探索道路货运电气化的可持续性 Exploring Sustainability in Road Freight Electrification

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification

AComprehensiveFAQ

February2024

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification

AComprehensiveFAQ

February2024

©SmartFreightCentre,2024

Suggestedcitation:SmartFreightCentre.ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AComprehensiveFAQ.2024.

Thispublicationmaybereproducedinwholeorinpartinanyformforeducationalornon-profitpurposeswithoutspecialpermission

fromthecopyrightholder,providedacknowledgmentofthesourceismade.SmartFreightCentrewouldappreciatereceivingacopyofanypublicationthatuses‘Error!Notextofspecifiedstyleindocument.'asasource.Nouseofthispublicationmaybemadeforresaleorforanyothercommercialpurposewhatsoever,withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromSmartFreightCentre.

Disclaimer

TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseofSmartFreightCentreandstaff,consultantsandmanagement,anddonot

necessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheBoardofTrusteesofSmartFreightCentre.SmartFreightCentredoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationanddoesnotacceptresponsibilityforconsequenceoftheiruse.

Acknowledgements

ThisreportwaswrittenbyGabrielaRubioDomingo,PriyanshDoshi,andTharsisTeohofSmartFreightCentre.

AboutSmartFreightCentre

SmartFreightCentreisaninternationalnon-profitorganizationfocusedonreducinggreenhousegasemissionsfromfreight

transportation.SmartFreightCentre’svisionisanefficientandzeroemissiongloballogisticssector.SmartFreightCentre’smissionistocollaboratewiththeorganization’sglobalpartnerstoquantifyimpacts,identifysolutions,andpropagatelogisticsdecarbonization

strategies.SmartFreightCentre’sgoalistoguidethegloballogisticsindustryintrackingandreducingtheindustry’sgreenhousegasemissionsbyonebilliontonnesby2030andtoreachzeroemissionsby2050orearlier,consistentwitha1.5°Cfuture.

Contact

SmartFreightCentre

Keizersgracht560,1017EM,Amsterdam,NetherlandsP.O.Box11772,1001GT,Amsterdam,Netherlands

