英语语法-状语从句

英语语法

状语从句12状语从句分类结果状语从句地点状语从句目的状语从句条件状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句让步状语从句比较状语从句方式状语从句3时间状语从句when/while/aswhen意为“当……时候”，从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生或是先于主句动作。既可指一段时间也可指时间点，可接延续性动词或者短暂性动词。while表示一个时间段，只能与延续性动词连用，也可以表示对比。as“一边……一边……”，强调两个动作同时发生，也可以表示“随着”。While(as)hewasstudying,hisbrotherwassleeping.When(as)hearrives,Iwillinformhimofit.Thegirlssanghappilyastheywalkedaroundthelake.Astimegoeson,heisgettingfatterandfatter.4before和afterbefore意为“在……之前”，表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。after意为“在……之后”，表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。Hehaddonegoodpreparationsbeforehewenttocollege.Afterhehadtriedmanytimesandfailedintheend,hegaveup.5until和till表示“直到……、到……为止”，表示一个动作持续到某一时刻为止。二者用法相近，但在句首时只能用until。在肯定句中主句要用延续性动词，表示“直到……”；在否定句中，可和非延续性动词连用，not...until...表示“直到……才”。Hewaitedathomeuntil/tillitstoppedraining.Untilallthelightsinthestreethadbeenoff,theboywenthome.HeappeareduntilIwaitedforalongtime.（错）Hedidn'tappearuntil/beforeIwaitedforalongtime.（正）6not……until可用于强调句或者倒装结构中。Theboydidn'trealizehisfaultuntilhewaspunished.=Itwasnotuntilhewaspunishedthattheboyrealizedhisfault.=Notuntilhewaspunisheddidtheboyrealizehisfault.7sincesince表示“自从……”，后接时间点，所引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词，主句多用延续性动词和完成时态。Hehasworkedatthiscollegesincehegraduated.since引导的从句若用延续性动词或状态动词的过去时，则表示该动作或状态的完成或结束。Ithasbeenfiveyearssinceheworkedhere.他不在这工作已经五年了。Sincehewasatschool,hehasworkedinthatcity.自从他下学，他就在这个城市工作。8hardly/scarcely……when和nosooner……than表示“一……就……”，强调主句和从句的动作相继发生。有两个特点：1、主句用过去完成时（haddone的形式），从句用一般过去时；2、否定副词hardly、scarcely和nosooner位于句首，主句用部分倒装结构，助动词had提到主语前面。Hardlyhadtheyfalleninlovewitheachotherwhentheygotmarried.=Theyhadhardlyfalleninlovewitheachotherwhentheygotmarried.NosoonerhadIarrivedhomethanitrainedheavily.9assoonas、directly/instantly/immediately和themoment/minute/second/instant表示“一……就……”，表示从句动作一发生，主句动作立刻发生。Hewenttotheofficeimmediatelyhereceivedthenotice.AssoonasIarrive,Iwillmakeatelephonecalltoyou.Themoment(minute/second/instant)hesawher,hefellinlovewithherdeeply.10表示时间的名词Thedayhelefthometojointhearmy,hismothercriedsadly.EverytimeImeether,shewillsmiletome.Hegotmarriedthesummerhegraduatedfromcollege.Thefamilywereexcitedthemorningthebabywasborn.everytime,anytime,nexttime,thefirsttime,thelasttime,theday/month/week/year/morning/afternoon等也可作为连词引导时间状语从句。11地点状语从句地点状语从句由where引导，表示“在……地方”。