，或since+过去时间点。PeterhasbeeninChinaforalongtime.46.be+形+ofsb与forsb的区别：①It'skindofyoutohelpme.你帮助我真好。解释：kind,nice,good,clever,foolish，lazy等词表示的是人的特点或性格。此句相当于在说Youarekindtohelpme.形容词在描述人而不是事，此情况下介词用的是of.②It'seasyforyoutodothework.对你来说做这事是容易的。解释：easy，difficult,necessary,important,dangerous,interesting等词不是说人，而是说事，相当于Todotheworkiseasy。此情况下介词用的是for.又如：It’sdangerousforustoclimbthemountain.是说“爬山”这件事是危险的。故用for.47.条件与祈使:有时条件句可以与祈使句相互转换。注意以下句子结构有何不同。①Ifyouworkhard,youwillachieveyourdream.含条件句，相当于：Workhard,andyouwillachieveyourdream.含祈使句，用and连接后一句子。②Ifyoudon’tlistencarefully,youwon’tunderstandit.相当于：Listentomecarefully,oryouwon’tunderstandit.用or(否则）连接后一句子。Youwon’tunderstanditunlessyoulistentomecarefully.48.动词seem的常用句型：①Itseemsthat+从句Itseemsthathefeelsverysad.②seems+adj……看起来好像…Heseemsverysad.③sb.seemtodosth.Heseemstofeelverysad.49.要某人做某事的常用句型：asksb.todo叫…做某事;asksb.nottodosth.叫…不要做某事tellsb.todo告诉…做某事;tellsb.nottodosth.告诉…不要做某事如：Theteacheraskedmetocleantheclassroom.Iwasaskedtocleantheclassroombytheteacher.“Don’tcleantheclassroom.”Theteachersaid.(改为间接引语)Theteachertoldmenottocleantheclassroom.50.表达“更喜欢……”的常用句型：①prefersth.更喜欢某事IpreferEnglish.我更喜欢英语。②preferAtoB.同…相比更喜欢A.Ipreferdogstocats.③preferdoingAtodoingB.宁愿做A而不愿干B。④likeAbetterthanB.同B相比更喜欢A⑤prefertodoAratherthandoB.同B相比更喜欢A.⑥wouldratherdoAthandoB.同B相比更喜欢A.51．“该到某人做某事的时间了”句型：①It’stime(forsb)todosth②It’stimefor+n/doing.③It’sone’sturntodosth.52．“自从…已多久”的句型①It’s+时间段+since+过去时态的从句.②Ithasbeen+时间段+since+过去时态的从句.③时间段+haspassedsince+过去时态的从句.It’sthreemonthssincehelefthishometown.=Helefthishometownthreemonthsago.=Threemonthshaspassedsincehelefthishometown.53．“the+比较级……，the+比较级……”“越……，越……”句型Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouare.你吃得越多，就越胖。54．“比较级+and+比较级”“越来越”的句型;moreandmore+多音节形容词Hebecomesstrongerandstronger.他越来越健壮。Ourschollisgettingmoreandmorebeautiful.55.比较级前+the特例Heisthetallerofthetwo.(他是两个当中较高的那个，the表特指)56．＂你最好做．．．．．＂句型hadbetter+dosth＂你最好．．．．＂hadbetternot+dosth“你最好不．．．＂57．“问路”的句型①thewaytothe……?②Can\CouldyoutellmehowIcangettothe……?③howtogettothe……?④whichisthewaytothe……?⑤wherethe---is?58.“……出毛病了，怎么了”的句型,句中的what为主语。①What’swrongwithsb\sth?②What’sthematterwithsb\sth?③What’sthetroublewithsth\sb?④Thereissomethingwrongwithsb\sth.=Somethingiswrongwithsb/sth.=sthisbroken.=sthdoesn’twork.59．“对事物看法如何”的句型①Whatdoyouthinkofsb\sth?②Howdoyoulikesb\sth?=Howdoyoufindsb\sth?60．“问天气如何”的句型①What’stheweatherliketoday?②Howisthe