Unit 5 Launching Your Career Review Useful Structures 课件-2023-2024学年高二英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册

Compound,Complex,

Compound-complexsentencesObjectives:能够理解复杂句的类型，在语境中有选择地从句法结构、语义逻辑和语篇功能上对长难句进行分析。能够在写作中运用长句知识组织语言，丰富语篇句式，使语篇连贯流畅。

TheFourTypesofSentenceStructure

1.ASimpleSentenceAsimplesentencehasjustoneindependentclause.Forexample:Curiositykilledthecat.

ACompoundSentence

Acompoundsentencehasatleasttwoindependentclauses.Forexample:Ialwayswantedtobesomebody,butIshouldhavebeenmorespecific.(JaneWagner)AComplexSentence

Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Forexample:Thehumanbrainneverstopsworkinguntilyoustanduptospeakinpublic.ACompound-ComplexSentence

Acompound-complexsentencehasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonedependentclause.Forexample:IstoppedbelievinginSantaClaus

whenheaskedformyautographinadepartmentstore,but

Istillwanttobelieveinhim.WhatIsaCompoundSentence?

​​Acompoundsentenceisasentencethatconnectstwoindependentclauses,typicallywitha

coordinatingconjunction

like

and

or

but.Itisbestforcombiningtwoormoresentencesthatareself-sufficientbutrelatedintoasingle,unifiedone.Compoundsentencesgiveyourwritingafasterpaceanduniterelatedideas,buttheyhaveafewmorerulesthanstandardsentences.Inthisquickguide,weexplainhowtousethemproperlytogiveyourwritinganedge.Therearethreetypesofcompoundsentences.Theplacementandpunctuationofthemarealsodifferent.1.Weneedtoputacommabeforethecoordinatingconjunctiontoframesomecompoundsentences.2.Somecompoundsentencesareframedwithonlyasemicoloninbetweenwithoutanyconjunctions.3.Finally,wecanframecompoundsentenceswithconjunctiveadverbs.Weneedtoputasemicolonbeforetheconjunctiveadverbandacomaafterthesame.So,conjunctionsarerequiredtoframeonlythefirsttypeofcompoundsentencetoshowanyofthefollowing.CauseandeffectTheresultofanysituationoractivityTheoutcomeofanyactivityorsituationBecauseofReasonbehindThusAsaresult

Example:Ihavetobearmyeducationalexpenses,soIhavetofindapart-timejob.

Explanation:Theconjunction“so”isa“coordinatingconjunction”anditisusedtoconnectthesecondindependentclause,“Ihavetofindanypart-timejob”withthefirstone,“Ihavetobearmyeducationalexpenses.”Whattypesofconjunctionsareusedincompoundsentence?Thereissomeparticulartypeofconjunctionwhichcanbeusedtoframecompoundsentences.Alistoftwentywidelyusedcoordinatingconjunctionstoframecompoundsentencesisasfollows:and,therefore,however,but,yet;although,despite,for,either/or,neither/nor;dueto,until,since,because,supposing;furthermore,meanwhile,subsequently,bythetime,providedthatExample:Pijushwantstobeadoctor;thushemuststudyunderproperguidanceandcounseling.Explanation:Thecoordinatingconjunction“thus”isinusetoconnectthesecondindependentclause“hemuststudyunderproperguidanceandcounseling”withthefirstone“Pijushwantstobeadoctor.”并列连词coordinatingconjunctions用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词、短语或句子。Compoundsentencesareeasytoidentifybecausetheyusuallyuseacoordinatingconjunction,whichyoumayrememberasFANBOYS:

for,

and,

nor,

but,

or,

yet,and

so.However,compoundsentencescanalsouseasemicolontoconnecttwoclauses,inwhichcasenoconjunctionisnecessary.1.下列句子中哪些不是compoundsentenceA.Ihaveapetiguana.HisnameisFluffy.B.Ihaveapetiguana,andhisnameisFluffy.C.Ihaveapetiguana;hisnameisFluffy.D.Ialonecannotchangetheworld,butIcancastastoneacrossthewatertocreatemanyripples.E.IhaveapetiguanawhosenameisFluffy.2.下列句子中不是compoundsentence的是:A.Icameheretochewbubblegumandstudygrammar.B.Icameheretochewbubblegumandstudygrammar,butI’malloutofgum.C.Getmesomewater,orthefirewillspread!D.Naturedoesnothurry,yeteverythingisaccomplished.”—LaoTzuE.“Beyourself;everyoneelseisalreadytaken.”—OscarWildeF.“Youwillfacemanydefeatsinlife,butneverletyourselfbedefeated.”—MayaAngelouWhencreatingcompoundsentences,therearetwopunctuationrulestokeepinmind:1

Placeacommabeforethecoordinatingconjunction.2

Ifyou’renotusingacoordinatingconjunction,placeasemicolonbetweentheclauses.Asalways,youusealowercaselettertostartthesecondindependentclause.Sincecompoundsentencesareasinglesentence,onlythefirstletterofthefirstclauseiscapitalized.1.TheInternetisusefulandweuseitalot.2.Ihavetravelledtomanyplaces,butIstillwanttovisitmore.3.ShallIsendthebooktoyou,orwillyoucometogetit?4.Theyhavedifferentideas,sotheyhavesolvedtheproblemindifferentways.5.Don'tturnoffthecomputerbeforeclosingallprograms,oryoucouldhaveproblems.并列句(Compoundsentence)Readthefollowingsentences.Circlethelinkingwordsandunderlinethemainclauses.

