Ocean Decade Vision White Papers - Challenge Develop a sustainable and equitable ocean economy-此为英文文档

OceanDecade

Vision2030

WhitePapers

Challenge4:

Developasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy

TheUnitedNations

DecadeofOceanScience

forSustainableDevelopment

(2021-2030)

Publishedin2024bytheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionoftheUnitedNations

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ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialthroughoutthisdocumentdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofUNESCOconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.Theideasandopinionsexpressedinthisdocumentarethoseoftheauthors;theyarenotnecessarilythoseofUNESCOanddonotcommittheOrganization.

Forbibliographicpurposes,thispublicationshouldbecitedasfollows:

Haugan,P.,Rhodes,A.,Hollaway,L.,James,P.,AbdulRahman,M.,Appiott,J.,DeBeauville-Scott,S.,Gelcich,S.,Gericksky,E.,Gonzales-Quiros,R.,Harms,E.,Heaps,L.,Hospes,E.,Jeremie,M.-M.,Jumbe,A.S.,Kostka,W.N.,Mokenye,J.,Noonan-Birch,R.,Park,G.,SolisRivera,V.&Thiele,T.(2024).

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy.

Paris,UNESCO-IOC.(TheOceanDecadeSeries,51.4.).

/10.25607/2452-1r10

Graphicdesign:UNESCO(IOC/2024/ODS/51.4)

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers

Challenge4:Developasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy

Generateknowledge,supportinnovationanddevelopsolutionsforequitableandsustainabledevelopmentoftheoceaneconomyunderchangingenvironmental,

socialandclimateconditions.

WritingTeam

TheIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommission(IOC)ofUNESCO,extendsitssincereappreciationtotheco-chairsandmembersoftheWorkingGroupfortheirleadershipandcommitmentintheprocessofdraftingandauthoringthepresentdocument.

Co-chairs

PeterHaugan

InstituteofMarineResearch(IMR)

AndrewRhodes

InnovacionesAlumbra

WorkingGroupexpertmembers

MuhsinaAbdulRahman

MinistryofClimateChange,EnvironmentandEnergy,RepublicofMaldives

JosephAppiott

CBDSecretariat

SusannaDeBeauville-Scott

OrganisationofEasternCaribbeanStates(OECS)

StefanGelcich

InstitutoMilenioenSocio-ecologiaCostera,PontificiaUniversidadCatolicadeChile

ErikGericksky

UNGlobalCompact

RafaelGonzales-Quiros

InstitutoEspañoldeOceanografía-ConsejoSuperiorde

InvestigacionesCientíficas(IEO-CSIC)

ErikaHarms

GrupoIberostar

LouiseHeaps

WWF

ElizabethHollaway

UniversityofNewSouthWales(UNSW)

EmmaHospes

Ørsted

PhilA.S.James

UniversityofNewSouthWales(UNSW)

Marie-MayJeremie

SeychellesConservationandClimateAdaptationTrustandWesternIndianOceanMarineScienceAssociation

AboudS.Jumbe

MinistryofBlueEconomyandFisheries

WilliamN.Kostka

PacificCommunity

JoelMokenye

AfricanUnion-Inter-AfricanBureauforAnimalResources(AU-IBAR)

RonnieNoonan-Birch

OceanFrontierInstitute

GeorgiaPark

TheRoyalSociety

VivienneSolisRivera

CoopeSoliDarR.L.

