欧洲文化入门复习重点

Introduction1、TherearemanyelementsconstitutingEuropeanCulture.

2、Therearetwomajorelements:Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

DivisionOne：GreekCultureandRomanCulture

1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensSparta.

2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabour.

3、AncientGreece’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.

4、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.

5、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.

6、Threemastersintragedy三大悲剧大师Aeschylus

PrometheusBound—→ShellyPrometheusUnboundSophocles

OedipustheKing—→Freud’s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’sSonsandloversEuripidesA．TrojanWomenB．Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问题剧)C．RealismcanbetracedbacktotheAncientGreece，tobespecific,Euripides.7、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.

Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.8、History(Historicalwriting)

“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)“thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”—→Thucydides—→war(betweenSpartaandAthens)9、①Euclid’sElements解析几何

ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.②Archimedes

Hisworklaidbasisfornotonlygeometry几何学,butalsoarithmetic算术,mechanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学

“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld”.〔Archimedes〕

10、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)

From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire,andGreekthatoftheeasternhalf.

BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.

11、ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.

12、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:republicandempire.

13、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.

14、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)

15、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)

16、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana

17、TheRomanLawprotectedtherightsofplebeians(平民).

18、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.

19、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.

20、Cicero西赛罗

hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的

anenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.

21、Virgil:Aeneid阿尼德

22、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.

Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所

23、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式

24、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式25.ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.

HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?

(1)、Threefounders

1、Pythagoras

①Allthingswerenumbers.

②Scientificmathematics.

③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论

2、Heracleitue

①Fireistheprimaryelementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一

3、Democritus

①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义

(2)、Threethinkers

1、Socrates

①Hehadn’tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.

②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.

2、Plato

①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.

②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.

3、Aristotle

①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.

②Aristotleisahumanist.

(2)、Fivecontendingschools

1、TheSophists狡辩派①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.

②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论③Hisdoctrineis“manisthemeasureofallthings”.

2、TheCynics犬儒派①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.

②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.

③Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.

3、TheSceptics置疑学派①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.

②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

4、TheEpicureans享乐派①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.

②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.

Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.

Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.

5、TheStoics斯多哥派①UndertheleadershipofZeno.

②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.

Oneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.

HedevelopedintoStoics’duty.

Hewasalsoamaterialist.

What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？

1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.

2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities.Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld

3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife，butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.

WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?

TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.

1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersofanyinheritedorthodoxy.

2、SupremeAchievement至高无上的成就TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour:Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.

3、Lastingeffect持续的影响①Countlesswritershavequoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’scomedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics经典之作:Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.③Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.DivisionTwo：TheBibleandChristianity1、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.

2、Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture:JudaismandChristianity.

3、TheJewishtradition,whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(犹太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine,whichwasknownasCanaan.

4、TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.

5、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.

6、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.

7、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.

8、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrineofJesusChrist.

9、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

10、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.摩西五经

11、TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

12、Noah’sArkwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

13、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks:1200B.C.586B.C.

DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.,tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.

14、TheHistoryBooks

①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.

②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主专制

③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.两大王国的初步形成

④Thesettlementinthehighlands

⑤AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul,DavidandSolomon.

15、TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament,whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.

16、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(马修福音书)

17、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.

WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions?

Christianitybaseditselfontwoforcefulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.

1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.

2、TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.(加尔文主义也有这样的观点)

Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible?

1、ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.

2、Miltion’sParadiseLost,Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.DivisionThree：TheMiddleAgestheMiddleagesInEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.

Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitwasthetransitionalperiod(过渡时期)betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific,fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.

2、In476A.D.aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭

3、FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice(军事力量).Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.

4、5、TheCatholicChurchmadeLatintheofficiallanguageandhelpedtopreserveandpassontheheritage(传统)oftheRomanEmpire.

6、Theword“catholic”meant“universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)

7、St.Jerome,whotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.Vulgate(拉丁语圣经)

8、Augustine—→“Confession”and“TheCityofGod”

9、ThemostimportantofallcourseswasJerusalem.(耶路撒冷)

10、Crusadeswentonabout200years.TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusades.

11、ThecrusadesendedupwiththevictoryofMoslems.(穆斯林)By1291theMoslems(穆斯林)hadtakenoverthelastChristianstronghold.TheywonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethattheCrusadershadfoughttocontrol.

12、CarolingianRenaissance

CarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne’snameinLatin,Carolus.Themostinterestingfacet(一面)ofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacle(有见解)ofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilate(吸收)therichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.

13、NationalEpics(民族史诗运动)

TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.

14、Chaucer(乔叟)的诗歌特点：①powerofobservation(观察)

②piercingirony(敏锐的挖苦)③senseofhumour④warmhumanity(温暖的人性)

15、Gothic

①TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.

②Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand,insomeareas,intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.

③TheGothicwasanoutgrowth(丰富与开展)oftheRomanesque.〔罗马式〕

16、TheCanterburyTales:

①TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.

②ChaucerintroducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.

③BothChaucerandTheCanterburyTalesarethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish.

17Inthemiddleages,whatculturesbegantomerge？

Classical,HebrewandGothicheritagesmerged(文化融合).Itpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofwhatisthepresent-dayEuropeanculture.

WhyisthemiddleagesiscalledAgeofFaith(信仰的年代)？1、DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.

2、TheChristianchurchcontinuedtogainwidespreadpowerandinfluence.

3、IntheLatemiddleages,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberoftheChristianChurch.Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.

4、Itshapedpeople’slives.Thatiswhythemiddleagesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”.

HowdidFeudalismdevelopinEuropeinmiddleages?

1、feudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.

2、Inordertoseektheprotectionoflargeland-owners,thepeopleofsmallfarmsorlandgavetheirfarmsandlandtolargeland-owners,buttheystillhadfreedom,theywerecalledfreemen.

3、Whilethepeoplefromtownsandcitiesdidnotpossessfarmsorland.Theyhadnothingbuttheirfreedomtobegiventolargeland-owners,andthentheylosttheirfreedomforprotection.Theywerecalledserfs.

4、InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswascallvassals.

5、Therecameaformoflocalanddecentralized(分散)government.

6、Asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.

WhatpositiveinfluencedoestheCrusadesexertontheEuropeanCulture?

(WhatisthegreatsignificanceoftheCrusades?)

1、ThecrusadesbroughttheEastintoclosercontactwiththeWest.AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope.(拉近了东西方的交流)

2、DuringthewarswhilemanyofthefeudallordswenttofightinPalestine,kingsathomefoundopportunitiestostrengthenthemselves.Thusamongotherthings,Crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudalism,which,inturnledtotheriseofthemonarchies.(取而代之的是君主专制)

3、Besides,throughtheircontactwiththemoreculturedByzantinesandMoslems,thewesternEuropeanschangedmanyoftheiroldideas.Theirdesireforwealthorpowerbegantoovershadowtheirreligiousideals.

4、TheCrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention.Bythe13thcentury,universitieshadspreadalloverEurope.SuchknowledgeasArabicnumerals(阿拉伯数字),algebra(代数),andArabmedicine(医学)wereintroducedtotheWest.

5、Astradeincreased,villageandtownsbegantogrowintocities.AndtheriseoftownsandtradeinwesternEuropepavedthewayofthegrowthofstrongnationalgovernments.

Howdidliteraturedevelopinthemiddleages?

1、TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.BothBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.

2、DanteAlighieriandTheDivineComedy:(但丁与神曲)

①Hismasterpiece,TheDivineComedy,isoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.

②Thepoemexpresseshumanisticideaswhichforeshadowed(预示)thespiritofRenaissance.

③DantewrotehismasterpieceinItalianratherthaninLatin.(只用意大利语创作)

3、GeofferyChaucerandTheCanterburyTales:(乔叟与坎特布雷集)

①TheCanterburyTaleswerehismostpopularwork.

②Mostofthetalesarewritteninverse(诗)whichreflects(反映)Chaucer’sinnovation(改革)byintroducingintothenativealliterativeverse(压头韵)theFrenchandItalianstyles.

③Chauceristhustobe,regardedasthefirstshortstorytellerandthefirstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature.短篇写作第一人

④ChaucerandtheCanterburyTaleswererepresentativeoftheMiddleages.DivisionFour：RenaissanceandReformation1、Renaissance

Generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatism(保守主义思想)infeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(资产阶级),tolifttherestrictions(禁忌)inallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.

RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.

2、InRenaissanceliteratureofItaly,Petrarch(彼得拉克)wastherepresentativepoet.

3、Intellectualsbecamecloselytiedupwiththerisingbourgeoisie.(人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanisticideastodevelop)

4、AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophywastheassertionofthegreatnessofman.

(以人为本—人文主义的核心)

5、LastSupperadaptedfromtheNewTestamentoftheBible.

6、Michelangelo——David——SistineChapel(fromtheFirstbookoftheBible,theGenesis)——DyingSlave(垂死的奴隶)——Moses(摩西)

7、RaphaelwasbestknownforhisMadonna.(圣母玛利亚)

HepaintedhisMadonnasindifferentposturesagainstdifferentbackgrounds.

8、OneofthefamouspaintingsbesidestheMadonnasisSchoolofAthens(雅典学派).PlatoandAristotleengagedinargument.

9、Titian——TheVenusofUrbino(维纳斯)

10、JohnWyclif——translationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttime.

11、MartinLuther——translationofthewholeBiblewiththevernacularlanguage.

12、ThereformationgetitsvictoryfirstinEngland.

13、Reformation

TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-political(社会政治)movement.ItbeganasMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberghis95thesis.Thismovementwhichsweptoverthewholeof宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经

14、Calvinism

CalvinismwasestablishedbyCalvinintheperiodofRenaissance.Presbyteriangovernment(长老会).OnlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodcanbesaved(上帝的选民).Thisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspath(有助于资本主义的兴起)。

15、ThenationalreligionestablishedafterreformationinEnglandwascalledThechurchofEnglandorTheAnglicanChurch.

16、TheEnglishBiblewasadoptedinEnglandafterReformation.

17、Counter-Reformation(反宗教改革)

Bylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermany.

TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle.Theymusteredtheirforces,thededicatedCatholicgroups,toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroducereformsandimprovements,tobringbackitsvitality.ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.

18、FrancisBaconintroducedMontaigne“Essais”intotheEnglishliterature.

19、MontaignewasaFrenchhumanistknownforhis“Essais”(Essays).

TherepresentativeauthorofRenaissanceinFrancewasMontaignewithhisfamousworkEssais.TherepresentativenovelistofRenaissanceinSpainwasCervanteswithhisfamousworkDoQuixote,whichmarkedEuropeancultureentryintoanewstage.(歧视文学作品)

20、RenaissanceinGermany:Dürer——TheFourHorsemenofApocalpse——Knight,DeathandtheDevil

21、文艺复兴影响到达英国晚的原因：ThewarofRosesandItsweakandunimportantpositioninworldtrade.

22、在英国到达文艺复兴高潮的第一个原因：Itwastoproducesometoweringfigures(顶级人物)intheEnglish.

WilliamShakespeare,EdmundSpenser,SirThomasMore.

第二个原因：TheReignofElizabethIwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstabilityontheonehandandeconomicprosperityontheother.

23、Englandbegantoembark(从事)ontheroadtocolonization(殖民扩张)andforeigncontrolthatwastotakeitontoitsheyday(鼎盛)ofcapitalistdevelopment.

24、WilliamShakespeare

悲剧—→Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),KingLear(李尔王),Macbeth(麦克白)

喜剧—→AsYouLikeItandTwelfthNight(第十二夜)

25、Copernicus(哥白尼):—→Centric(日心说)

WhichwasprovedbyKeplerandGalieo?Centric(日心说)

26、Dante:Theequalityofthedivinepowerandthesecularpower.

Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthereformation?

(Whatpositiveinfluencedoesthereformationexertonworldculture?)

1、TheRomanCatholicChurchwasnevertheinternationalcourt(法院)towhichallrulersandstatesweretobemorallyresponsiblefor.

2、Economically,peasantsalloverEuropehadnoneedtopayagoodamountoftheirgains(利益)tothePope.

3、Ineducationalandculturalmatters,themonopoly(垄断)ofthechurchwasbroken.

4、Inreligion,ProtestantismbroughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytochallenge(挑战)theabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.

5、Inlanguage,thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewaytothenationallanguagesasaresultofvarioustranslationsoftheBibleintothevernacular.

6、Inspirit,absoluteobedience(盲从)becameout-molded(不复存在)andthespiritofquest(探索),debate(争论),wasusheredinbythereformists.

WhatcontributiondidtheRenaissancemaketotheworldculture?

1、TheRenaissancecreatedaculturewhichfreedmantodiscoverandenjoytheworldinawaynotpossibleunderthemedievalChurch’sdispensation.

2、TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblow.(给…以致命打击)DivisionFiveTheSeventeenthCentury

1、Thefirsttimetolookatmen’splaceintheUniversestartedinthe17thcentury.