Afterthewar,anewhospitalwasbuiltwheretheoldonewas.Putthebookbackwhereitis.Helivesinthetownwherehewasborn.Heliveswherehewasborn.Helivesinwhichhewasborn.Helivesinthetowninwhichhewasborn.12原因状语从句because,since,as和forbecause语气最强，用来回答why引导的疑问句，强调句中只能用because。—Whydoyoudisagreetotheproposal?—Becauseitisunpractical.Itwasbecausehereceivedhigheducationthathehadmoreopportunitiesthanothers.13Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet.since语气比because弱，表示一种附带的原因或是对方已知的事实，表示一种显然的理由，意为“既然”。Sinceyouhavenotimetospare,Iwillturntoothersforhelp.as语气较弱，是对主句的附带说明，表示不言自明的原因或是已知的事实。AsIgetlost,Idon‘tknowhowtogoback.for语气最弱，并不是主句行为的直接原因，只起到一种补充说明的作用。只能放在主句后面，且用逗号同主句隔开。14nowthat和inthat意为“既然、由于”，nowthat位于句首或句中，inthat位于句中。Nowthatyouhavedonegoodpreparations,youneedn'tfeelworried.Allofuslikehiminthatheisveryhumorous.15seeing(that)和considering(that)seeingthat和consideringthat中的that都可省略，表示“既然、由于”。Seeing(that)headmittedthefault,theteacherforgavehim.Considering(that)timeislimited,sheshortensherspeech.16条件状语从句if表示正面条件意为“如果”，unless表示反面条件意为“除非、如果不”相当于ifnot，一般情况下可以互换。Ifitissunnytomorrow,we'llgohiking.Youwillbelateunlessyouhurry.=Ifyoudon'thurry,youwillbelate.if和unless17aslongasaslongas引导条件状语从句，表示“只要”。Iwillgothereaslongasheinvitesme.“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。Hurryup,oryou'llbelate.=Ifyoudon'thurryup,you'llbelate.Studyhardandyouwillpasstheexam.=Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.18provided/providing(that)、suppose/supposing(that)assuming(that)和given(that)Supposing/supposeitrains,whatshouldwedo?Providing/provided(that)youcankeepthesecrettoyourself,Icantellyouaboutit.Assuming(that)anearthquaketookplace,whatwouldhappentothevillage?19onconditionthat和incaseonconditionthat意为“条件是”；incase意为“倘若、万一”。IncaseIcan'tarriveontime,youcangofirstwithoutme.IwillopenaschoolforthechildreninruralplacesonconditionthatIhaveenoughmoney.20onlyif和ifonlyonlyif表示“只要”，only起到强调的作用，引导的从句用陈述语气；ifonly引导的从句要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿……、如果……就好了”。Onlyifyourespectothers,you'llberespected.IfonlyIwereamillionaire.IfonlyIhadfollowedhisadvice.21onceonce也表示“一旦”，也可表示条件。Onceyouspeakout,youcan'tswallowyourwords.22让步状语从句although、though、eventhough和evenif表示“虽然、即使、尽管”，eventhough和evenif语气较强而although和though相对较弱，although较正式而though较通俗。Althoughourparentsoftencriticizeandevenbeatus,westilllovethem.Eventhough(if)heisrich,yetheisn'thappy.though/although引导让步状语从句时，主句中不可出现but，但可以用yet，still等。Thoughitrainedhardoutside,(yet/still)heinsistedongoingout.=Itrainedhardoutside,butheinsistedongoingout.

