一轮复习随堂课件写作专项板块四概要写作（备选）

板块四概要写作(备选)2022英语内容索引Part1谋篇布局Part2典例示范Part3强化细节Part4跟踪训练Part1谋篇布局●题型解读概要写作是一种控制型写作,是对原文的基本内容进行浓缩并进行再加工的语言输出形式,是考生对语言材料进行吸收、存储、内化整理和表达的过程,是一种基于理解的创新。概要写作既能训练学生对语言的理解和重新加工的能力,又能提高学生的思维能力。概要写作题会提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要,以此来考查学生准确获取关键词,对文章大意进行归纳概括,并用简洁的语言转述文章重要信息的能力。考生要在正确理解短文的基础上,用简明、精练的语句高度浓缩文章的主要内容和观点,是对阅读理解能力和书面表达能力的综合考查。原文以说明文和议论文为主,偶有记叙文以及其他文体。原文结构比较明晰,通常包含4个左右的要点。考生要客观准确归纳要点,不照搬原文句子,要点之间要恰当衔接,全文内容要连贯,过渡要自然。一、题型考查的能力1.考生概括文章主旨大意和准确获取关键词的能力、对语篇的概括能力;2.用简洁的语言表述文章重要信息的能力。词汇短语准确,句型表达精练;3.对文章整体结构的把握能力。二、概要写作的高考评分标准1.对原文要点的理解和呈现情况;2.应用语法结构和词汇的准确性;3.上下文的连贯性;4.对各要点表达的独立性情况;5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面,评分时,应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑;6.如书写差以致影响交际,可将分数降低一个档次。●评分标准各档次给分范围和要求(总分25分)评分档次第一条第二条第三条第四条第五档(21—25分)理解准确,涵盖全部要点能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇有效地使用了语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要作文结构紧凑完全使用自己的语言第四档(16—20分)理解准确,涵盖绝大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误,但完全不影响意义表达比较有效地使用了词语间的连接成分,使所完成的概要作文结构紧凑有个别整句抄自原文评分档次第一条第二条第三条第四条第三档(11—15分)理解较为准确,涵盖大部分要点所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误,但不影响意义表达应用简单的语句间连接成分,使上下文内容连贯出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象第二档(6—10分)理解有误差,但涵盖半数要点有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误,影响了意义的表达较少使用语句间的连接成分,全文内容缺少连贯性出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象第一档(1—5分)没有理解原文,造成概要内容与原文主题不符有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误,严重影响了意义的表达缺乏语句间的连接成分,全文内容不连贯多个句子抄自原文0分白卷,内容太少、所写内容与所给材料无关白卷,内容太少、所写内容与所给材料无关白卷,内容太少、所写内容与所给材料无关白卷,内容太少、所写内容与所给材料无关●解题步骤1.仔细阅读原文,掌握文章的主旨大意。在阅读过程中,要注意搜寻要点,如议论文中的论点、论据。2.列出或找到文章的要点或各段落的主题句。可以用下划线标记,也可做笔记,将要点逐一列出。3.分析原文的内容和结构,注意段落之间的联系。可用树形图画出段落之间的关系。4.写出初稿。根据列出的要点和对原文的理解,用自己的语言组织内容,尝试写出概要。5.认真阅读初稿,对照原文,检查是否漏掉重要内容。

检査并确定拼写、语法、标点正确无误。6.再次厘清要点之间的联系,添加必要的连接词,使全文逻辑清楚,行文连贯流畅。7.检査是否符合规定的词数要求。8.把文章誊写到答题纸上。Part2典例示范阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。(2019年6月浙江高考)Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofThe

