Translation-of-discourse汉英篇章翻译

Translationofdiscourse汉英篇章翻译Week12TranslationofdiscourseWhatisthediscourse?Discoursemeanseither"writtenorspokencommunicationordebate"or"aformaldiscussionofdebate.Thetermisoftenusedinsemanticsanddiscourseanalysis.Adiscourseoftenmeetssevenstandardsoftextuality.篇章〔text〕是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。〔陈宏薇〕篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。〔王治奎〕语篇指不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言。它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相联系的句子为到达一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。〔一〕AComparisonBetweenChineseDiscourseandEnglishDiscourse1.TheSimilarities1.1Cohesion(衔接)Itconcernshowtheactualwordswehearorseearemutuallyconnectedwithinasequence.1.2Coherence〔连贯性〕Itconcernsthewaysinwhichthecomponentsofthetextualwordaremutuallyaccessibleandrelevant.(distributeknowledgeorattainanobject)1.3Intentionality(意图性)It’saboutthewriter’sattitudeorpurposeofcreatingthediscourse.1.4Acceptability(可接受性)Itconcernsthetextreceiver’sattitude.Agooddiscourseshouldbetotallyacceptablebythereaders.1.5Informativity(信息性)Itconcernstheextenttowhichtheoccurrencesofthepresentedtextareexpectedorunexpected.1.6Situationality(语境性/情境性)Itconcernsthefactorswhichmakesatextrelevanttoasituationofoccurrences.1.7Inter-textuality(互文性)Itconcernsthefactorswhichmaketheutilizationofonetextdependentuponknowledgeofoneormorepreviouslyencounteredtexts.2.TheDifferences2.1InductivevsDeductiveChineseDiscourse→Inductive〔归纳性〕→SpiralEnglishDiscourse→Deductive〔演绎性〕→Straight他出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地方，他还有这样的母亲，这些要是让她知道的话，他会多么丢人。

Heknewhowashamedhewouldhavebeen

ifshehadknownhismotherandthekindofplaceinwhichhewasborn,andthekindofpeopleamongwhomhewasborn.2.2ParataxisVSHypotaxisChinesediscourse-----parataxis(意合)Englishdiscourse------hypotaxis(形合)eg.牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。Wavesuponwaves,thePeonyRiverrushedviolentlydownitslongcourselikeahorsegalloping.2.3SubjectconsciousnessVSObjectconsciousnessChinesediscourse---Subjectconsciousness(主体意识)---personassubjectEnglishdiscourse----Objectconsciousness(客体意识)----ThingassubjectGeneralprinciple英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时，一般可以采用“临摹”的方法，按照源语的开展思路，在译语中复制或根本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作“逻辑顺组”〔logiccopying〕。由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式，逻辑层次等方面存在广泛的差异，汉英互译时往往需要进行“逻辑重组”(logicreshuffling)(二)cohesionandcoherence1cohesionHalliday&Hasan在CohesioninEnglish

中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类照应reference替代substitution省略ellipsis词汇衔接lexicalcohesion连接conjunction1.1referencePersonalreference(人称照应〕人称照应是通过人称代词(如they,she,him等〕、所属限定词〔如his,your,its等〕,和所属代词〔hers,theirs，mine等〕来实现。英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。eg.

你不比外头新买新讨的，你一进去了，就开了脸，就封你作姨娘，又体面，又尊贵。Yourpositionwillbequitedifferentfromthatofagirlbroughtfromoutside,forassoonasyouenterourhouse,we

shallgothroughtheceremoniesandgiveyoutherankofasecondarywife,treatedwithallrespectandhonor.孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。〔《孔乙己》〕Kongwastheonlylong-gownedcustomertodrinkhiswinestanding.Hewasabigman,strangelypallid,withscarsthatoftenshowedamongthewrinklesofhisface.Hehadalargeunkeptbeard,streakedwithwhite.Althoughheworealonggown,itwasdirtyandtattered,andlookedasifithadnotbeenwashedormendedforovertenyears.(Tr.YangXianyi&GladysYang)1.2SubstitutionSubstitutioncouldbefoundinChineselanguageandEnglishLanguage,butcomparatively,itisusedmorefrequentlyinEnglishLanguage.-玛丽学近代文学，不学近代语言学。-她学近代历史么？-Marystudies

modernliteratureanddoesn’tdomodernlinguistics.-Doesshedo

modernhistory?1.3ellipsisChinese--------repetitionEnglish---------ellipsis近朱者赤，近墨者黑。Associationwiththegoodcanonlyproducegood,withthewicked,evil.

阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。Readingexercisesone’seyes;speaking,one’stongue;whilewriting,one’smind.1.4lexicalcohesion(词汇衔接)Chinese--------lexicalrepetition〔词汇重复〕English---------Semanticrepetition〔语义重复orrelativepronoun〕1〕每年有2000多个等待器官移植的病人濒于死亡……〔人体〕器官的短缺非常严重。Morethan2.000patientsaredyingannuallywhilewaitingfortransplants,…theshortageoforgansissoserious2)这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。Themonkey’smostextraordinaryaccomplishmentwaslearningtooperateatractor.Bytheageofnine,hehadlearnedtosoloonthevehicle.3)这个时候他来了，而这时我根本想不到他会来。HecameatatimewhenIleastexpectedhim.4)那时一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大局部人呆在家里。Itwasoneofthosecold,weteveningswhenmostpeoplestayindoors.1.5conjunction连接成分本身就具有明确含义，通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词语，“人们可以了解子句之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。〔胡壮麟，1994：92〕表示添加信息：and,also,too,furthermore,besides,moreover,inaddition,whatismore…表示因果关系：because,for,forthisreason,since,asaresult,thus,therefore,so,consequently,ofcourse,accordingly…表示文章意义的转折或比照：although,however,onthecontrary,still,but,otherwise,despite,nevertheless,though,infact,ontheotherhand,asamatteroffact…表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first,second,third…afterthis/that,meanwhile,suddenly,andsoon,then,before,next,formerly,later,finallyintheend,atlast…表示列举：firstly,secondly…,foronething…,foranother;firstofall,tobeginwith,then,last,inconclusion,lastofall,toconclude…表示举例、解释：forexample,forinstance,thatis,namely,toillustrate…表示总结：inshort,tosumup,inconclusion,briefly,onthewhole,toconclude,tosummarize…本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受，一种到家的感觉。

Ithasbeenmorethan20yearssinceIstartedmycareerinHongKong,whereIhaveweatheredthroughvarioushardships.Mymodestachievementsinbusinessalsogoalongwithmultitudinouspainsandtears.Asaresult,everytimewhenIreturntomyhometown,whereIamgivenwarmreceptionsbythelocalgovernmentleaders,myheartwillbeoverflownwithtendernessandaffection,foritgivesmeafeelingofhome.谁能把花生底好处说出来？”姊姊说：“花生底气味很美。”哥哥说：“花生可以制油。”我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃；都喜欢吃它。这就是它的好处。”爹爹说：“花生底用处固然很多，但有一样是很可贵的。这小小的豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴，把它们底果实悬在枝上，鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望而发生羡慕的心。它只把果子埋在地底，等到成熟，才容人把它挖出来。你们偶然看见一棵花生瑟缩地长在地上，不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触它才能知道。”我们都说：“是的。”母亲也点点头。爹爹接下去说：“所以你们要像花生，因为它是有用的，不是伟大、好看的东西。”我说：“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做伟大、体面的人了。”爹爹说：“这是我对于你们的希望。”

"Itisverydelicioustoeat,”mysistertookthelead．“Itisgoodformakingoil,”mybrother

followed．"Itisinexpensive.”I

saidwithconfidence.“Almosteveryonecanafforditandeveryoneenjoyseatingit.Ithinkthisiswhatitisgoodfor.”Peanutisgoodformanythings,”Dadsaid,“butthereisonethingthatisparticularlygoodaboutit.Unlikeapples,peachesandpomegranatesthatdisplaytheirfruitsupintheair,attractingyouwiththeirbeautifulcolors,peanutburiesitsseedsintheearth.Theydonotshowthemselvesuntilyoudigthemoutwhentheyareripeand,unlessyoudigthemout,youcan’ttellwhetheritbearsseedsornotjustbyitsfrailstemsaboveground.”

That'strue,”weallsaidandMothernoddedherassent．"Soyoushouldtrytobelikethepeanut,”Dadwenton，“becauseitisuseful，thoughnotgreatorattractive.”

1〕RepetitionisheavilyusedinChinesediscoursesuchas“说”isrepeatedmanymanytimesinit.Whileinourtranslation,themajorityofChinesecharacter“说”istranslatedintodifferentEnglishwordsaccordingtodifferentsituations.①姊姊说：“花生底气味很美Itisverydelicioustoeat,”mysistertookthelead②哥哥说：“花生可以制油

Itisgoodformakingoil,”mybrother

followed③我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃；都喜欢吃它。这就是它的好处

Itisinexpensive.”I

saidwithconfidence

④爹爹说：“花生底用处固然很多，但有一样是很可贵的。

Peanutisgoodformanythings，”Dadsaid..Reference2)ReferenceisgreatlyencouragedtouseinEnglishdiscourse.ButitisseldomadoptedinChinesediscourse.

他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。Heputhishandsintohispocketsandthenshruggedhisshoulders.爹爹说:‘...这小小的豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴，把它们底果实悬在枝上，〔它们的〕鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望而发生羡慕的心。它只把〔它的〕果子埋在地底，Peanutisgoodformanythings，”Dadsaid,“butthereisonethingthatisparticularlygoodaboutit.Unlikeapples,peachesandpomegranatesthatdisplaytheirfruitsupintheair,attractingyouwiththeirbeautifulcolors,peanutburiesitsseedsintheearth.Theydonotshowthemselvesuntilyoudigthemoutwhentheyareripeand,unlessyoudigthemout,youcan’ttellwhetheritbearsseedso