TorstenThiele

GlobalOceanTrust

Contents

WritingTeam 2

Contents 3

Acronyms 4

1.EXECUTIVESUMMARY 5

1.1IntroductionandScopeoftheWhitePapers 5

1.2StrategicAmbitionofOceanDecadeChallengeNo.4 5

1.3KeyRecommendationstoAchievetheStrategicAmbition 6

1.4KeyMilestonesandIndicatorsfortheStrategicAmbition 6

2.INTRODUCTION 7

3.CONTEXT 8

3.1ImportanceoftheOcean 8

3.2ImportanceandrelevanceoftheChallengeforsustainabledevelopment 9

3.3OverviewofcurrentworkintheOceanDecade 10

3.4GapsandBarriers 10

3.4.1Climatechange 10

3.4.2InstitutionalInefficiencies 11

3.4.3KnowledgeandInnovation 11

3.4.4JustFinance 12

3.5Analysisofuserneedsandpriorities 12

4.STRATEGICAMBITIONSETTING 13

4.1Methodologyforstrategicambitionsetting 13

4.2DefinitionofthestrategicambitionfortheChallenge 13

4.2.1Visionfor2030 13

4.2.2Knowledgegenerationandsharing 17

4.2.3Partnershipsandresources 17

4.2.4JustFinance 18

4.2.5Capacitydevelopmentandexchangeneeds 19

4.2.6Technologyandinnovationsolutions 20

4.2.7Integration,synergiesandinterdependencieswithotherChallenges 21

5.MILESTONESANDINDICATORS 23

5.1Keymilestonesandindicatorstomeasureprogressandsuccess 23

References 24

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy3

Acronyms

FPICFree,Prior,andInformedConsent

IOCIntergovernmentalOceanographicCommissionIPLCIndigenousPeopleandLocalCommunities

IUUIllegal,Unreported,andUnregulated

NGONon-GovernmentalOrganization

OECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment

SIDSSmallIslandsDevelopingStates

UNUnitedNations

UNESCOUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy4

ensuringdiversecommunityengagementandequitablebenefitsharingwhileacknowledgingandprioritisingtheculture,identity,andrightsofIPLCthathavehistoricallydependedonandthrivedalongsideoceanresources.Strategicmobilisationofbluefinancewillsupportinvestmentsinsustainablecoastalandmarineinfrastructure,innovativetechnologies,andconservationefforts,reinforcingtheeconomicfoundation.Keypoliciesandgovernanceframeworkspromotingsustainabilityandequitywillbeinplace,alongsideabalancedandreflectiveapproach,layingthegroundworkforaresilientandinclusiveoceaneconomy.Thissuccesswillbeunderpinnedbyimproveddataaccessibilityandcapacity-sharingefforts,fosteringasharedunderstandingandcommitmenttosustainableoceanuse.

Successwillincludefulfilmentofthefollowingcriticalscienceandknowledgegaps:addressingtheinterfacebetweenknowledgesystems,policyimplementation,andpublic-privatepartnershipstoenableinformeddecision-making,focusingonbiodiversityrestoration,protection,andsustainablemanagementasfoundationalelementsofasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy,andensuringtheinclusionoflocalandindigenousknowledgealongsideenvironmentalsustainabilityandsocialequity.Thefollowingprioritydatasetsgapswillbetargeted:comprehensiveandup-to-datedataonbothhumanactivitiesandstateoftheenvironmentsupportinginformedandequitabledecision-makingandensuringstakeholderandrightsholderengagementindatacaptureandknowledgeco-production.Itwillincluderobustcapacitydevelopmentandsharingaswellasknowledgeexchangetodeepenunderstandingofocean-humanactivityinterconnections,emphasisinginvestmentincontext-specificeducation,training,andresearchprograms,andtheintegrationofappropriatetechnologyandinnovationtosupportasustainable,equitable,andresilientoceaneconomyandensuringthatfuturegenerationscanbenefitfromtheocean'sdiverseresourcesandopportunities.

1.EXECUTIVESUMMARY

1.1IntroductionandScopeoftheWhitePapers

ThisWhitePaperhasbeenpreparedaspartoftheVision2030processbeingundertakenintheframeworkoftheUNDecadeofOceanScience

forSustainableDevelopment.TheVision2030processaimstoachieveacommonandtangiblemeasureofsuccessforeachofthetenOceanDecadeChallengesby2030.FromastartingpointofexistinginitiativesunderwayintheOceanDecadeandbeyond,andthroughalensofpriorityuserneeds,theprocessdeterminesprioritydatasets,criticalgapsinscienceandknowledge,andneedsincapacitydevelopment,infrastructureandtechnologyrequiredforeachChallengetoensurethatitcanbefulfilledbytheendoftheOceanDecadein2030.