A

to

Z

Guide

to

Raising

Happy

and

Confident

Kids,says,“We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat’sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents’praisehasputthem.Still,don’tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey’renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon’tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren’seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParenting

without

Fear:Letting

Go

of

Worry

and

Focusing

on

What

Really

Matters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit’stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe’soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相称的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.【语篇解读】这是2019年6月浙江高考真题的概要写作,语篇文体为议论文,主要论述了父母过多地表扬孩子或者几乎不表扬孩子都会给孩子带来不良的影响。是否对孩子进行表扬,关键看孩子努力的过程而非结果,父母应该视其每一次努力的情况给予恰当的表扬。全文共4段,语篇结构简单清晰,主旨句明显。每一段就是一个意义段,因此确定需归纳的要点应该为4个。下面我们分段落剖析。第一段:第一句首先揭示现状:父母随时随地表扬孩子。第二句通过引用作家Jenn

Berman的话来表达对父母无时无刻表扬孩子的观点加以评论,其意思是:几十年前,父母对孩子要求过于严格,而今天我们走向了另一个极端。第三句说,父母认为多表扬孩子能培养他们的自信心,但事实上可能事与愿违。这是一个总结性的结论,是本段的主旨句。第四句作者再次强调自己的观点:过多不诚恳的表扬会让孩子害怕自己的表现不能达到父母的期望,从而不敢冒险尝试新鲜事物。第二段:第一句强调不要走向另一个极端。第二句是主旨句,点明另一个极端:不肯表扬孩子,这和过多的表扬同样会产生不良影响。第三句说明不良影响的具体表现:孩子们会感觉自己做得不够好,或者你根本不在乎,这样,他们会感觉为了取得好的成绩去付出努力也没有什么意义。第三段:第一句首先提出疑问:怎样给予表扬才是合适的呢?然后借助于专家的观点:表扬的质量比数量更重要。这是本段的主旨句。第三句进一步阐述该观点:假如表扬是虔诚的,关注孩子的努力而不是结果,那么,可以在孩子做了值得表扬的事情时及时口头表扬。最后引用Donahue的话,强调父母应该看重孩子努力的过程,而非结果。第四段:前两句提出:你儿子也许不是篮球队里面最好的运动员,但是假如他每天都在外面努力打球,那么,不管他的球队输了还是赢了比赛,你都应该表扬他的付出。第三句指出,表扬努力的过程而不是结果也意味着当他们努力清扫庭院、做饭或完成读书报告时,你也要认可他们的努力。最后一句是本段主旨句,总结作者观点:表扬应该视情况而定,你的表扬应该与孩子们付出的努力相符合。【写作思路】概要写作最有效的办法就是提炼主旨句,删除细节,用简明、精练的语言对主旨句进行替换加工,然后使用语句间的连接成分,使之成为一篇结构紧凑,完全使用了自己的语言的内容概要。通过对语篇的分析,我们删除了短文中的细节、例证等细枝末节,确定了每段的主旨句,要点已经明确。下面就要用自己的语言准确地转述各段的要点。为避免和原文的句子重复,我们要使用词汇替换、词性改变、转换句式等各种形式,对原文要点进行转述表达。第一段主旨句Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.(段中)Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.(段中)要点变式表达①Parentsbelievethatpraisingcanhelpcreatechildren’sconfidencewhiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.(改变句子表达方式;用believe代替think;create替换build;toomuch替换alotof;改变opposite词性)②Nowadays,parentstendtooffertoomuchpraisetotheirchildren,hopingtoboosttheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.(运用tendtooffer替代bygiving介词短语;用boost替代build;运用非谓语动词hoping...,语言简练;用producetheoppositeeffect改变opposite词性)第二段主旨句Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.(段中)Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.(段中)要点变式表达①Kidsmayfeeldiscouragedwhennotgivenenoughpraise.(改变句式,用“连词+非谓语动词”,语言简练;用feeldiscouraged替换bejustasdamagingas;用notgiven替代notgiving,更加灵活)②However,lackingpraisealsodoesharmtothechildren.(改变句式,语言简练;用lack替换notgivingenough;用doesharmto替换bedamaging)③However,praisingthemtoolittlecanbeharmfulaswell.