CentOS上搭建KVM虚拟机

搭建KVM虚拟机KVM环境的搭建<1>操作系统（KVM需要在内核2.6.30以上才能安装，如果内核低于2.6.30则需要升级内核）[root@kvm~]#cat/etc/redhat-releaseCentOSrelease6.2(Final)[root@kvm~]#uname-aLinuxkvm2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64#1SMPTueDec619:48:22GMT2011x86_64x86_64x86_64GNU/Linux<2>检查CPU是否支持VT（如果输出的结果包含vmx，则CPU是intel的并且支持vt；如果是svm，则CPU是AMD的并且支持vt；如果没有任何结果显示，则说明CPU不支持vt。）[root@kvm~]#egrep'vmx|svm'/proc/cpuinfoflags:fpuvmedepsetscmsrpaemcecx8apicmtrrpgemcacmovpatpse36clflushdtsacpimmxfxsrssesse2sshttmpbesyscallnxlmconstant_tscarch_perfmonpebsbtsrep_goodaperfmperfpnidtes64monitords_cplvmxesttm2ssse3cx16xtprpdcmxsavelahf_lmdtstpr_shadowvnmiflexpriorityflags:fpuvmedepsetscmsrpaemcecx8apicmtrrpgemcacmovpatpse36clflushdtsacpimmxfxsrssesse2sshttmpbesyscallnxlmconstant_tscarch_perfmonpebsbtsrep_goodaperfmperfpnidtes64monitords_cplvmxesttm2ssse3cx16xtprpdcmxsavelahf_lmdtstpr_shadowvnmiflexpriority<3>安装KVM软件包查看是否安装KVM的相关软件包（qemu-kvmvirt-managervirt-viewerpython-virtinst，这样软件包可以在安装的系统时选择上虚拟化）[root@kvm~]#rpm-qqemu-kvmvirt-managervirt-viewerpython-virtinstqemu-kvm--2.209.el6.x86_64virt-manager-0.9.0-7.el6.x86_64virt-viewer-0.4.1-7.el6.x86_64python-virtinst-0.600.0-5.el6.noarch###############################################################说明：如果在最初安装系统是没有选择虚拟化，可以使用yum的方式安装[root@kvm~]#yuminstallqemu-kvmvirt-managervirt-viewerpython-virtinst或者[root@kvm~]#yumgroupinstall'Virtualization'安装之后重启并查看kvm模块是否加载成功[root@kvm~]#lsmod|grepkvmkvm_intel503809kvm3050811kvm_intel###############################################################<4>安装完成KVM软件包后确认libvirtd服务已经启动[root@kvm~]#/etc/init.d/libvirtdstatuslibvirtd(pid1460)正在运行...二、配置网卡桥接 由于我们需要在服务器上设置一个网桥，以便使虚拟机能够从其他主机中读取数据。需要安装bridge-utils工具。<1>查看是否安装bridge-utils软件包[root@kvm~]#rpm-qbridge-utilsbridge-utils-1.2-9.el6.x86_64说明：如果没有安装此软件包，可以使用yum安装。[root@kvm~]#yuminstallbridge-utils<2>创建桥接网卡的配置文件[root@kvm~]#vi/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-br0DEVICE=br0//桥接网卡的名字，此名字可任意BOOTPROTO=staticIPADDR=23NETMASK=GATEWAY=ONBOOT=yesTYPE=Bridge//类型一定要是Bridge，并且B一定要大写<3>修改桥接网卡所桥接的真实网卡的配置文件（这里为eth0）[root@kvm~]#vi/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0DEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesTYPE=EthernetBRIDGE=br0//写明桥接到此网卡的名字说明：将原来配置文件中的ip地址，子网掩码以及网关等信息注释或者删除。<4>重启网卡服务[root@kvm~]#/etc/init.d/networkrestart正在关闭接口eth0：[确定]关闭环回接口：[确定]弹出环回接口：[确定]弹出界面eth0：[确定]<5>检查是否配置正确[root@kvm~]#ifconfigbr0Linkencap:EthernetHWaddr1C:6F:65:E1:EE:F6inetaddr:23Bcast:55Mask:inet6addr:fe80::1e6f:65ff:fee1:eef6/64Scope:LinkUPBROADCASTRUNNINGMULTICASTMTU:1500Metric:1RXpackets:1737033errors:0dropped:0overruns:0frame:0TXpackets:6287errors:0dropped:0overruns:0carrier:0collisions:0txqueuelen:0RXbytes:124627997(118.8MiB)TXbytes:777488(759.2KiB)eth0Linkencap:EthernetHWaddr1C:6F:65:E1:EE:F6inet6addr:fe80::1e6f:65ff:fee1:eef6/64Scope:LinkUPBROADCASTRUNNINGPROMISCMULTICASTMTU:1500Metric:1RXpackets:1880066errors:0dropped:0overruns:0frame:0TXpackets:14332errors:0dropped:0overruns:0carrier:1collisions:0txqueuelen:1000RXbytes:183136773(174.6MiB)TXbytes:1413396(1.3MiB)Interrupt:28创建虚拟机并安装系统命令行创建虚拟机<1>生成硬盘镜像文件（[root@kvm~]#qemu-imgcreate-frawcentos.img15GFormatting'centos.img',fmt=rawsize=16106127360说明：其中–f执行磁盘格式。