Teloffice:+31646954405

info@

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

TableofContents

1Introduction 7

2EnvironmentalSustainability 10

Overview 10

2.1Whatarethemostenergy-intensivestagesofe-truckslifecycle? 10

2.2Howdoesthelifecyclecarbonfootprintofe-truckscomparetothatoftraditionalICE

trucks? 11

Miningandextractionofkeymineralsandmetals 11

2.3Whatarethemainenvironmentalissuesassociatedwithminingandextractionof

keymineralsine-trucks? 11

2.4Whatarethemostcriticalsustainabilityissuesassociatedwithkeymaterials

requiredfore-trucks? 12

2.5IsminingmoreimpactfulforICEtrucksore-trucks? 12

2.6Whataresolutionstoidentifyandminimizeenvironmentalimpactsofminingand

extraction? 13

ProcessingandManufacturing 13

2.7Whatareemissionslevelsfromsteelandaluminummanufacturing,andwhatviable

decarbonizationsolutionsarebeingexploredwithintheseindustries? 13

2.8Whataremeasurestoreduceemissionsrelatedtobatterymanufacturing? 14

ElectricityProduction&Use 14

2.9Whataretheenvironmentalissuesrelatedtoenergyinfrastructureandelectricity

production? 14

2.10Howdoesadditionaldemandcreatedbycharginge-trucksaffectthecarbon

contentofthegrid(marginalemissions)? 15

2.11Whichenergysourceoptionsforelectricityproductionaremoresustainablefroma

broadersustainabilityperspective?Howcanthisbemeasured? 15

2.12Whatmechanismscanbeusedtoevaluatethesustainabilityattributesofthe

electricitypurchasedandwhatdotheyinclude? 16

2.13Howcantheuseofe-trucksimpactnoise,airpollutionandsafety? 17

EnvironmentalSustainability:EndofLife 17

2.14WhatareEoLoptionsforbatteriesofe-trucks?WhichEoLoptionshouldbe

preferredunderwhatcircumstances? 17

2.15WhataremainEoLchallengesfromacircularityperspective(assumingbatteries

arenottobedisposedof)? 18

2.16Whatarethesolutionsthataddressenvironmentalchallengesarisingfrom

batteriesreachingitsEoL?Howcanlogisticactorsaidinmitigatingthesechallenges? 19

2.17HowshouldonereportlifecycleGHGemissionsfore-trucksaccordingtotheGHG

Protocol? 19

3SocialSustainability 21

3.1Whataretheanticipatedchangesinthedemandforspecificmaterialscrucialfor

EVsandrenewableelectricityproduction,andwhatisdonetoaddresssustainablesourcing

shortages? 21

3.2Whatarethesocialsustainabilityissuesassociatedwithsourcingofrawmaterial?21

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

3.3Whatinitiativesandframeworksareinplacetoaddresssocialsustainability

challengesinthee-truckvaluechain,andhowcanlogisticactorstakeadvantageofthem?.

21

3.4Whichstakeholdersinthesupplychainshouldholdresponsibilityforissuesrelated

torawmaterialsourcing? 22

4EconomicSustainability 24

4.1Whatarethemajoreconomicsustainabilitychallengesthataffecte-trucksfromthe

OEM’sperspective? 24

4.2Whatarethemainsolutionstoexistingeconomicandsupplychainchallengesthat

affecte-trucks? 24

4.3Whateconomictransformationisnecessarytoensureenvironmentalandsocial

sustainability? 25

Glossary 26

Bibliography 27

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

TableofFigures

Figure1:E-truckslifecycleandkeystagesinvolvingsustainabilityissues 9

Figure2:BreakdownofGHGEmissionsfore-trucks&ICEtrucks 10

Figure3:Normalized,weighted,environmentalimpactsofthegenerationof1TWhofelectricity

16

Figure4:GHGemissionsinthelifecycleofe-trucks 20

Figure5:ResponsibleMineralsInitiative-AssuranceStandardsLandscapefortheMinerals

SupplyChain 23

TableofTables

Table1:Summaryofsustainabilityissuesforkeymetalsine-trucks 12

Table2:EndofLifeOptionsforelectricbatteriesfromacircularityperspective 17

Table3:MainEoLchallengesforbatteriesfromacircularityperspective 18

Table4:EmissionsreportingforEVoperationsbasedonGHGProtocol 20

Table5:Economicsustainabilitychallengesthataffecte-trucksfromtheOEMsperspective 24

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

TableofAbbreviations

AVAS:AcousticVehicleAlertingSystems

CDP:CarbonDisclosureProject

CO2:CarbonDioxide

EEA:EuropeanEnvironmentAgency

EoL:EndofLife

ESG:Environmental,Social&CorporateGovernancee-truck:ElectricTruck(BatteryPowered)

EU:EuropeanUnion

EV:ElectricVehicle

GHG:GreenhouseGas

GoO:GuaranteesofOrigin

GRI:GlobalReportingInitiative

ICE:InternalCombustionEngine

kt:kilotonne

OEM:OriginalEquipmentManufacturer

PM:ParticulateMatter

PV:Photovoltaic

RMI:ResponsibleMineralInitiative

TWh:Trillionwatthours

UNECE:UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

1Introduction

Roadfreight,predominantlypoweredbyfossilfuel,contributesmorethanhalfofthecarbondioxideemissionsproducedintrade-relatedtransportglobally(ITF2019).InEurope,roadfreightisaccountableforover19%ofthegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsinthetransportsector,andthisfigureisanticipatedtogrowby8%by2050(ICCT2022).Notably,asignificantamountoftheseGHGemissionstypicallyarisefromtheutilizationoffossilfuelsforpropulsion(Scania2020).DecarbonizationeffortsareadvancingintheroadfreighttransportsectorgloballytokeepinlinewiththeParisAgreementGoals.Forinstance,theDutchclimateagreementplanstoimplementzeroemissionzonesincitycentersintheNetherlandsfrom2025toreducethelogisticscarbonfootprintbyatotalyearlyCO2-reductionof1Mtonnein2030(Kinetal.2021).Therefore,afasttransitiontozero-emissionfreightvehiclesisvitalfordecarbonizationofthelogisticsectorandtokeepinlinewiththeemissionsregulationsplacedglobally.(ICCT2022).

Electrictrucks(e-trucks)representahighlyviablealternativeforsupplychaindecarbonization.