(改变句式,改变praise的词性;用toolittle替换notenough;用harmful替代damaging)第三段主旨句Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.(段中)Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.(段中)要点变式表达①Accordingtoexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,andparentsshouldfocusonefforts.(运用了增分句式itis...ratherthan...thatmatters,句式升级;用accordingtoexperts替换expertssay)②Therefore,expertsclaimthatpraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnottheresult.(用高级词汇claim代替say;用process表达quantity的含义;用result代替quality的含义)第四段主旨句Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相称的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.(段尾)Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相称的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.(段尾)要点变式表达①Praiseoffersrecognition,butparentsareexpectedtopraisekidsonareasonablebasisinaccordancewithkids’amountofefforts.(删除细节,改变句式;用areasonablebasis替换acase-by-casebasis;用inaccordancewith替换proportionate)②Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.(改变句式结构;巧用衔接词meanwhile;用deserve替换shouldbegiven,用高级词汇strive替换theamountofeffort,语言精练)③Theyaresupposedtogivepraiseaccordingtohowmuchefforttheirkidshavemadetodothejob.(高度概括;用besupposedto替换should;运用定语从句)【范文欣赏1】Parentsbelievethatpraisingcanhelpcreatechildren’sconfidencewhiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.(要点1)Kidsmayfeeldiscouragedwhennotgivenenoughpraise.(要点2)Accordingtoexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,andparentsshouldfocusonefforts.(要点3)Praiseoffersrecognition,butparentsareexpectedtopraisekidsonareasonablebasisinaccordancewithkids’amountofefforts.(要点4)【范文欣赏2】Nowadays,parentstendtooffertoomuchpraisetotheirchildren,hopingtoboosttheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.(要点1)However,lackingpraisealsodoesharmtothechildren.(要点2)Therefore,expertsclaimthatpraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnottheresult.(要点3)Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.(要点4)【简要点评】这两篇概要对原文理解都很准确,完全包括原文中的四个要点,结构清晰,一目了然。两篇文章都准确地运用了连接成分,如:accordingtoexperts,but,however,therefore,meanwhile等,使全文意思连贯,结构紧凑。词汇和语法结构使用准确,运用了丰富的表达方式,如:whiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects中,while表示对比转折,非常灵活;whennotgivenenoughpraise用“连词+非谓语动词”表达更加简练;运用增分句式itis...ratherthan...thatmatters;用非谓语动词hopingtoboosttheirconfidence作状语等。这两篇文章都做到了要点的独立性表达,能完全使用自己的语言,通过改变句式,运用同义替换、词性转换等形式,准确表达原文意思。例如:Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相称的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.改为Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirdutybuttheamountofpraiseshoulddependonhowhardtheywork.在句子信息量很大的情况下依然能用自己的语言灵活转换。所运用的词汇和句型足能看出这两位考生的遣词造句能力和深厚的英语语言功底。因此,这两篇习作都属于第五档作文。Part3强化细节微技能1句子提升一、同义转换