TheresultsoftheprocesswillcontributetothescopingoffutureDecadeActions,identificationofresourcemobilisationpriorities,andensuringtheongoingrelevanceoftheChallengesovertime.TheprocessidentifiesachievablerecommendationsthatcanbeimplementedinthecontextoftheDecade,ormorebroadlybefore2030toachievetheidentifiedstrategicambitionandindicatorsthatwillbeusedtomeasureprogress.

ThisWhitePaperisoneofaseriesoftenWhitePapersallofwhichhavebeenauthoredbyanexpertWorkingGroup.AccompaniedbyanOutcomesReportauthoredbytheDecadeCoordinationUnit,thisWhitePaperwasdiscussedatthe2024OceanDecadeConferencebeforebeingfinalisedandpublished.

1.2StrategicAmbitionofOceanDecadeChallengeNo.4

By2030,successforOceanDecadeChallengeNo.4:Developasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy,willbemarkedbysignificantadvancementsinestablishingaknowledge-drivenframeworkforinformeddecision-makingandpolicyformulation.Therewillbeenhancedcollaborationamongstakeholders,

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy5

●PolicyMakersandDecisionMakers:Itisrecommendedtopolicymakersatnationalandinternationallevelsthatby2030,comprehensivepoliciesandgovernanceframeworkssuchassustainableoceanplansareimplemented,promotingsustainablemanagementofoceanresources,andensuringequitableaccessandbenefitsdistributionamongallstakeholders,particularlymarginalisedandindigenouscommunities.

1.4KeyMilestonesandIndicatorsfor

theStrategicAmbition

Thekeymilestonesandindicatorsthatwillbeusedtomeasurethefulfilmentofthestrategicambitioninclude:

1.By2025,enhancetheintegrationandaccessibilityofprioritydatasetstoinformsustainableandequitableeconomicdecisions.Indicatorsincludethe

percentageofrelevantdatamadeaccessible,adoptionofoceanaccesspoliciesandinclusionofequitydata,thelevelofdatainteroperabilityachieved,developmentofoceanaccountsandthecontributionofprivatesectorentitiestothedataecosystem.

2.By2027,implementcapacity-developmentinitiativesthatempowerstakeholderstoparticipateinandcontributetoasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy,fosteringaparadigmshiftinperceptionsandpromotinginclusivityandinterdisciplinaryapproaches.Indicatorsincludethenumberofcapacity-developmentinitiatives,theidentificationandreductionofparticipatorybarriers,thenumberofparticipantstrained,thelevelofinstitutionalpartnershipsestablished,theassessmentofskillsandknowledgeimprovementamongparticipants,andtheengagementofprivatesectorentitiesinpromotingsustainablepractices.

3.By2028,developandadoptsustainablepolicyframeworksandgovernancemechanismsthatsupportequitableandenvironmentallyresponsibleeconomic

1.3KeyRecommendationstoAchievetheStrategicAmbition

Thefollowingrecommendationshavebeenidentifiedtoensurethatthestrategicambitionisfulfilled,andsuccessachievedforOceanDecadeChallengeNo.4:Developasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy:

●StrategicPartnerships:ItisrecommendedtotheDecadeCoordinationUnitand

stakeholdersinvolvedintheOceanDecadethatby2025,robustpartnershipsareestablished,encompassinggovernments,NGOs,theprivatesector,academia,andcivilsociety,withafocusoninclusivityandcollaborationacrosssectorstodevelopandimplementsolutionsforasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy.Thiswillincludedevelopingpartnershipprogramswhichmatch-makebetweenacademic

institutions,localcommunities,andindustrytodevelopanddeploylocallyadaptedsolutionstocontext-specifichindrances.

●TargetedResourceMobilisation:Itisrecommendedtonationalgovernments,internationalorganisations,andprivatefundersthatby2026,dedicatedfinancialmechanismsareinplacetosupportsustainableoceaneconomyprojects,prioritisingthosethatintegrate

environmentalconservationwithsocio-economicbenefitsforlocalcommunities.

●PrivateSector:Itisrecommendedtobusinessesoperatinginmarineandcoastalsectorsthatby2028,theyadoptsustainablepracticesandinvestingreentechnologies,contributingpositivelytotheoceaneconomywhileensuringthewell-beingofmarineecosystemsandlocalcommunities.