2、Inmodernism,men’spositionintheuniversewaslookedatinafreshnewway.

3、Theoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofoundchangeintheconceptionofmen’splaceintheuniverse.(人在宇宙中的位置)

4、The17thcenturyphilosophywasfocusonmaterialistinnature.

5、17thcenturyScience:☆physics☆mathematics☆chemistrybiologypsychology

6、Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury.

7、Kepler’sLawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation

8、thelawsofgravitation(万有引力的内容):

thesun,themoon,theearth,theplanets,andalltheotherbodies(天体)intheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce,whichiscallgravitation.

9、FrancisBacon’sworks—→TheAdvancementofLearning—→TheNewAtlantis

—→TheNovumOrganum(NewMethod)

—→Essays(散文集)

EssaysareBacon’smostwidelyreadwork，58essayswereincluded.

10、FrancisBacon

①Knowledgeispower.(知识就是力量)

②Virtueislikepreciousodours—mostfragrantwhentheyareincensedorcrushed.

品德像珍贵的气味－当被压碎或焚香时很芳香

③Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed(大致浏览),andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.(翻翻而已)

④Readingmakethafullman,conferenceareadyman,andwritinganexactman.(纯粹的人)读书可以使人成竹在胸

⑤Historiesmakemenwise.(学史可以使人明智)

⑥Wivesareyoungmen’smistresses(情人),companions(伴侣)formiddleage,andoldmen’snurses.(照顾人的人)

11、TomasHobbes—→Leviathan

12、Lockealsobelievedthattherulerofgovernmentisonepartnerofthesocialcontract.13、Hobbes—→absoluteMonarchy(君主制)Locke—→ConstitutionalMonarchy(君主立宪制)

14、TheEnglishRevolutionisalsocalledBourgeoisieRevolution.

15、Democracy(民主的表达是)—→Parliament(议会)

〔希腊民主的表达是公民大会〕

16、1689,theBillofRightswasenactedbytheEnglishParliament(议会).

17、Milton—→ParadiseLost(失乐园)

Thefallofmen(圣经的旧约)

Satan

18、TheoryofKnowledge认知论

Descartesemployedmethodicdoubt(置疑方法论)withaviewtodiscoveringwhethertherewasanyindubitable(不容置疑的)truth.Idoubt,thereforeIthink:Ithink,thereforeIam.Doubtingisthinking,thinkingistheessenceofthemind.Descartesbelievedthattheyarenotdependable.

19、Classicism(新古典主义)Classicismimpliestherevivaloftheformsandtraditionsoftheancientworld,areturntoworksofoldGreekliteraturefromHomertoPlatoandAristotle.ButFrenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival.Itintendedtoproducealiterature,Frenchtothecore(以法语为中心),whichwasworthyofGreekandclassicalideals.ThisneoclassicismreacheditsclimaxinFranceinthe17thcentury.(代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德•席勒)

20、Frenchclassicismofthe17thcenturywasnotconsciousofbeingaclassicalrevival(并非古典主义的复苏).

21、Rationalismwasbelievedtobeabletodiscoverthebestprinciplesofhumanconductandtheuniversalprinciplesofnaturallaws.HereDescartesprovidedthephilosophicalfoundationfortheFrenchneoclassicism.

22、Molière(莫里哀)—→ThebestrepresentativeofFrenchneoclassicism.

Whydowesaythe17thcenturyisatransitionalperiodfrommiddleagestothemoderntimes?

1、Thisadvancebeganinscience,inastronomy，physicsandpuremathematics,owingtotheworkofGalileo,Kepler,NewtonandDescartes.

2、Theoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofoundchangeintheconceptionofmen’splaceintheuniverse.

3、Thenewscienceandphilosophygaveagreatpushtothepoliticalstrugglewagedbythenewlyemergedclass,thebourgeoisie,andotherchasses.

4、Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury.

WhatisthetheoryoftheSocialContract,accordingtotheHobbes?

1、Itisnecessarythatthereshouldbeacommonpowerorgovernmentbackedbyforceandabletopunish(处分).

2、Commonwealth,inLatin,Civitas(共有财产).

3、Toescapeanarchy(无政府状态),menenterintoasocialcontract,bywhichtheysubmittothesovereign(君主).Inreturnforconferringalltheirpowersandstrengthtothesovereign,menattainpeaceandsecurity.

4、Thepowersofth