概要写作的语言表达要灵活,不能简单地照搬原句,而是要用自己的话进行转换。这就要求考生要有丰富的语言功底,尽可能多地掌握能够进行语言转换的词汇、短语或者句式来丰富自己的表达。多数的可转换的词汇之间有一些细微的差别,它们的侧重点不一样,在实际运用中,还要根据不同的语境选择最恰当的词。◆词汇的转换1.常用名词(词组)的转换方法way,method,approach,means困难difficulty,challenge,barrier问题problem,question,trouble,issue事情thing,matter,affair,business机会chance,opportunity,occasion目标

goal,target,aim责任duty,responsibility发展development,progress,advance职业job,career,employment,profession优势advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,strength,strongpoint劣势disadvantage,shortcoming,weakness,drawback,downside,limitation,weakpoint2.重点动词(短语)的转换认为think,consider,insist知道know,realize,beawareof,learnabout相信believe(in),havefaithin,trust,beconvincedof使用use,apply,employ完成finish,achieve,accomplish,complete获得gain,get,acquire,attain,obtain提供offer,provide,supply,afford鼓励encourage,motivate,stimulate,inspire发生happen,occur,takeplace,comeabout同意agree,approve,consent要求request,demand,require,claim影响influence,impact,affect表明show,suggest,imply,indicate,demonstrate导致leadto,bringabout,resultin,giveriseto,contributeto3.描绘性形容词的转换好的good,excellent,outstanding,favorable坏的bad,awful,terrible,negative,harmful大的big,massive,huge,enormous,giant,vast小的small,tiny富的rich,wealthy,well-off穷的poor,needy有益的helpful,beneficial,rewarding,advantageous有害的harmful,damaging,destructive勇敢的brave,bold,courageous,fearless,daring害怕的afraid,frightened,scared,fearful严重的serious,severe困难的difficult,tough,challenging悲伤的sad,depressed,sorrowful,heartbroken高兴的happy,delightful,glad,joyful,merry,cheerful重要的important,essential,significant,vital,crucial,critical漂亮的beautiful,charming,attractive,fascinating,pretty,eye-catching4.高频副词(短语)的转换经常often,regularly,frequently很少rarely,seldom,hardlyever起先firstly,originally,initially,tobeginwith然后then,subsequently,afterwards,thereafter最后lastly,ultimately,eventually,finally立刻immediately,shortly,rightnow,rightaway偶尔occasionally,attimes,nowandthen也also,too,aswell,likewise,either因为because,as,dueto,since,inthat非常very,exceedingly,extremely,highly目前now,atpresent,nowadays,recently忽然suddenly,allofasudden,allatonce当然certainly,definitely,undoubtedly但是however,nevertheless,while,yet大约approximately,about,around,roughly,almost平稳地steadily,smoothly只有,仅仅only,just,merely,barely实际上actually,asamatteroffact,indeed,infact,truly完全地totally,completely,absolutely,entirely,fully因此so,therefore,thus,consequently,asaresult,inconsequence5.介词(短语)和独立成分等的转换关于about,concerning,involving,regarding提前aheadoftime,aheadofschedule,inadvance例如forinstance,forexample,tonameonlyafew,suchas随着时间的推移astimegoeson/by,withtimegoingon/by随着……的到来withthecoming/approaching/arrivalof...在某种程度上tosomeextent,tosomedegree,inasense,inaway◆词性的转换在概要写作中,学生若是不能完全用自己的语言转换表达,可以通过词性转换法来改变原句中一些词的词性以避免照搬原文。例如:1.Theworkershaveproducedataveryhighrate.(名词与动词的转换)Theworkershavespedupproduction.2.Wefounditdifficulttosolvethiscomplicatedproblem.(名词与形容词的转换)Wefounddifficultyinsolvingthiscomplicatedproblem.3.Schoolbusesaresafefortheenvironment.(名词与副词的转换)Schoolbusesareenvironmentallysafe.4.Thewhiteandtheblackshouldbeequallytreated.(形容词与副词的转换;名词与动词的转换)

Thewhiteandtheblackshouldreceiveequaltreatment.

5.Whathehadsaidleftadeepimpressiononme.(名词与动词的转换;形容词与副词的转换)

Hiswordsdeeplyimpressedme.

6.Itisabsolutelynecessarytothinkindependentlyinstudy.(形容词与副词的转换;形容词与名词的转换)

Independentthinkingisanabsolutenecessityinstudy.

◆句式的转换在概要写作中,恰当运用一些简单的常用句式,来改变原文的句式,可以彰显考生的综合语言运用能力,提高文章的档次。例如:1.时态的转换(1)Thebusiscomingnow.(现在进行时)

Herecomesthebus.(一般现在时)(2)Hejoinedthearmytwoyearsago.(一般过去时)Hehasbeenasoldierfortwoyears.(现在完成时)

2.语态的转换(1)Parentsshouldgivechildrenmorepraise.(主动语态)Childrenshouldbegivenmorepraise.(被动语态)

(2)Wearegoingtodiscussthisprobleminourclassmeeting.(主动语态)Thisproblemisgoingtobediscussedinourclassmeeting.(被动语态)