后面可以接：rawcowqcowvdivmdkcloopdmgbochsvpcvvfatqcow2qedparallelsnbdblkdebughost_cdromhost_floppyhost_devicefile<2>挂载iso镜像。（需要先将镜像拷贝到/application/tools中）[root@kvm~]#mount-oloop/application/tools/CentOS-5.4-x86_64-bin-DVD.iso/iso/[root@kvmapplication]#vi/etc/exports/iso*(ro)[root@kvm~]#/etc/init.d/rpcbindrestart停止rpcbind：[确定]正在启动rpcbind：[确定][root@kvm~]#/etc/init.d/nfsrestart关闭NFSmountd：[确定]关闭NFS守护进程：[确定]关闭NFS服务：[确定]启动NFS服务：[确定]启动NFS守护进程：[确定]启动NFSmountd：[确定][root@kvm~]#[root@kvmapplication]#showmount-elocalhostExportlistforlocalhost:/iso*<3>安装系统[root@kvm~]#virt-install\--namecentos\--ram=1024\--arch=x86_64\--vcpus=1\--check-cpu\--os-type=linux\--os-variant=rhel5\--diskpath=/virtual/centos.img,device=disk,bus=virtio,size=5,sparse=true\--bridge=br0\--force\--nographics-lnfs:23:/iso\--extra-argsconsole=ttyS0开始安装......搜索文件.treeinfo......|834B00:00...搜索文件vmlinuz......|3.7MB00:00...搜索文件initrd.img......|14MB00:00...创建域......|0B00:00连接到域centosEscapecharacteris^]之后会自动安装系统的界面，装步骤安装即可。##############################################################################################################################说明：[root@kvm~]#virt-install--helpUsage:virt-install--nameNAME--ramRAMSTORAGEINSTALL[options]Options:--versionshowprogram'sversionnumberandexit-h,--helpshowthishelpmessageandexit--connect=URIConnecttohypervisorwithlibvirtURI通用选项:-nNAME,--name=NAME客户端事件名称-rMEMORY,--ram=MEMORY以MB为单位为客户端事件分配的内存--vcpus=VCPUSNumberofvcpustoconfigureforyourguest.Ex:--vcpus5--vcpus5,maxcpus=10--vcpussockets=2,cores=4,threads=2--cpuset=CPUSETSetwhichphysicalCPUsdomaincanuse.--cpu=CPUCPUmodelandfeatures.Ex:--cpucoreduo,+x2apic--description=DESCRIPTIONHumanreadabledescriptionoftheVMtostoreinthegeneratedXML.--security=SECURITYSetdomainsecuritydriverconfiguration.--numatune=NUMATUNETuneNUMApolicyforthedomainprocess.安装方法选项:-cCDROM,--cdrom=CDROM光驱安装介质-lLOCATION,--location=LOCATION安装源(例如：nfs:host:/path、http://host/path://host/path)--pxe使用PXE协议从网络引导--import在磁盘映像中构建客体--init=INITPathtoinitbinaryforcontainerguest.Ex:--init/path/to/app(tocontainanapplication)--init/sbin/init(forafullOScontainer)--livecd将光驱介质视为LiveCD-xEXTRA,--extra-args=EXTRA附加到使用--location引导的内核的参数--initrd-inject=INITRD_INJECTIONSAddgivenfiletorootofinitrdfrom--location--os-type=DISTRO_TYPE要安装的操作系统类型，例如：'linux'、'unix'、'windows'--os-variant=DISTRO_VARIANTTheOSvariantbeinginstalledguests,e.g.'fedora6','rhel5','solaris10','win2k'--boot=BOOTOPTSOptionallyconfigurepost-installbootorder,menu,permanentkernelboot,etc.存储配置:--disk=DISKOPTSSpecifystoragewithvariousoptions.Ex.