由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起的句子

叫并列句。其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。ComplexSentence复合句ComplexSentenceAcomplexsentenceisasentencewithoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Forexample:Wemustnotswim

wherethesealsare.(The

independentclause

ishighlighted.Itisanindependentclausebecauseitcouldstandaloneasasentence."wherethesealsare"isa

dependentclause.Itcouldnotstandaloneasasentence.)Themonkeysmovetothetrees

whenthecloudsdarken.(Thisisalsoacomplexsentence."Whenthecloudsdarken"isa

dependentclause

becauseitcouldnotstandaloneasasentence.)ExamplesofComplexsentence1.Stayinthebathuntilthephonerings.2.Boththecockroach/ˈkɒkrəʊtʃ/andthebirdwouldgetalongverywellwithoutus,althoughthecockroachwouldmissusmost.3.Whenadistinguishedbutelderlyscientiststatesthatsomethingispossible,heisalmostcertainlyright.Whenhestatesthatsomethingisimpossible,heisveryprobablywrong.(Thisistwocomplexsentences.)Compoundvs.complexsentences

It’seasytogetcompoundsentencesconfusedwithcomplexsentences;bothusetwoormoreclausesinasinglesentence.Themostsignificantdifference,however,isthetypeofclausestheyuse.Compoundsentencesusetwoormoreindependentclauses.Iamworkingnow,butwewilleatlater.Complexsentencescombineindependentclauseswithsubordinateclauses,alsoknownasdependentclauses.Because

Iamworkingnow,wewilleatlater.Inthisexample,becauseIamworkingnowisthesubordinateclause,andwewilleatlateristheindependentclause.Theclueisthewordbecause,whichisasubordinatingconjunction.Wordslikebecause,if,whenever,andsince—aswellascertainprepositionslikeafterandbefore—allactassubordinatingconjunctions.Theirjobistoconnectsubordinateclausestoindependentclauses.

SubordinatingConjunctionsinComplexSentences

Thewordusedtolinkanindependentclausetoadependentclauseiscalledasubordinatingconjunction.Themostcommonsubordinatingconjunctionsare

although,

because,

before,

eventhough,

if,

since,

until,and

when.Intheseexamplesofcomplexsentences,thesubordinatingconjunctionsareshowninbold.Wecanneverobtainpeaceintheouterworld

until

wemakepeacewithourselves.(DalaiLama)Wisemenspeak

because

theyhavesomethingtosay.

Foolsspeak

because

theyhavetosaysomething.(AthenianphilosopherPlato)Eventhough

he'samoron,

IsupportedTysonFury.(BoxerDavidHaye)Theroleofasubordinatingconjunctionandthedependentclauseistoestablishatime,aplace,areason,acondition,aconcession,oracomparisonforthemainclause.(NB:Dependentclausesarealsoknownasasubordinateclauses.)

Acomplex-compoundsentenceoccurswhenasinglesentencehasatleasttwoindependentclausesandatleastonesubordinateclause.AfterIgothomefromwork,myfriendsinvitedmeout,andIleftmyapartmentagain.Inthisexample,afterIgothomefromworkisthesubordinateclause(youcantellbecausethewordafterappearsatthefront).BothmyfriendsinvitedmeoutandIleftmyapartmentagainareindependentclauses,joinedbythecoordinatingconjunctionand.Putallthreeclausestogetherwiththeproperpunctuationandyouhaveaperfectlycorrectcomplex-compoundsentence.Manymenwhospendtheirworkinglifeinthecitydevotetheirweekendstovoluntarytoilintheirgardens,andwhenthespringcomes,theyexperienceallthejoyofhavingcreatedbeauty.Readthefollowingsentence.Circlethelinkingwordandunderlinethemainclauses,thenmarkthesubordinateclauses.

两个或两个以上并列的分句，其中一个或多个又

是主从复合句结构，这种句子被称为并列复合句。并列复合句(Compound-complexsentence)定语从句时间状语从句Changethesesimplesentencesintolongsentences.Payattentiontotheconnectorsyouneedtouse.1Careerguidanceoughttobeincludedathighschool.Theschoolshouldalsoofferaworkexperienceprogramme.Careerguidanceoughttobeincludedathighschool,andtheschoolshouldalsoofferaworkexperienceprogramme.2Dreamingtobecomesomebodygreatiseasy.Workingtoachieveyourdreamcanbequitehard.Dreamingtobecomesomebodygreatiseasy,butworkingtoachieveyourdreamcanbequitehard.3Youneverknowwhereyou'llbeworkinginthefuture.Learnasmuchaspossible.Studyaforeignlanguage.Itiswisetodothesethingsforthesakeofyourfuture.Youneverknowwhereyou'llbeworkinginthefuture,solearnasmuchaspossibleandstudyaforeignlanguage,becauseitiswisetodothesethingsforthesakeofyourfuture.24Socialoccupationsrequirecommunicatingwithpeople.Thisofteninvolveshelpingorprovidingservicetootherpeople.Socialoccupationsrequirecommunicatingwithpeople,whichofteninvolveshelpingorprovidingservicetootherpeople.5AIisdevelopingrapidly.Lawyers,teachers,librarians,driversandreceptionistsmayfindtheirjobsreplacedbyAIinthefuture.Manypeoplebelievethistobetrue.AIisdevelopingrapidlyandmanypeoplebelievethatlawyers,teachers,librarians,driversandreceptionistsmayfindtheirjobsreplacedbyAIinthefuture.Changethesesimplesentencesintolongsentences.Payattentiontotheconnectorsyouneedtouse.2Completethesentencesusingwhat,which,that,who,andhow.3___ATheplanwillrequireyoutofocu