3.非谓语动词代替句子(1)ItisdifficultandIcan’tfinishit.Ifinditdifficulttofinishit.(动词不定式)

(2)Theyknowtheplananditwillbecarriedoutnextweek.Theyknowtheplantobecarriedoutnextweek.(动词不定式的被动语态)

(3)Whenyouarrive,youcansendmeamessage.Onarriving,youcansendmeamessage.(动词-ing形式作宾语)(4)Theteacherwalkedoutofthelabandthechildrenfollowedher.Followedbythechildren,theteacherwalkedoutofthelab.(动词-ed形式作状语)(5)Thebookisveryinterestingandithasbeenpublishedrecently.Thebookpublishedrecentlyisveryinteresting.(动词-ed

形式作定语)4.复合句来代替简单句(1)Simonisourteacher.HewillleaveforJapannextweek.Simon,whoisourteacher,willleaveforJapannextweek.

(2)Pamelaisspokenhighlyof.Hercompositionwaswellwritten.Pamelawhosecompositionwaswellwrittenisspokenhighlyof.

(3)Iwon’tbelievewhatshesays.Nomatterwhatshesays,Iwon’tbelieve.

(4)Itwasacoldday.Therewasnobodyonthestreet.Itwassuchacolddaythattherewasnobodyonthestreet.(5)Tooursurprise,thelittleboyknowssomanythings.Whatsurprisesusisthatthelittleboyknowssomanythings.

(6)Hedidn’tturnupandwefeltdisappointed.Thefactthathedidn’tturnupmadeusfeeldisappointed.

5.使用虚拟语气(1)Hesuggestedeatingoutforachangethisweekend.Hesuggestedthatwe(should)eatoutforachangethisweekend.

(2)Wedidn’thaveapleasantjourneybecauseoftherain.Butfortherain,wewouldhavehadapleasantjourney.

6.使用特殊句式(1)ThoughIamweak,I’llsparenoeffort.WeakasIam,I’llsparenoeffort.

(2)Icanhelptheoldladyonlyinthisway.OnlyinthiswaycanIhelptheoldlady.

(3)Thefirststepmatters.Itisthefirststepthatmatters.

(4)Ididn’trealizehowmuchtimeIhadwasteduntilIbegantowork.ItwasnotuntilIbegantoworkthatIrealizedhowmuchtimeIhadwasted.