Theadoptionofe-trucksbylogisticssectorcansignificantlydecoupletherelianceonfossilfuelsespeciallyinplaceswithpoliciesthatsupporttherelianceongreenerelectricitygenerationchoices.AccordingtoICCT(2023),transitioningtoe-truckswouldresultinadrasticreductionofthelifecycleGHGemissionsbyupto76%consideringtheaverageEUelectricitymix.ThereductioninGHGemissionscanfurtherimprovealongwiththeimprovementintheenergymixconsistingofahigherpercentageofelectricitygeneratedfromrenewablesources.

Logisticactorsneedtohaveabroaderunderstandingofimpactsonoverallsustainabilityarisingfromtransitioningtoe-trucks.

Despitetheseemissionsbenefits,e-trucks,likeinternalcombustionengine(ICE)trucks,haveassociatedenvironmentalandsocialimpactsacrosstheirlifecycle(Mowbray2023).Therefore,toavoidimpactshifting,itiscrucialtoensureatransitionthatgoesbeyondjusteliminatingfossilfuelemissionsbutacknowledgesthesocial,economicandenvironmentaldimensionaswell.Furthermore,it’sofutmostimportancetotrackandmitigatethesustainabilitychallengesacrosstheentirelifecycleofthevehicleswithouthavingacarbontunnelvisiontargetingonlytheoperationalphaseofe-trucks.

It’svitaltounderstandthatbothICEtrucksande-truckshavesustainabilityimpactsacrossdifferentphaseswithinthetruck’slifecycle.Therefore,abroaderunderstandingisrequiredtoidentifyandmitigatethesesustainablechallenges.Forinstance,concerningICEtrucks,themostsubstantialsustainabilityimpactsoccurdownstreamduringtheutilizationphase,particularlyfromthecombustionoffuelsandupstreamfromtheextraction,refining,andtransportationofcrudeoiltoproduceliquidtransportationfuel,aswellasinthedistributionoftherefinedfuel(CRS2020).LongtermdependencyonthecombustionoffossilfueltopowertheseICEtruckshaveledtosignificantenvironmental,humanandgeopoliticalconsequences(Transport&Environment2021,CRS2020,O’Rourke&Connolly2003).Conversely,themostcrucialyetmitigablesustainabilitychallengesareassociatedwiththemanufacturingandfinallife(End-of-Life)stageofane-truck.Forinstance,theenergy-intensiveextractionofessentialmaterialsandthemanufacturingofbatteriestopowerthee-truckpowertrainposevarioussustainabilityrisks.Additionally,duringthefinallifecyclephaseofthee-truck,thedisposalandtreatmentofbatteriespresentuniqueenvironmentalchallenges.Whileadoptingacircularityapproachforhandlingspente-truckbatteriesisconsideredthemostsuitablestrategy,itcomeswithsignificanteconomicandtechnicalchallenges.

Thissustainabilityguidancereporttakesatriple-bottomlineapproachtohighlightthemitigablesustainabilitychallengescategorizedunderenvironmental,socialandeconomicaspectsthatcan

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

beassociatedthroughoutthelifecycleofe-trucks,includingelectricitygeneration.Furthermore,itexploreskeystrategiesthatcanbeimplementedtomitigatethesesustainabilitychallenges.

Implementingstrategiestomitigateassociatedchallengesisthekeytoanoverallsustainabletransitionwithintheroadfreighttransportsector.

Severalpracticeswithinthemanufacturing,operationalandendoflife(EoL)phaseofe-truckscanbeadoptedtomitigatetheenvironmental,socialandeconomicchallengesassociatedwithe-trucks.Forinstance,implementingcircularitywithinthevaluechainaidsinaddressingthe

sustainabilityissuesarisingfromextractionofnewrawmaterials.Circularityallowsthe

minimizationofissuesrelatedtodisposalofbatteriesandreducestheneedforrawmaterials,therebymitigatingtheassociatedsocial,environmentalandsupplyrisks.

Theuseofalternativesourcesforenergygenerationiskeytofurtherreducingthesustainabilityimpactsfrommanufacturingandtheoperationalphaseofe-trucks.Technologicaladvancementandoptimizationoffleetandbatteryuse,furthercontributetoreducingimpactsarisingfromallthethreephasesofe-trucks.

