欧洲的建筑教材

FilmstripTheelegantEurope876543PICTURE

STARTElegantandexquisitedetailsofthe27European

Lookupamiracle仰望的奇迹Stonehenge巨石阵Parthenon帕特农神庙RomanArena罗马竞技场Hadrian‘sWall哈德良长城Pantheon万神殿LeaningTowerofPisa比萨斜塔Stonehenge

---迷失于历史的尘埃Europe,thefamousprehistoric（史前的）templesite,locatedinSalisburyPlain,Wiltshire,England,builtinabout4000BCto2000--ThelateNeolithic（新石器时代）toBronzeAgeStonehengethemostincredibleisthecenteroftheboulders（巨石）,thesebouldersare8metershigh,withanaverageweightof30tons,however,surprisedtofindpeople,manyweighing7tonsofrockisintwoorvertical（垂直的）Hengjiaonthepillars（支柱）.Parthenon

---灿烂阳光照耀的白昼Acropolis（卫城）,themainbuilding,inordertopraisethevictoryofAthensoverthePersianinvaders（入侵者）built。ParthenonisthelargesttemplededicatedtothegoddessAthena（阿西娜，智慧女神）,theParthenonintentofthevirginAthenaalias（处女）.Notonlythesizeofthemostmagnificenttemple,locatedinthehighestpointoftheCentralAcropolis,thetemplealsokeptonefullofgoldinlaid（镶嵌的）ivory（象牙的）GreekgoddessAthena,thetallest(Phidiashowtomake).Itbegantheconstructionof447BC,9yearsafterthetempleceiling,andanother6yearsafterthecompletionofthecarving,1687,destroyedbywar,nowtheonlyremainingtraces.RomanArena

---罗马千年的回响Colosseumstandswiththethree-tiersystemofcylindrical（圆柱形的）concretearch（拱门）,eacharch80toformaringthreetimesVoucherGallery（环形券廊）ofdifferentheights，thetopisasolidwall50metershigh.Standbacklayerbylayertoformasteppedslope.MagnificenthorsecenterwastopleasetheRomanColosseumtriumphantreturnofthelegionnaires（将领士兵）andtocelebratethegreatRomanEmpirebuilt.Colosseumdoesnotlagbehind（落后）thearchitecturaldesignofthemodernaesthetic（美学的）pointofview,infact,about2,000yearslater,everymodernsportsstadiumsomebrandedonmoreorlessthedesignstyleoftheRomanColosseum.Today,throughfilmsandhistorybooks,wecanmoredeeplyfeelthemanandbeastthattookplacebetweenthecruelfightsandgamesthatallofthis,justtobringtheaudiencetositoutsomeoftheoriginalbutsavage（野蛮的）pleasure.Hadrian'sWall

---罗马帝国曾经的荣耀Hadrian‘sWallAD122years,Hadrianasadefensivecounter-offensiveinnorthernPictstoprotecttheeconomyhadtakencontrolofEngland,northoftheborderinEnglandbegantobuildaseriesoffortifications（筑垒）,laterknownasHadrian’sWall.TheestablishmentofHadrian‘sWall,markedtheexpansionoftheRomanEmpire’smostnortherncommunity.In1987,theHadrian‘sWallwaslistedasworldculturalheritage（遗产）.Hadrian‘sWallprotectionandmanagementofthecomplexityanddifficultyoftheoperationisveryimpressive.Itisfragmented（成碎片的）andnotcontinuousacrossthephase3ofthenorthofEnglandin12countiesandtwocountygovernmentadministrativeregions,90%oflotsareprivateproperty,themanagementofwhichinvolvesover50agenciesandmorethan700privateowners.Moreover,thedifferentsectionsofthelandscapeareverydifferent,thesaltmarshfromthewesttothecentralmound（土堆）Fuspectaculardensely

populatedcitiesandthentotheeast,theprotectionofHadrian'sWallalsomadeadifferentrequest.LeaningTowerofPisa