二、巧妙使用衔接词要想清晰地概括出文章中的逻辑关系,就要恰当巧妙地使用衔接词,这些衔接词会为你得高分助一臂之力。1.表示并列或递进的14种高分衔接单词:additionally;furthermore;besides;moreover短语:inadditionto;aswellas;alongwith;worsestill;apartfrom结构:what’sworse;tomakemattersworse;what’smore;both...and...;notonly...butalso...2.表示因果的30种高分衔接表示原因的连词:because;as;for;since表示原因的短语和结构:becauseof;dueto;owingto;thanksto;inthat;nowthat;asaresultof;thecauseof;forfearthat;thereasonfor;seeingthat;onereasonisthat...表示结果的副词:therefore;thus;consequently;hence;accordingly表示结果的短语和结构:resultin;theeffectof;theconsequenceof;causing+n.;leadingto+n.;resultingin+n.注意:以下是动词短语contributeto;haveaneffecton;owesthto3.表示转折的25种高分衔接单词:but;however;nevertheless;yet;although;otherwise;instead;despite短语:onthecontrary;differfrom;differentfrom;evenso;eventhough;inspiteof;bycontrast;incontrast结构:nomatterwho(what/when/where);inspiteofthefactthat...隐含转折或否定意义的词:unlike;actually;unfortunately;unexpectedly;asamatteroffact;infact;indeed4.表示对比的10种高分衔接单词:while;whereas;similarly;alike;resemble;meanwhile短语和结构:equallyimportant;atthesametime;ontheonehand...ontheotherhand...;foronething...foranother...5.表示顺序、程度等的43种高分衔接首先:first;firstofall;atfirst;inthefirstplace;primarily;initially肯定:certainly;definitely;undoubtedly;obviously;apparently;inevitably;essentially;interestingly;surely;certainly程度:totally;entirely;considerably;relatively最近情况:recently;inrecentyears;theseyears;presently;lately;currently总结:onthewhole;inconclusion;inaword;tosumup;inshort;inbelief;toconclude;ingeneral;generallyspeaking;significantly;aboveall;inanycase;anyway;aboveall;infact;especially;mostimportantly微技能2篇章提升一、高度概括概要写作评分标准第五档要求,“理解准确,涵盖全部要点”。用有限的字数涵盖全部要点就需要高度概括。高度概括除了把事物的共同点归纳总结外,还要简明扼要。部分学生概要写作得分低,主要原因是不会概括。他们只是照抄了原文中的个别句子,或者句子的一部分,不能用自己的话凝练表达。要学会概括,首先要学会寻找主题句。寻找主题句时,要注意以下小技巧:①转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句;②段首出现疑问时,回答部分可能是主题句;③作者有意识重复强调的观点,往往是主旨;反复出现的词语,往往是体现主旨的关键词;④表示总结或者结论的句子常包含therefore,inshort;conclude;thus等。下面我们从段落开始,通过具体案例,来学习、感悟、掌握寻找主题句并进行概括。1.如何寻找主题句?案例①Accordingtomostpeople,afteralongperiodofstudyingorworking,weneedtohavearesttorefreshourselves.②However,thatmaynotbethecase.③Accordingtoarecentreport,youdon’tneedthebreakasmuchasyoumaythink.详细解析:转折词语后面的部分,有可能是主题句。本段第一句话阐述了一种观点:大多数人认为,经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神。第二句,However之后,引出本段主题:事实可能并非如此。第三句是对上述表述的阐释:根据最近的一份报告,你并不像你想象的那样需要休息。因此,需要将前两句进行整合。参考表达:Havingaresttorefreshyourselfisnotsoessentialasmanypeoplethink.简要解析:将“经过长时间的学习或工作后,我们需要休息来恢复精神”这种现象用“Having

a

rest

to

refresh

yourself”来概括,用“not

so

essential

as...”替换“may

not

be

the

case”,用自己的语言进行概括,高度提炼段落大意。2.主题句在段首案例①Morethanthreebillionpeopleareatriskfromindoorairpollutionbecauseoftheheatingorcookingfuelstheyuse.②MostliveinAfrica,IndiaandChina.③Theyusewood,cropwaste,animalwasteorcoal.④Thesesolidfuelsmaybetheleastcostlyfuelsavailable.⑤Buttheyarealsoamajorcauseofhealthproblemsanddeath.详细解析:段落中第一句话表示超过30亿人因为使用的燃料而处于室内空气污染的危险之中。第二句话具体阐述的是这些人来自哪些国家。第三句话具体阐述他们使用的是什么燃料。第四句话阐述了他们使用的原因——廉价。第五句话表明虽然廉价,但是会带来健康问题甚至死亡。因此判断第一句为主题句,后面的为支撑句。参考表达:Manypeoplearesufferingfromtheindoorairpollutioncausedbycheapfuels.简要解析:用“Many