●LocalCommunities:Itisrecommendedtolocalgovernmentandcommunity-basedorganisationsthatby2026,community-ledinitiativesforsustainableoceanresourceusearesupported,ensuringlocalinvolvementindecision-makingandequitablesharingofthebenefitsderivedfromoceanresources.

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy6

activities.Indicatorsincludetheadoptionofrelevantpolicies,legislation,regulations,integrationoftheseframeworksintonationalandinternationalagendas,trackingprivatesectorcompliancewithsustainabilitystandardsandtheincorporationofmeasurestoreduceinequitiesandenhanceinclusivityintheoceaneconomy.

4.By2029,ensureinclusiveandmeaningfulstakeholderengagement,reflectingadiversearrayofperspectivesintheplanningandimplementationofoceaneconomystrategies.Indicatorsincludethediversityofstakeholdersinvolved,thelevelofactiveparticipation,theincorporationofstakeholderperspectivesintodecision-makingprocesses,andthespecificinclusionofprivatesectorcollaborationtofostersustainableandequitablepractices.

5.By2030,mobiliseandincreasefundingdedicatedtosupportingsustainableandequitableoceaneconomyinitiatives,withafocusoninnovativeandnature-based

solutions.Indicatorsincludethetotalfundingraised,thediversificationoffundingsources,adoptionofsustainablefinanceprinciples,developmentofscalablefinancemechanismsforcommunity-levelinitiatives,theeffectiveleveragingofresourcesthroughpartnershipsandcollaborations,andtheinvolvementoftheprivatesectorininvestinginsustainableoceaninitiatives.

rightsholdersandstakeholderstogenerateanduseoceaninformation,data,evidence,andknowledgetowardsachievingthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.

TheOceanDecadeseekstoimprovehumanity'srelationshipwiththeocean,itsmissionbeing‘tocatalysetransformativeoceansciencesolutionsforsustainabledevelopment,connectingpeopleandourocean’(IOC-UNESCO,2021).TheOceanDecadeChallengesrepresentthehighestlevelwithintheOceanDecadeActionFrameworkandarticulatethemostimmediateprioritiesfortheOceanDecade.AspartoftheOceanDecadeVision2030process,ExpertWorkingGroup4hasbeenassignedthetaskofoutliningthestrategicambitionforOceanDecadeChallenge4:Developasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy.Thischallengefocusesongeneratingknowledge,supportinginnovation,anddevelopingscalablesolutionsforequitableandsustainabledevelopmentoftheoceaneconomyamidstchangingenvironmental,social,andclimateconditions,whilerecognisingandsupportingexistinggoodpracticesandsolutions.

2.INTRODUCTION

In2017,the72ndSessionoftheUNGeneralAssemblydeclared2021-2030astheUnitedNationsDecadeofOceanScienceforSustainableDevelopment(the‘OceanDecade’)

1

.ThevisionoftheDecadeis‘thescienceweneedfortheoceanwewant’,anditprovidesacommonframeworkfordiverse

AnessentialcomponentofaddressingChallenge4isrecognisingwhatchallengesarefacedandwhatismeantbyequitableandsustainabledevelopmentoftheoceaneconomyandforwhomitisintended.Theconceptoftheoceaneconomyhasdiversedefinitions(FAO,DukeUniversity&WorldFish,2023),dependingonorganisationsorcountries'interests,needs,andperspectives.Therightsholdersandstakeholdersoftheoceaneconomyarediverse,reflectingawiderangeofsectorsanduses,whichunderscorestheglobalsignificanceofocean-relatedissues.ThisincludesthecoastalcommunitiesandIndigenousPeoplesthathavebeenthehistoricalcaretakersofthecoastsandseasandareintrinsicallytiedtotheknowledge,cultureandhealthoftheocean.Itwillalso

includescientistsandresearchers,policymakers,environmentalists,educators,

1ProclaimedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyinDecember2017,thechallengerunsfrom,2021-2030.