Additionally,adheringtothelegislativemeasuresinplacesuchastheEuropeanUnion(EU)

regulationsandsupplychainduediligencestandardsisanotherwaytomitigatethesebroadersustainabilitychallengesarisingfromthematerialsourcingoftherequiredrawmaterials.

Logisticactorsshouldrequestforsupplychainduediligencereportsfromthemanufacturerstoensurethee-trucksprocuredcomplytothesustainabilitystandards.Thiswillsubsequentlyalsogiveasignaltothemarketandstakeholdersinthesupplychaintoprogressivelyadhereto

adequatesustainabilitystandardsandtakeactiontomitigateissuesarisingfromtheup-anddownstreamactivitiesinthee-truckmaterialssupplychain.

Logisticactorscanmaximizethesustainabilitybenefitsofe-trucksbyprioritizingadoptionin

urbanoperations.Asustainabletransitionroadmapshouldprioritizespecificregionsfore-truckdeploymentwheretheenergymixcomprisesofagreatersharefromrenewablesourcestogainmaximumbenefitsfromthetransition.

Whatcanyouexpectfromthisdocument?

Thereportexploresmitigablesustainabilitychallengesandsolutionscategorizedunderenvironmental,socialandeconomicaspectsthatcanbeassociatedthroughoutthelifecycleofe-trucksincludingelectricitygeneration.Inthesectiononenvironmentalsustainability,thereportthoroughlyexamineschallengesandmitigationstrategiesatkeystagessuchasrawmaterialextraction,processing,componentande-truckproduction,vehicleuse(consideringenergyinfrastructureandproductionimpacts),andtheend-of-lifephase.Subsequently,thesectiononsocialsustainabilityidentifiespotentialsocialrisksassociatedwithintheentirebatterysupplychainandsuggestsmitigationmeasurestoeliminatetheserisks.Inthefinalsectionofthereportoneconomicsustainability,thefocusisonstrategiestotackleeconomicsustainabilitychallengesandwaysinwhicheconomictransformationcancontributetoachievingenvironmentalandsocialsustainabilitygoalswithinthee-truckindustry.

Thereportadoptsacradle-to-graveperspectivetohighlightsustainabilitychallengesandpresentmitigationstrategiesindividuallyforboththevehicleandthefuellifecycleasitallowsfortheevaluationofthetotalenvironmentalimpact,includingemissions,energyefficiency,anduseofresourceuse,associatedwithdifferentmodesoftransportationandenergysources.Thevehiclelifecyclereferstothevariousstagesavehiclegoesthroughfromitsinitialdesignandmanufacturingtoitseventualdisposalorrecycling,includingrawmaterialextraction,manufacturing,useandend-of-life,asdepictedin

Figure1.

Ontheotherhand,fuellifecycleincludesthecompletelifeofafuelsource,fromextractionorproductiontoitseventualconsumptionand(ifrelevant)disposal.Thisincludestheextractionorproduction,refinementandprocessing,distribution,storageandhandling,consumptionandend-of-lifeordisposal.Italsoinvolvestheconstruction,operationanddismantlingofanyrelevant

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

infrastructure.Inthecaseofelectricityconsumptionfore-trucks,fuellifecyclereferstoallaspectsrelatedtothegeneration,distributionofelectricityandtheconstruction,operationanddismantlingofelectricitygenerationanddistributionrelatedfacilities.

Figure1:E-truckslifecycleandkeystagesinvolvingsustainabilityissues.

ThedocumentisdesignedintheformofanFAQastoofferconcreteguidancetokeyquestionsandconcernsaboutsustainabilityine-trucksfromthedifferentsustainabilityperspectives,aswellascomparingthemwithICEtruckswhererelevant.

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

2EnvironmentalSustainability

Thissectionaimstoprovideanobjectiveexaminationoftheenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththelifecycleofe-trucks.Itcomprehensivelycoverskeylifecyclestages,includingrawmaterialextraction,processing,componentande-truckproduction,vehicleuse(consideringenergyinfrastructureandproductionimpacts),andtheend-of-lifephase.Thediscussionalsohighlightspotentialsolutionstomitigateenvironmentalrisksassociatedwithe-trucksandelectricityproduction.Adoptingacradle-to-graveperspectiveensuresathoroughandgenuinelyenvironmentallysustainabletransitiontoe-trucks,avoidingtheperpetuationofissues,orcreatingnewonesupstreamordownstream.