people”概括“More

than

three

billion

people”,用“are

suffering

from”替换“are

at

risk

from”,用“air

pollution

caused

by

cheap

fuels”概括“indoor

air

pollution

because

of

the

heating

or

cooking

fuels

they

use”和“These

solid

fuels

may

be

the

least

costly

fuels

available.”,用高度概括与替换的手法进行整合概括。3.主题句在段末案例①In2002,anAustralianmanwenttohisfriend’s21stbirthdayparty.②Hegotdrunk,felloffsomestepsandcuthislip.③Hetookapictureofhisinjuriesandshareditwithhisfriendsonline.④“Andsorryaboutthefocus,”hewrote,“itwasaselfie(自拍).”⑤Thatwasthefirstrecordeduseoftheword“selfie”,accordingtosomeexpertsatOxfordDictionaries.详细解析:本段介绍“自拍”的起源。段落第一句话表示一位澳大利亚男子参加朋友的生日聚会。第二句话表示他喝得酩酊大醉,磕破了嘴唇。第三句话表示他拍了张负伤的照片,传到了网络上与朋友分享。第四句话表示他说这是张“自拍”。第五句话表示这是“自拍”一词最早出现的记录。前面几句是叙述“自拍”一词出现的具体事例,引出总结性主题句,主题句在段末。参考表达:Theword“selfie”wasfirstusedbyanAustralianmanin2002.简要解析:用“The

word

‘selfie’

was

first

used...”被动句来表达主题句,高度概括,省去具体描述事件的词语。4.主题句在段中案例①Untilthe1960s,mostFinnishstudentsleftschoolaftersixyears.②Inthemiddleofthe1960s,theFinnishgovernmentsawtheneedtochangeandmodernizetheireducationalsystemiftheywantedtobeinternationallycompetitive.③Lawmakersmadeasimpledecision:abasicschoolforallthe7-to-16-year-olds.④Compulsory(义务的)educationbeginsat7.⑤Thegovernmentmakesitpossibleforallchildrentoattendpreschoolaswell.详细解析:段落第一句话阐述的是一种现象:大多数芬兰学生入学六年后就会辍学。第二句话表明芬兰政府意识到了改变这种现象的重要性及重要措施。第三句话讲述的是芬兰政府的决定:为所有7到16岁的孩子建立一所基础学校。段落中体现重要决策的,往往为主题句。因此,此处为主题句。第四句话表示义务教育开始的年龄。第五句话表示政府尽可能让所有的孩子都能上学前班。都是对第三句进行的补充。参考表达:TheFinnishgovernmentmadelawstoensurethecompulsoryeducation.简要解析:用“The

Finnish

government”替换“Lawmakers”,用“made

laws”替换“made

a

simple

decision”,将芬兰政府具体的政策高度概括为“the

compulsory

education”,简洁明了。5.提炼主题句案例Inrecentyears,theactoftakingapictureofoneselfwithamobilephone,placingthesubjectcenter-stage,haswongreatpopularitywitheveryonefromBritain’sQueenElizabethⅡtoU.S.Presidentjoiningin.详细解析:整段就是一个长句。近年来,用手机自拍照片,在屏幕中间设置主题相片的行为越来越流行,甚至英国女王伊丽莎白二世及美国总统也加入了这一行列。概括时只需要用简洁的语言来表达。参考表达:Today,moreandmorepeoplearecrazyabouttakingselfies,includingsomefamouspeople.简要解析:使用“Today”代替短语“In

recent

years”,用短语“take

selfies”概括从句“the

act

of

taking

a

picture

of

oneself

with

a

mobile

phone,placing

the

subject

center-stage”,将“everyone

from

Britain’s

Queen

Elizabeth

Ⅱ

to

U.S.President”高度概括为“some

famous

people”,使用词组代替整句或从句更简洁。二、删除细节在概要写作中,我们首先要学会辨别哪些是概括性语言,哪些是细节性语言。能恰当地删除细节、删除具体例子更容易把握主旨大意。那么,细节主要包括哪些方面呢?通常情况下,具体的描述性语言、事例、数据、论据、重复强调的观点,往往都是细节。在概括主旨时,往往都要考虑删除。下面,我们通过具体案例来感悟、掌握如何删除细节。1.删除描绘性语言案例①Scientistshavelongassumedthatwillpowerisalimitedresource,whichiswhyyoufeeltheneedtohavearest,haveasnackandthengetbacktotaskwhenyouarefeelingbetter.②Theyarguethattheonlywayyourbodyrestoreswillpowerisbyrest,foodorentertainment.详细解析:本段第一句表示长期以来,科学家们一直认为意志力是一种有限的资源,这就是为什么你觉得有必要休息一下,吃点东西,然后当你感觉好些时再继续工作。第二句表示身体恢复意志力的唯一方式是休息、进食或者娱乐。本段主旨需要删除细节,并将两句话进行概括。参考表达:Willpower,assumedtobealimitedresource,isthoughttoberegainedbyrest,food,aswellasentertainment.简要解析:第一句删除描述性的语言“which