--diskpath=/my/existing/disk--diskpath=/my/new/disk,size=5(ingigabytes)--diskvol=poolname:volname,device=cdrom,bus=scsi,...--nodisks不要为该客户端设置任何磁盘。--filesystem=FILESYSTEMSPasshostdirectorytotheguest.Ex:--filesystem/my/source/dir,/dir/in/guest--filesystemtemplate_name,/,type=template联网配置:-wNETWORK,--network=NETWORKConfigureaguestnetworkinterface.Ex:--networkbridge=mybr0--networknetwork=my_libvirt_virtual_net--networknetwork=mynet,model=virtio,mac=00:11...--nonetworks不要为该客体创建网络接口。图形配置:--graphics=GRAPHICSConfigureguestdisplaysettings.Ex:--graphicsvnc--graphicsspice,port=5901,tlsport=5902--graphicsnone--graphicsvnc,password=foobar,port=5910,keymap=ja--noautoconsole不要自动尝试连接到客户端控制台设备选项:--serial=SERIALSConfigureaguestserialdevice--parallel=PARALLELSConfigureaguestparalleldevice--channel=CHANNELSConfigureaguestcommunicationchannel--console=CONSOLESConfigureatextconsoleconnectionbetweentheguestandhost--host-device=HOSTDEVSConfigurephysicalhostdevicesattachedtotheguest--soundhw=SOUNDHWConfigureguestsounddeviceemulation--watchdog=WATCHDOGConfigureaguestwatchdogdevice--video=VIDEOConfigureguestvideohardware.--smartcard=SMARTCARDConfigureaguestsmartcarddevice.Ex:--smartcardmode=passthrough虚拟化平台选项:-v,--hvm客户端应该是一个全虚拟客户端-p,--paravirt这个客户端一个是一个半虚拟客户端--containerThisguestshouldbeacontainerguest--virt-type=HV_TYPE要使用的管理程序名称(kvm、qemu、xen等等)--arch=ARCH模拟的CPU构架--machine=MACHINEThemachinetypetoemulate--noapic为全虚拟客户端禁用APIC(在os-type/os-variantdb中覆盖数值)--noacpi为全虚拟客户端禁用ACPI(在os-type/os-variantdb中覆盖数值)-uUUID,--uuid=UUID客户端UUID。其它选项:--autostartHavedomainautostartonhostbootup.--print-xmlPrintthegenerateddomainXMLratherthandefinetheguest.--print-step=XMLSTEPPrintXMLofaspecificinstallstep(1,2,3,all)ratherthandefinetheguest.--norebootDon'tbootguestaftercompletinginstall.--wait=WAIT要等待的时间(以分钟为单位)--dry-runRunthroughinstallprocess,butdonotcreatedevicesordefinetheguest.--force对任意应用程序提示强制回答‘yes’，终止左右其它提示-q,--quietSuppressnon-erroroutput--prompt要求用户为模糊情况或者需要的选项输入-d,--debug输入故障排除信息##############################################################################################################################四、管理虚拟机<1>开启虚拟机centos[root@kvm~]#virshstartcentos域centos已开始或者[root@kvm~]#virshcreate/etc/libvirt/qemu/centos.xml域centos被创建（从/etc/libvirt/qemu/centos.xml）<2>重启虚拟机[root@kvm~]#virshrebootcentos域centos正在被重新启动<3关闭虚拟机[root@kvm~]#virshshutdowncentos域centos被关闭或者[root@kvm~]#virshdestroycentos域centos被删除<4>暂停虚拟机[root@kvm~]#virshsuspendnode1域node1被挂起<5>开启的虚拟机列表（如果虚拟机被关闭则无法查看到）[root@kvm~]#virshlistId名称状态----------------------------------------------------1node1暂停2node2running3node3running[root@kvm~]#virshlist--allId名称状态----------------------------------------------------1node1暂停2node2running3node3running-centos关闭[root@kvm~]#virsh--helpvirsh[options]...[<command_string>]virsh[options]...