Overview

2.1Whatarethemostenergy-intensivestagesofe-truckslifecycle?

Thelifecyclestagesofae-truckincludetheproductionphase,comprisingextractionofrawmaterials,manufacturingandanytransportationordistribution;theusephasewhichincludeselectricitygenerationanddistributionaswellaschargingofthevehicleandoperations;andtheend-of-lifestagewhichcomprisesofallprocessesrelatedtothedecommissioningofthevehicle,suchasre-selling,reuse,recyclingandanywastemanagementactivities.

AreportbyTransport&Environment(2021),analysestheenergyrequirementsforthedifferentlifecyclestagesofane-truckandestablishesacomparisononthematerialrequirementsfordieselande-trucks.Asperthefindings,theproductionofelectricityfore-truckoperationstandsoutasthemostenergy-intensivestagethroughoutitslifecycle,comprising60%oftheoverallenergyconsumption,asillustratedin

Figure2.

Therefore,decarbonizingtheelectricitygridtowhiche-trucksconnectiscrucial.Nevertheless,theemissionspalesincomparisontothecontributionofGHGemissionsinthefuelproductionandconsumptionforadieseltruck.

Figure2:BreakdownofGHGEmissionsfore-trucks&ICEtrucks(AdaptedfromICCT

2023,McKinsey2023b)

Notably,batterymanufacturingranksasthesecondmostcarbon-intensivestage,accountingforover25%oftotallifecycleenergyconsumption.Thishighlightstheimportanceofaddressingbatterymanufacturingtoenhanceenergyefficiencyandsourceenergyfromcleanchannels.The

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

vehicleproductionphase,particularlysteelandaluminiummanufacturing,isalsoenergy-intensive,representing11%oftotallifecycleenergyconsumption.Notethattheamountofemissionsinthiscategorywouldbesimilarinthedieseltruck.

2.2Howdoesthelifecyclecarbonfootprintofe-truckscomparetothatoftraditionalICEtrucks?

Acomprehensivecradle-to-graveanalysisofGHGemissionsisimperativetofacilitateafaircomparisonofthelifecycleGHGemissionsofICEande-trucks.Thisanalysisencompassesemissionsfromallthreestagesofthetruck’slifecycle,namelyupstreamemissionsfromvehiclemanufacturingandenergyproduction,emissionsfromthevehicleusephase,andtheeventualrecoveryofvehicles.Thesustainabilityofe-trucksineachregionissignificantlyinfluencedbythetypeofenergymixprevalentinthatspecificgeography(ICCT2023;Scania2020).

AccordingtoananalysisbyICCT(2023),transitioningfromdieseltoelectricpowertrainsyieldssubstantialreductionsinGHGemissions,evenwhenconsideringtheEUaverageelectricitymix.Throughouttheirlifecycle,e-truckscurrentlyinproductionexhibita63%to76%reductioninlifecycleGHGemissionscomparedtothepresentbest-in-classdieseltrucks.ThedecarbonizationandenhancementoftheelectricitygridcanfurtheraugmenttheGHGemissionreductionofe-truckstoarangeof84-92%(100%renewableenergyscenario).Thesereductionsstemfromtheheightenedenergyefficiencyofe-trucksandthedecreasedcarbonintensityoftheaverageelectricitymixincontrasttodiesel.

Despitetheoverallemissionsadvantageofe-trucks,itisessentialtoacknowledgethattheymayincuraproductiondebtintermsofGHGemissionsrelativetoICEtrucksasshowninfigure2.Thisarisesfromtheenergy-intensivenatureofbatteryproduction.However,e-trucksdemonstratethepotentialtooutperformICEtrucksintermsofGHGemissionsastheGHGbreak-evenpointistypicallyreachedwithinoneortwoyearsofoperation(consideringelectricitymixofEU2020&EU2030).(Scania2020)

Miningandextractionofkeymineralsandmetals

2.3Whatarethemainenvironmentalissuesassociatedwithminingandextractionofkeymineralsine-trucks?