is

why

you

feel

the

need

to

have

a

rest,have

a

snack

and

then

get

back

to

task

when

you

are

feeling

better”,用willpower作主语,删除重复的内容,运用同位语及被动语态的手法,有效地将两个句子连接起来,使得其逻辑意思更为连贯与简洁。2.删除事例与数据等案例①AprovechohasnowpartneredwithastovemanufacturerinChina.②ThecompanyismakingAprovecho’sfirstmass-producedstoves.③Theyaresaidtouse40%-50%lesswoodthananopenfire,andproduce50%-70%lesssmoke.④AcompanycalledStoveTecissellingthemthroughitswebsiteforlessthantendollars.⑤DeanStillsaysthatmorethanonehundredthousandhavebeensoldsofar.详细解析:段落中第一句话表示Aprovecho现在与中国的一家炉具制造商合作。第二句话表示该公司正在制造Aprovecho首批量产的炉具。第三句话表示它们比明火少用40%-50%的木材,少产生50%-70%的烟雾。第四句话表示一家名为StoveTec的公司在其网站上以不到10美元的价格出售这些产品。第五句话表示到目前为止其销量已经超过10万。后面几句是具体的数字与例子的描写,因此,主题句在段首。参考表达:NowAprovechohasachievedthegoalandthenewstovesmadebyitsChinesepartneraresaidtobesellingprettywell.简要解析:用“has

achieved

the

goal”高度概括“Aprovecho

has

now

partnered

with

a

stove

manufacturer

in

China.The

company

is

making

Aprovecho’s

first

mass-produced

stoves.”;用“selling

pretty

well”高度概括数量表达“more

than

one

hundred

thousand

have

been

sold

so

far”,删除具体数字“They

are

said

to

use

40%-50%

less

wood

than

an

open

fire,and

produce

50%-70%

less

smoke.”;删除具体例子“A

company

called

StoveTec

is

selling

them

through

its

website

for

less

than

ten

dollars.”,把握主旨大意。Part4跟踪训练1阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Travelingisanescapefromtheroutineandprovidesphysicalandmentalbenefits.Travelingletsyougetawayfromwhatmakesyoutired,regardlessofthetypeoftripyouchoose.Ontheotherhand,wefeelhappywhenvisitingtouristattractions,walkingonthebeachorswimminginthepool.Ifwetravelwithfamily,besidesthesebenefits,wecanalsoaddthefactthatwespendourmostprecioustimewithpeoplewelovemostintheworld.Andnotjustthat!Familytravelhasmoreadvantages.Thepaceoflifethatmostpeopleleadtodaymakesitimpossibleforustospendallthetimewithourfamily.Totakeawaythatsenseofguiltandmakethemostofthetimewithourfamily,itisbesttospenddaysonholidaywiththem.Inaddition,spendingalmost24hoursadaywithyourfamilywillhelptostrengthentiesandknowyourchildrenbetter.Asmentioned,travelinghasnumerousbenefits,sodonotthinkonlyforadults.Infact,thankstothesmalleronesofthehouse,tourswillnotonlybegoodtimeswiththefamily,butmaketherelationshipdevelopemotionallyandsocially.Travelingwithchildrenalsohasmanyadvantagesforadults.Forexample,youwillseetheworldwithoutprejudiceandfindexperiencesthatyouhaveforgotten:thebeautyofacrystalstone,themysteryofacave,thedipsinthepool...Ofcourse,youwillenjoymuchseeingyourchild’sfaceinsurprisetodiscovernewplaces.Inaddition,itwillhelpyouunderstandtheideathatyoucanlivewithoutTVandvideogam