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy7

integration,synergies,andinterdependenciesamongtheChallengesarevitaltoachievingtheoverarchinggoalsoftheDecade.ItssuccessinvolvesfosteringcollaborationacrossallChallengestocreateaholisticapproachtostrengtheninghumanity'srelationshipwiththeocean,ultimatelysecuringasustainableandequitablefutureforbothcurrentandfuturegenerations.

3.CONTEXT

3.1ImportanceoftheOcean

Theoceanholdsuniversalsignificance,playingavitalroleinthewellbeingofsocieties,bygeneratingoxygen,providingnutritiousfoodandsustenance,actingasacarbonandheatreservoir,andsupportingeconomicactivitiesandrecreationalpursuits.Moreover,itembodiescultural,spiritual,andidentityvalues,fosteringlocalandindigenousknowledge,andcontributingtothewell-beingofindividualsandcommunitiesworldwide.

Theoceanisanimportantsourceoflivelihoodsforpeopleworldwide.Currentestimatesindicatethattheoceanfoodsectoralonesustainsaround600millionlivelihoods(FAO,2022),with40%ofglobalmarineandinlandcaptureprovidedthroughsmall-scalefisheries,and45millionwomenparticipatinginsmall-scalefisheries(FAO,DukeUniversity&WorldFish,2023).Beyondthis,variousocean-relatedandadjacentindustries,includingshipping,energy,andtourism,offeremploymentopportunitiesforcountlessindividuals.Maritimeshipping,inparticular,standsatthecoreofglobaltrade,facilitatingthemovementofupto90%

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ofglobaltradethroughoceanroutes.SmallIslandsDevelopingStates(SIDS)particularlydependonshippingforessentialfunctions,suchastransportingpeople,food,medicines,andensuringconnectivityamongcommunities.

Theocean'ssignificanceextendsbeyonditsroleinlivelihoodsandemployment,most

entrepreneurs,theprivatesectorandthegeneralpublicincludinglandlockedcountries.Furthertheocean'svastnessanduniquecharacteristics,withover60%classifiedasinternationalwaters,presentdistinctchallengesinachievingsustainablegrowth,equity,andenvironmentalprotection.Thehighmobilityofmarinelifeandtheabsenceofclearboundariescomplicateinternationalcollaborationanddatagathering,crucialforaninformed,sustainableoceaneconomy.

Here,acomprehensiveviewofasustainableoceaneconomyisneededthatnotonlyemphasisestheenvironmental,socialandeconomicvalueoftheocean’sgoodsandservicesbutonethatrecognisesthathealthyandresilientoceanecosystemsarethebedrockofasustainableoceaneconomyandthatvaluesanintegralandholisticperspective.Asustainableoceaneconomymustacknowledgeandprioritisetheculture,identity,andrightsofIndigenousPeopleandLocalCommunities(IPLC)thathavehistoricallydependedonandthrivedalongsideoceanresources.Itshouldrecognisenotonlypresentneedsbutalsotheimperativeofsecuringtheoceanforfuturegenerations.Intandem,itshouldconsidertherangeofeconomicactivitieswithinoceanandcoastalenvironments,spanningvitalsectorssuchasfisheries,tourism,renewableenergy,shipping,andbiotechnology.Itshouldalsobeassociatedwithimprovedlivelihoods,inclusivity,andgenderequityforitsrightsholders,aswellasensuringthehealthofoceanecosystemsalongsidesustainableeconomicactivity.Toachieveasustainableandequitableoceaneconomy,theapproachshouldbebalancedandreflective,acknowledgingbiologicalandculturaldiversitywhileensuringjustandequitableaccesstoresourcesanddistributionofitsbenefits,therebyensuringthatfuturegenerationscanbenefitfromtheocean'sdiverseresourcesandopportunities.

Challenge4isintertwinedwithotherChallengeswithintheOceanDecade.The

2/ocean/topics/ocean-

shipping/

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy8

exacerbatedbyclimatechangehavelefttheoceanenvironmentdegraded(García-Sotoetal.,2021).Theactivitiesaccompanyingeconomicgrowthfurtherintensifiesenvironmentalpressures,puttingimportantoceanecosystemservicessuchasitsroleintheglobalcarboncycle,foodsecurity,biodiversity,etc.,atahigherrisk.Additionally,thebenefitsfromeconomicgrowtharenotequitablydistributed(Evansetal.,2023).Theprojected‘blueacceleration’underthestatusquoofunsustainabledevelopmentisforecastedtoposeasubstantialcumulativerisk(Garcia-Sotoetal.,2021),estimatessuggestapotentialimpactofUSD$8.4trilliononassetsandrevenuesacrossalloceansectorsovera15-yearperiod(WWF,2021).

