ArgumentsandFallacies如何推理论证-知到答案、智慧树答案

ArgumentsandFallacies如何推理论证-知到答案、智慧树答案第一章单元测试1、问题：Thegoalofanargumentistoabusetheaudience.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】2、问题：“33+66=99"isanargument.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】3、问题：“WaterisH20,andsaltisNaCl"isanargument.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】4、问题：Everyargumenthasmorethanonepremise.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】5、问题：Allconclusionsaremadeupof(orexpressedin)languageofsomekind.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】6、问题：Thepurposeofanargumentistopresentsomekindofreasonforitsconclusion.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】7、问题：Youcangivethemeaningofawordbyspecifyingwhatitrefersto.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】8、问题：Ajustificationtriestopresentareasontobelieveitsconclusion.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】9、问题：Whenanargumentisusedforpersuasion,itspurposeistocauseitsaudiencetobelieveitsconclusion.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】10、问题：Aspokenargumentisbetterwhenitisspokenmoreloudly.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】11、问题：Anargumentcansucceedinjustifyingitsconclusionevenifitsaudiencerejectstheargument'spremises.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】12、问题：Thegoalofanargumentistobeatanopponent.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】13、问题：Languageiscompletelyarbitrary.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】14、问题：Anexplanationanswersaquestionaboutwhysomethinghappened.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】15、问题：Topersuadesomeone,youneedtojustifyaconclusion.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】16、问题：Allargumentsaremadeupof(orexpressedin)languageofsomekind.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】17、问题：Youcangivethemeaningofawordbydescribinghowitisused.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】18、问题：Whenanargumentisusedforexplanation,itspurposeistogiveareasontobelievethatitsconclusionistrue.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】19、问题：Anargumentthatisspokenisnogoodifitisnotspokenloudlyenough.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】20、问题：Everyconclusioncontradictswhattheaudiencebelieves.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】21、问题：Tojustifyaconclusion,youneedtopersuadesomeone.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】22、问题：Allargumentsareusedeithertojustifyortoexplaintheirconclusions.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】23、问题：Languageisarbitraryinsomerespects.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】第二章单元测试1、问题：Anassuringtermisreflexivewhenitreferstothementalstateofthespeaker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】2、问题：Theword"since"isalwaysapremisemarker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】3、问题：Evaluativeutterancesareusedonlytoexpressemotionsorprescribeactions.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】4、问题：A(n)___termisusedtoindicatearesponsetoapossibleobjection.选项：A:A=assuringtermB:G=guardingtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【D=discountingterm】5、问题：A(n)___termisusedtoindicatethatthespeakerhasreasonsforwhathesayswithoutactuallygivingthosereasons.选项：A:A=assuringtermB:G=guardingtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【A=assuringterm】6、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:F.E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【D=adiscountingterm】7、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferent.functions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【G=aguardingterm】8、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"..Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferent.functions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【E+=apositiveevaluativeterm】9、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【A=anassuringterm】10、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【E+=apositiveevaluativeterm】11、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【C=aconclusionmarker】12、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【G=aguardingterm】13、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【N=noneoftheabove】14、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda’sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【D=adiscountingterm】15、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【E-=anegativeevaluativeterm】16、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda’sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【P=apremisemarker】17、问题：Inthispartofthequiz,indicatethemainfunctionofthetermorphrasethatisinboldfaceinthefollowingpassage.Morethanonelettermightbeacceptable,butyoumustchooseonlyoneoptionasthebest.FromStevenJayGould:"ThePanda'sThumb"...Themessageisparadoxicalbutprofound.Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.Thustheparadoxandthecommonthemeofthistrilogyofessays:Ourtextbooksliketoillustrateevolutionwithexamplesofoptimaldesign—nearlyperfectmimicryofadeadleafbyabutterflyorofapoisonousspeciesbyapalatablerelative.However,idealdesignisalousyargumentforevolution,foritmimicsthepostulatedactionofanomnipoteOddarrangementsandfunnysolutionsaretheproofofevolution—pathsthatasensibleGodwouldnevertreadbutthatanaturalprocess,constrainedbyhistory,followsperforce.选项：A:P=apremisemarkerB:C=aconclusionmarkerC:A=anassuringtermD:G=aguardingtermE:D=adiscountingtermF:E+=apositiveevaluativetermG:E-=anegativeevaluativetermH:N=noneoftheabove答案:【C=aconclusionmarker】18、问题：A(n)___termisusedtoweakenaclaiminordertomakeiteasiertodefendagainstpossiblecriticisms.选项：A:A=assuringtermB:G=guardingtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【G=guardingterm】19、问题：A(n)___termcanbeeitherpositiveornegative.选项：A:A=assuringtermB:G=guardingtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【E=evaluativeterm】20、问题：A(n)___termisusedtomakeaclaimlessvulnerabletopotentialcriticisms.选项：A:G=guardingtermB:A=assuringtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【G=guardingterm】21、问题：A(n)___termisusedtoindicatethatthespeakerhassomereasonsforwhathesayswithoutactuallyspecifyingwhatthosereasonsare.选项：A:G=guardingtermB:A=assuringtermC:D=discountingtermD:E=evaluativeterm答案:【A=assuringterm】22、问题：Ifawordcanbereplacedbyapremisemarkerwithoutsignificantlychangingthemeaning,thentheoriginalwordisalsoapremisemarker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】23、问题：“If…then…”isanargumentmarker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【错】24、问题：Theword“too”in"toosmall"introducesanevaluation.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】25、问题：Theword"since"issometimesapremisemarker.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】26、问题：Negativeevaluativeutterancessaythatsomethingviolatesastandard.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】27、问题：Ifawordinasentencecanbereplacedbyaconclusionmarkerwithoutsignificantlychangingthemeaningofthesentence,thenthewordisusedasaconclusionmarkerinthatsentence.选项：A:对B:错答案:【对】第三章单元测试1、问题：Anargumentisvalid(inthetechnicalsenseusedinthiscourse)whenandonlywhen选项：A:itspremisesandconclusionarebothtrue.B:itsconclusionistrue(regardlessofwhetheritspremisesaretrue).C:itisnotpossiblethatitspremisesaretrueanditsconclusionisnottrue.D:itisnotpossiblethatitspremisesarenottrueanditsconclusionistrue.答案:【itisnotpossiblethatitspremisesaretrueanditsconclusionisnottrue.】2、问题：Anargumentcannoteverbevalid(inthetechnicalsenseusedinthiscourse)when选项：A:itspremisesandconclusionarebothtrue.B:itspremisesandconclusionarebothfalse.C:itspremisesarefalse,anditsconclusionistrue.D:itspremisesaretrue,anditsconclusionisfalse.E:noneoftheabove.(Thatis,anargumentcanbevalidwithanyofthesecombinationsoftruthvalues.)答案:【itspremisesaretrue,anditsconclusionisfalse.】3、问题：MountEverestistallerthanMountKilimanjaro.NoanthillisastallasMountKilimanjaro.Therefore,MountEverestistallerthananyanthill.Howwouldyoudescribetheaboveexample?选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound】4、问题：Hecanlift100kilograms,soheisstrong.Thisis选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsound】5、问题：Heissostrongthathecanlift100kilograms.选项：A:N=notanargumentB:A=anargumentthatisneithervalidnorsoundC:V=anargumentthatisvalidbutnotsoundD:B=anargumentthatisbothvalidandsound答案:【N=notanargument】6、问题：SinceMrs.Whitedidnotcommitthemurder,ColonelMustarddidit.Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid?选项：A:Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardarecharactersintheboardgameClue.B:EitherMrs.WhiteorColonelMustardcommittedthemurder.C:Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardaresuspectsforthemurder.D:Mrs.WhiteandColonelMustardaretheonlysuspectsforthemurder.答案:【EitherMrs.WhiteorColonelMustardcommittedthemurder.】7、问题：Joedoesnotlikesteak.Therefore,somefarmersdon'tlikesteak.Whichofthefollowingsentencescouldbeaddedasasuppressedpremisetomakethisargumentvalid?选项：A:Farmersraiseplantsbutnotanimals.B:Farmersraiseanimalsbutnotplants.C:D:答案:【】8、问题：IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestcapturestheargumentinthefollowingpassagesfromStevenJayGould,"ThePanda'sThumb".Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer;[since]theyarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.Thus,theymusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.选项：A:(1)Orchidswerenotmadebyanideal(2)Orchidsarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.____________________________(3)Orchidsmusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.(from1-2)B:(1)Orchidswerenotmadebyanideal(2)Organismsthatwerenotmadebyanidealengineermusthaveevolvedfromordinaryorganismsofthesamekind.