<command>[args...]options:-c|--connect=URIhypervisorconnectionURI-r|--readonlyconnectreadonly-d|--debug=NUMdebuglevel[0-4]-h|--helpthishelp-q|--quietquietmode-t|--timingprinttiminginformation-l|--log=FILEoutputloggingtofile-vshortversion-Vlongversion--version[=TYPE]version,TYPEisshortorlong(defaultshort)-e|--escape<char>setescapesequenceforconsolecommands(noninteractivemode):DomainManagement(helpkeyword'domain')attach-device从一个XML文件附加装置attach-disk附加磁盘设备attach-interface获得网络界面autostart自动开始一个域blkdeviotuneSetorqueryablockdeviceI/Otuningparameters.blkiotuneGetorsetblkioparametersblockcommitStartablockcommitoperation.blockcopyStartablockcopyoperation.blockjobManageactiveblockoperationsblockpullPopulateadiskfromitsbackingimage.blockresizeResizeblockdeviceofdomain.change-mediaChangemediaofCDorfloppydriveconsole连接到客户会话cpu-baselinecomputebaselineCPUcpu-comparecomparehostCPUwithaCPUdescribedbyanXMLfilecpu-statsshowdomaincpustatisticscreate从一个XML文件创建一个域define从一个XML文件定义（但不开始）一个域descshoworsetdomain'sdescriptionortitledestroydestroy(stop)adomaindetach-device从一个XML文件分离设备detach-disk分离磁盘设备detach-interface分离网络界面domdisplaydomaindisplayconnectionURIdomhostnameprintthedomain'shostnamedomid把一个域名或UUID转换为域iddomif-setlinksetlinkstateofavirtualinterfacedomiftuneget/setparametersofavirtualinterfacedomjobabortabortactivedomainjobdomjobinfodomainjobinformationdomname将域id或UUID转换为域名dompmsuspendsuspendadomaingracefullyusingpowermanagementfunctionsdompmwakeupwakeupadomainfrompmsuspendedstatedomuuid把一个域名或id转换为域UUIDdomxml-from-nativeConvertnativeconfigtodomainXMLdomxml-to-nativeConvertdomainXMLtonativeconfigdump把一个域的内核dump到一个文件中以方便分析dumpxmlXML中的域信息edit编辑某个域的XML配置inject-nmiInjectNMItotheguestsend-keySendkeycodestotheguestmanagedsavemanagedsaveofadomainstatemanagedsave-removeRemovemanagedsaveofadomainmaxvcpusconnectionvcpumaximummemtuneGetorsetmemoryparametersmigrate将域迁移到另一个主机中migrate-setmaxdowntimesetmaximumtolerabledowntimemigrate-setspeedSetthemaximummigrationbandwidthmigrate-getspeedGetthemaximummigrationbandwidthnumatuneGetorsetnumaparametersreboot重新启动一个域resetresetadomainrestore从一个存在一个文件中的状态恢复一个域resume重新恢复一个域save把一个域的状态保存到一个文件save-image-defineredefinetheXMLforadomain'ssavedstatefilesave-image-dumpxmlsavedstatedomaininformationinXMLsave-image-editeditXMLforadomain'ssavedstatefileschedinfo显示/设置日程安排变量screenshottakeascreenshotofacurrentdomainconsoleandstoreitintoafilesetmaxmem改变最大内存限制值setmem改变内存的分配setvcpus改变虚拟CPU的号shutdown关闭一个域start开始一个（以前定义的）非活跃的域suspend挂起一个域ttyconsoletty控制台undefineundefineadomainupdate-deviceupdatedevicefromanXMLfilevcpucountdomainvcpucountsvcpuinfodetaileddomainvcpuinformationvcpupincontrolorquerydomainvcpuaffinityemulatorpincontrolorquerydomainemulatoraffinityvncdisplayvnc显示DomainMonitoring(helpkeyword'monitor')domblkerrorShowerrorsonblockdevicesdomblkinfodomainblockdevicesizeinformationdomblklistlistalldomainblocksdomblkstat获得域设备块状态domcontroldomaincontrolinterfacestatedomif-getlinkgetlinkstateofavirtualinterfacedomiflistlistalldomainvirtualinterfacesdomifstat获得域网络接口状态dominfo域信息dommemstatgetmemorystatisticsforadomaindomstate域状态list列出域HostandHypervisor(helpkeyword'host')capabilities性能freecellNUMA可用内存hostname打印管理程序主机名node-memory-tuneGetorsetnodememoryparametersnodecpustatsPrintscpustatsofthenode.nodeinfo节点信息nodememstatsPrintsmemorystatsofthenode.nodesuspendsuspendthehostnodeforagiventimedurationqemu-attachQEMUAttachqemu-monitor-commandQEMUMonitorCommandqemu-agent-commandQEMUGuestAgentCommandsysinfoprintthehypervisorsysinfouri打印管理程序典型的URIversion显示版本Interface(helpkeyword'interface')iface-begincreateasnapshotofcurrentinterfacessettings,whichcanbelatercommitted(iface-commit)orrestored(iface-rollback)iface-bridgecreateabridgedeviceandattachanexistingnetworkdevicetoitiface-commitcommitchangesmadesinceiface-beginandfreerestorepointiface-definedefine(butdon'tstart)aphysicalhostinterfacefromanXMLfileiface-destroydestroyaphysicalhostinterface(disableit/"if-down")iface-dumpxmlinterfaceinformationinXMLiface-editeditXMLconfigurationforaphysicalhostinterfaceiface-listlistphysicalhostinterfacesiface-macconvertaninterfacenametointerfaceMACaddressiface-nameconvertaninterfaceMACaddresstointerfacenameiface-rollbackrollbacktoprevioussavedconfigurationcreatedviaiface-beginiface-startstartaphysicalhostinterface(enableit/"if-up")iface-unbridgeundefineabridgedeviceafterdetachingitsslavedeviceiface-undefineundefineaphysicalhostinterface(removeitfromconfiguration)NetworkFilter(helpkeyword'filter')nwfilter-definedefineorupdateanetworkfilterfromanXMLfilenwfilter-dumpxmlnetworkfilterinformationinXMLnwfilter-editeditXMLconfigurationforanetworkfilternwfilter-listlistnetworkfiltersnwfilter-undefineundefineanetworkfilterNetworking(helpkeyword'network')net-autostart自动开始网络net-create从一个XML文件创建一个网络net-define从一个XML文件定义(但不开始)一个网络net-destroydestroy(stop)anetworknet-dumpxmlXML中的网络信息net-edit为网络编辑XML配置net-infonetworkinformationnet-list列出网络net-name把一个网络UUID转换为网络名net-start开始一个(以前定义的)不活跃的网络net-undefine取消定义一个非活跃的网络net-updateupdatepartsofanexistingnetwork'sconfigurationnet-uuid把一个网络名转换为网络UUIDNodeDevice(helpkeyword'nodedev')nodedev-createcreateadevicedefinedbyanXMLfileonthenodenodedev-destroydestroy(stop)adeviceonthenodenodedev-detachdetachnodedevicefromitsdevicedrivernodedev-dumpxmlXML中的节点设备详情nodedev-list这台主机中中的枚举设备nodedev-reattachreattachnodedevicetoitsdevicedrivernodedev-reset重置节点设备Secret(helpkeyword'secret')secret-definedefineormodifyasecretfromanXMLfilesecret-dumpxmlsecretattributesinXMLsecret-get-valueOutputasecretvaluesecret-listlistsecretssecret-set-valuesetasecretvaluesecret-undefineundefineasecretSnapshot(helpkeyword'snapshot')snapshot-createCreateasnapshotfromXMLsnapshot-create-asCreateasnapshotfromasetofargssnapshot-currentGetorsetthecurrentsnapshotsnapshot-deleteDeleteadomainsnapshotsnapshot-dumpxmlDumpXMLforadomainsnapshotsnapshot-editeditXMLforasnapshotsnapshot-infosnapshotinformationsnapshot-listListsnapshotsforadomainsnapshot-parentGetthenameofthepa