3.2ImportanceandrelevanceoftheChallengeforsustainabledevelopment

Theequitableandsustainabledevelopmentoftheoceaneconomyisintricatelylinkedtothebroaderglobalagendaforsustainabledevelopment,butitalsoholdsimmenseimportance,notonlyforpreservingtheplanetbutalsoforensuringthewellbeingofpresentandfuturegenerationsthroughahumanrights-basedapproach.Indoingso,weaimtofosterafuturewheretheoceancontinuestoserveasasourceoflife,inspiration,vitality,culture,andsocialandeconomicopportunity.Whilesustainabledevelopmentisoftenunderstoodtobeaharmoniouscombinationofsocial,environmental,andeconomicpriorities,toproducea“win-win-win”scenario,insituattemptsshowcasealackofinterconnectednessbetweenthesethreepillarswhichcanresultinshorttermsuccessattheexpenseoflong-termsustainability(Noonan-Birch,2023).Further,thehumanrelationshipwiththeoceanisn’tpurelyeconomicalnorisitequitable.Theoceanhumanrelationshipcanbebuiltonnon-monetaryvaluesthatrelatetobroaderaspects

notablyforvulnerablecoastalcommunities.Ithostsalargetouristsector,fosteringwell-beingandrecreationalactivitiesworldwide,attracting8.9–13.6millionmarinedivingtouristsalone(Schuhbaueretal.,2023).Italsoservesasafundamentalsourceofessentialnutrientsandproteintoover3billionpeopleglobally,particularlyfornationsfacingfooddeficits,whodependonaquaticresourcesforfoodsecurity8.Theoceanisalsosignificantintermsofclimatechangemitigationpotential;ocean-basedclimatesolutionshavethepotentialtoreduceemissionsbyupto35%alonga1.5°Cpathwayandupto47%alonga2.0°Cpathway(Hoegh-Guldbergetal.,2023).TherecentUNFCCCdiscussionsclearlyhighlightedthattherewillbeno1.5degreeswithoutahealthyandresilientocean.

Inthebroaderglobaleconomiccontext,asustainableandequitableoceaneconomyisacriticalcomponent.Itnotonlysupportsocean-basedindustriesbutalsosignificantlycontributestoland-basedeconomies,inparticularcoastalcommunitieswhohaveahighdependenceonoceanandcoastalecosystemsfortheirwellbeing.PresentestimatessuggestthatoceanassetsareworthuptoUS$24trillion(Hoegh-Guldbergetal.,2015)whiletheservicesitprovidesarevaluedbetween$1.5trillionand$6trillionperyear(Hoegh-Guldbergetal.,2015,Lillebøetal.,2017,Cicin-Sain2015,OECD2016).Furthermore,theoceaneconomyispoisedforrapidexpansionandiswidelyregardedasanoveleconomicfrontier(Jouffrayetal.,2020)

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,butonlyifoceanecosystemsareabletosupportthisambition.Certainly,thereisaneedtofocuseffortsonrecoveryofcoastalecosystemsandtodevelopandimplementlong-termsustainablemanagementapproaches,includingprotection,ifwearetoequitablydeliverourblueprosperityambitions.

Business-as-usualactivitiessuchasunsustainablecoastaldevelopmentandtheimpactsfromextractiveindustries,further

3In2016,theOECDprojectedtheoceaneconomywoulddoublefrom2010-2030.OECD2016.TheOceanEconomyin2030.

OceanDecadeVision2030WhitePapers–Challenge4:DevelopaSustainableandEquitableOceanEconomy9

ofwellbeing,identity,orasenseofplace,amongothers(Allisonetal.,2023).Theaccesstooceanresourcesaswellastheexposuretothebenefitsandharmsarealsonotequallydistributed