23though和although常可互换，但有些情况下只能用though不能用although。though可和even连用表示强调而although不可以。Eventhoughtheprocessisfullofdifficulties,theresultissatisfactory.though可同as连用构成asthough，相当于asif表示“好像”。Itlooksasthoughit'sgoingtorain.though可用于倒装式的让步状语从句中，相当于as，而although则不可以。Toughthoughthesituationis,Iwillfaceuptoit.though可以表示转折，意为“然而、却”，不可用although。HespeaksEnglishquicklythoughcorrectly.Itisafact,though.24while和whereaswhile和whereas也可以引导让步状语从句，以通过对比突出主句和从句的差异。Hehasbeenpromotedasprofessor,while(whereas)heisonlythirty.Manypeopledon'tliketolivehere,while(whereas)theenvironmentisgood.25whether……or(not)whether……or引导让步状语从句，表示“不管、无论”。Whetheryoulikeitornot,you'llhavetodoit.Whetheryougowithmeorstayathome,Iwillgo.Whetherornotitrains,themeetingwillbeheldontime.26wh+ever/nomatter+whwh+ever既可以引导名词性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；nomatter+wh只能引导让步状语从句。Whateveryousay,Iwon'tbelieveyou.(=nomatterwhat)Whenevershegetsangry,hewillcheerherup.(=nomatterwhen)Whoevercomestotheparty,theywillreceiveagift.Howevercarefulweare,wewillerr.(nomatterhow)27forall(that)forall(that)相当于inspiteof/despitethefactthat，表示“不管、虽然”后接that从句，that可省略。Forall(that)heisacommonman,hedoesuncommonthings.Inspiteof/despitethefactthatheisacommonman,hedoesuncommonthings.Inspiteoftheheavyrain,theystillwentout.=Inspiteofthefactthatitrainedheavily,theystillwentout.28though/as引导的让步状语从句中的倒装名词+though/as+主语+be动词Managerthough/asheis,heisverymodest.形容词+though/as+主语+谓语Strongthough/asyouare,youcan'tliftit.副词+though/as+主语+谓语Hardas/thoughheworks,hewasunabletomakegreatprogress.原形动词+though/as+主语+助动词或情态动词Failmanytimesas/thoughhedid,heneverlostheart.Searchthough/astheymight,theycan'tfindanybodyinthehouse.过去分词+though/as+主语+be动词Praisedashewas,heremainedmodest.29结果状语从句so……that和such……that30sucha/anadj可数名词单数adj可数名词复数adj不可数名词that从句Kathyissuchalovelygirlthatwealllikeher.Theseweresuchdifficultquestionsthatnoneofuscouldanswerthem.Wehadsuchterribleweatherthatwecouldn'tfinishtheworkontime.31so形容词/副词adj可数名词单数many/few可数名词复数that从句Kathyissolovelythatweallliketobewithher.Kathyissolovelyagirlthatweallliketobewithher.Hemadesomanymistakesthathefailedtheexamonceagain.There'ssolittletimeleftthatwehavetospeedup.a/anmuch/little不可数名词32sothat和suchthatsothat引导的结果状语常用逗号同主句隔开；suchthat也可引导结果状语从句，such常作表语。Hegotuplate,sothathedidn'tcatchthefirstbus.TheweatherwassuchthatIwouldn'tgoout.33目的状语从句sothat和inorderthat目的状语从句表示“为了、以便”，常同表示“能够”的情态动词连用。如：can、could、may和might。Speakloudlysothatyoucanbeheardclearly.Inorderthatotherswillnoticeher,shewearabrightcoat.Theteacherexplainedtheansweragainandagaininorderthatwecouldunderstanditfully.34sothat和inorderthat引导的目的状语从句可以转换成inorderto或soasto不定式结构。但句子的主语必须同时是后面动词不定式的逻辑主语。否则就必须用sothat和inorderthat表达，但也可用介词for引出逻辑主语。Hedoesmorningexercisessothathecanbuilduphisbody.Hedoesmorningexercisesinorderto/soastobuilduphisbody.Thecouplespokeinalowvoicesothattheirdaughtercouldstudyquietly.Thecouplespokeinalowvoiceinorderfortheirdaughtertostudyquietly.35lest、incase和forfearthat表示“以防、以免”引导目的状语从句。lest从句要用虚拟语气，incase和forfearthat引导的目的状语从句一般用虚拟语气间或用陈述语气。Takeanumbrella,lestitshouldrain.Takeanumbrellaincaseitrains.Shegotupearlyforfearthathewouldbelateforwork.36结果状语从句目的状语从句VS①目的状语从句中的动词前要用can、could、may、might、shall、should、will和would等情态动词，表示主观愿望；而结果状语从句则不用，表示的是客观事实。②引导结果状语从句的sothat前常有逗号，而引导目的状语从句的sothat前一般不用逗号。③结果状语从句都放在主句后，而目的状语从句可放在主句前或后。Sothatwecouldfinishthetaskontime,weworkeddayandnight.(目的状语从句)Hewasreadytohelpothers,sothathewasrespectedbyeveryone.(结果状语从句)Hearrivedattherailwaystationearly,sothatheca