---剑走偏锋耀比萨ClockTowerwasbuiltin1173,designedforvertical（垂直的）construction,butsoonaftertheprojectbegan(in1178)willbeduetounevengroundandthesoilsoftandlean,completedin1372,thetowertiltedtothesoutheast.PisaLeaningTowerofPisaisthesymbolofitandtheadjacent1987Cathedral,Baptistery,withitscemeteryofthe11thcenturytothe14thcenturythegreatarchitecturalartofItaly,andbytheUnitedNationsEducationalScientificandCulturalOrganizationnamedtheworld'sheritage.LeaningTowerofPisaisundoubtedlyanimportantbuildingsinarchitecturalhistory.Intheeventofaserioustilt（倾斜）beforeithasaboldcirculararchitecturaldesignshowtheworlditsoriginality（独创性）.WhiletheearliereraofItalianbelltower,theuseofcircularfoundationdesignisnotuncommon,similarexamplescanbeinRavenna,TuscanyandUmbriatofind,however,theclocktowerofPisaisconsideredtobeindependentoftheseprototype（原形）,toagreaterextent,itisinthedrawbasedonthepreviousbuildingexperience,independentdesignandconstructiontothedevelopmentround,hasdevelopedauniquestyleofpizza.Cloudintheluxury在奢华的云端Versailles凡尔赛宫Fontainebleau枫丹白露宫BuckinghamPalace白金汉宫Kremlin克里姆林宫AlhambraPalace阿尔汉布拉宫Versailles

---奢靡时代的纪念VersaillesPalacefortheclassicalstylebuilding,thePalaceofVersaillesfacades（正面）stand

Surfaceasthestandardclassicalthree-stagetreatment,thefacadewillbedividedintoverticalandhorizontalthreesections,symmetrical（对称的）architecture,modeling

profile（侧面）neat（简洁）,dignified（尊贵的）andmajestic（雄伟的）,isknownasrationalrepresentativesoftheUnitedStates.BaroqueinteriorZeyiitsmainhallisasmallnumberoftheRococostyle.PalaceofVersaillesinteriorIn1624,KingLouisXIIItobuythe10,000LiFuerareaof117acresofVersaillesFrancenearthesiteoftheforest,wastelandandswampy（沼泽的）areasandtheconstructionofatwo-storeyredbrickbuilding,asahuntingpalace.PalaceofVersaillesatthetimeonlyhas26rooms,onefortheweaponsstorageroomandlibraryfurniture,office,secondfloor,king,sleeping,meetingrooms,Tibetanclothingroom,bedroomandotherroomsentourage（随行人员）.FrenchcourtofVersaillesastheendofhistory，In1833,KingLouisPhilippeofOrleansdynasty,orderedtherestorationofVersailles,toreadHistory.镜厅国王套房王后卧室大特里亚农宫小特里亚农宫Fontainebleau

---森林中的宫殿FontainebleauisoneofFrance‘slargestroyalpalace,innorthernFranceIledeFranceregion，Francefromthe12thcenturyasahuntingpalaceoftheKing。InWesternmuseums,collectionsandexhibitionsuptothebestoftheOldSummerPalacetreasurestothenumberofFontainebleauPalace,thePalaceMuseuminChinacanbesaidtoreproduce（再现）intheWestYuanmingyuan

Fontainebleau'smainbuildingincludesamaintower,sixpalaces,fiveequilateral-shapedcourtyard,fourgardensThemainattractionspalaceballroom,conferencerooms,Dianamuralgallery,porcelainGallery,QueenSharon,KingGuardhall,bedroom,queenbedroomandthePope,theKing'sOffice,FrancoisI,FranzgalleryandmoreBuckinghamPalace

---王室情怀Britain'sRoyalPalaceBuckinghamPalace.BuiltinthecityofWestminster,JamesPark,westLondon,in1703builtfortheDukeofBuckingham,namedaftertheearliest,saidBuckinghamHouse,whichmeans"otherpeople'shome."Thepalacehastheceremonyhall,concerthall,banquet（宴会）hall,artgalleries,etc.betweentherooms,sixhundred,inadditiontothevastareaoftheImperial（帝国的）Garden,flowers,beautiful.Ifflyingabovethepalace,KingofEnglandflags,thenthatqueenisstillthepalace.Ifnot,thengooutonbehalfoftheQueenKremlin

---俄罗斯灵魂的见证TheKremlinwastheancientpalaceofCzar,Moscow‘soldestbuildings.AftertheOctoberRevolution,astheSovietUnion,andlaterbecametheSovietpartyandgovernmentagenciesarelocated.Afterthedisintegration（瓦解）oftheSovietUnion,wheretheRussiangovernmentbecameacode（法典）name.LocatedinNiegelinnaRiverandtheconfluenceoftheMoscowRiverhillsDeGrootHorowitz.SouthoftheMoscowRiver,NorthwestbyAlexandrovGarden,RedSquare,theso