____________________________(3)Orchidsmusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.(from1-2)(4)Orchidsarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.(5)Organismsthatarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponentsmusthaveevolvedfromordinaryorganismsofthesamekind.____________________________(3)Orchidsmusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.(from4-5)∴C:(1)Orchidsarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.(2)Organismsthatarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponentswerenotmadebyanidealengineer.(3)Orchidsareorganisms.____________________________(4)Orchidswerenotmadebyanideal(5)Organismsthatwerenotmadebyanidealengineermusthaveevolvedfromordinaryorganismsofthesamekind.(6)Orchidsareakindofflower.____________________________(7)Orchidsmusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.(from3-6)答案:【(1)Orchidsarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponents.(2)Organismsthatarejury-riggedfromalimitedsetofavailablecomponentswerenotmadebyanidealengineer.(3)Orchidsareorganisms.____________________________(4)Orchidswerenotmadebyanideal(5)Organismsthatwerenotmadebyanidealengineermusthaveevolvedfromordinaryorganismsofthesamekind.(6)Orchidsareakindofflower.____________________________(7)Orchidsmusthaveevolvedfromordinaryflowers.(from3-6)】9、问题：IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestcapturestheargumentinthefollowingpassagesfromStevenJayGould,"ThePanda'sThumb."Orchidsmanufacturetheirintricatedevicesfromthecommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers,partsusuallyfittedforverydifferentfunctions.IfGodhaddesignedabeautifulmachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,surelyhewouldnothaveusedacollectionofpartsgenerallyfashionedforotherpurposes.Orchidswerenotmadebyanidealengineer….选项：A:(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).(3)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.(4)Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.(from1-3)B:(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).____________________________(3)Orchidsaremadeupofcomponentsthatareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes.(from1-2)(4)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.(5)Orchidsareakindofmachine.____________________________(6)Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.(from4-5)C:(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).___________________________(3)Goddidnotdesignorchids.(from1-2)(4)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponents∴_generallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.(5)Goddesignsthingstoreflecthis____________________________(3)Goddidnotdesignorchids.(from4-5)答案:【(1)Orchidsaremadeupofcommoncomponentsofordinaryflowers.(2)Thosecomponentsofordinaryflowersareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes(inordinaryflowersthaninorchids).____________________________(3)Orchidsaremadeupofcomponentsthatareusuallyfittedfordifferentpurposes.(from1-2)(4)IfGodhaddesignedamachinetoreflecthiswisdomandpower,thenhewouldnothaveusedcomponentsgenerallyfashionedfordifferentpurposes.(5)Orchidsareakindofmachine.____________________________∴(6)Goddidnotdesignorchidstoreflecthiswisdomandpower.(from4-5)】10、问题：IndicatewhichoftheproposedreconstructionsbestrepresentstheargumentinthefollowingpassagefromanadvertisementforEqualExchangeCoffee.…Ofcourse,yourdecisiontobuyEqualExchangeneednotbecompletelyaltruistic.Forwetakeasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteofourgourmetcoffeesaswedoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducethem….选项：A:Coffeeneednotbecompletelyaltruistic.____________________________(2)Wetakeasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteofourgourmetcoffeesaswedoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducethem.(from1)B:(1)Wetakeasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteofourgourmetcoffeesaswedoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducethem.____________________________ExchangeCoffeeneednotbecompletelyaltruistic.(from1)C:(1)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesasmuchprideinrefiningthetasteoftheirgourmetcoffeesastheydoinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducetheirgourmetcoffees.(2)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesgreatprideinhelpingthefarmerswhoproducetheirgourmetcoffees.____________________________(3)EqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesgreatprideinrefiningthetasteoftheirgourmetcoffees.(from1-2)(4)IfEqualExchangeCoffeecompanytakesgreatprideinrefiningthetasteoftheirgourmetcoffees,thentheirgourmetcoffeeswilltastegood.____________________________(5)EqualExchangegourmetcoffeeswilltastegood.(from3-4)(6)IfEqualExchangegourmetcoffeeswilltastegood,thenyoucanmakeyourselfhappybybuyingEqualExchangegourmetcoffees.____________________________buy