Miningisakeyactivityinthelifecycleofe-trucks,asvariousmineralsandmetalsarerequiredfortheirproduction.Theseareessentialforthemanufacturingofbatteries,electricmotorsandothercomponents.Someofthesignificantmineralsandmetalsusedine-trucksincludelithium,cobalt,nickelandmanganese,whichareusedinthemanufacturingofthebatteries;rareelementsandcopperfortheelectricmotor;andsteelandaluminumformanufacturingofthee-truckbody.

Theminingandextractionprocessesofrawmaterialsusedine-trucksgiverisetoseveralenvironmentalconcernssuchaslocalpollutionofair,water&soil,thedepletionofvitalresourceslikewater,biodiversityloss,andthegenerationofhazardouswaste(Zimmermann2023;GBAandWEF2019;McKinsey2023a).

Moreover,specificrawmaterialsusedine-truckproductionintroduceadditionalenvironmentalchallenges.Forinstance,manganesemininginvolvesextensivelandutilizationandtheemissionofairbornecontaminants(GBAandWEF2019).Inthecaseofnickel,itsextractionentailsthemanagementofacidinleachingprocesses,whichposesadistinctrisk.

Duetothescarcityofcertainmineralsandmetals,thereisananticipationthatminingactivitiesmayextendbeyondterrestrialoperationsinthefuture.AssuggestedbyGBAandWEF(2019),deepseabedminingisexpectedtobecomeamorewidespreadpracticeinthecomingdecade.Whilethiscouldpotentiallymitigatesomeofthechallengesassociatedwithterrestrialmining,italsoraisesconcernsaboutitsimpactontheocean'sabilitytosequesterCO2,inadditiontootherpotential,yetundiscoveredissues.

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

2.4Whatarethemostcriticalsustainabilityissuesassociatedwithkeymaterialsrequiredfore-trucks?

Themostcriticalsustainabilityissuesforcobalt,lithium,nickelandmanganese,whichareallkeycomponentsforthemanufactureofe-trucks,aresummarized

inTable1.

Thelistisnotexhaustiveandintendstopointouttheissuesthatarehardesttoaddressparticulartoeachmaterial.

Lithiumandnickel,duetotheirgeographicalconcentration,presentsupplychainrisksthatcanpotentiallyresultindisruptionsorhighprices.CobaltminingisalsorelatedtoimportantsocialandgovernanceissuesinCongo,wheremostofworldresourcesaretobefoundandwhereprecariousminingsitesandinformalworkingconditionsaffectlocalpopulations(EuropeanCommission2023b;GBAandWEF2019).

Thissectionofthereportcoverstherelatedenvironmentalissueswhiletheeconomicandsocialissues,alsoreflectedinthetable,areaddressedindetailinlatersectionsoftheFAQ.

Table1:Summaryofsustainabilityissuesforkeymetalsine-trucks(GoldmanSachs

2022)

2.5IsminingmoreimpactfulforICEtrucksore-trucks?

TheminingandprocessingstagesdiffersignificantlyforICEande-trucks.InthecaseofICEtrucks,theminingphaseisprimarilyfocusedonextractingthefuelneededforvehicleoperation.Conversely,e-trucksnecessitatetheextractionofspecificmaterialsessentialforbatterymanufacturing,withthepotentialforrecyclingorrepurposingthesematerialsasrawinputsfornewvehicles.

Presently,e-trucksexhibitgreaterenvironmentalimpactsduringtheminingphasecomparedtoICEtrucks.Thisisduetothewell-establishednatureofthefossilfuelindustry,whichhasoptimizedfuelextractionprocesses.EventhoughICEtrucksinvolvetheextractionofmoresubstantialquantitiesofmaterialsthroughmining,e-truckstendtohavehigherlifecycleimpactsrelatedtoacidification,humantoxicity,particulatematteremissions,andresourcedepletion(DelPero,Delogu,andPierini2018).

Despiteofthis,ongoingresearchanticipatesashiftinthisdynamicovertime.Asminingactivitiesrelatedtoe-truckproductionbecomemorestreamlinedandefficient,andrecyclingpracticesfore-truckscomponentsgettobemorewidespreadandeffective,itisexpectedthatmaterialdemandwillgraduallydiminish.Thistransitionisexpectedtocontributetoareductionintheoverallenvironmentalimpactofe-trucksinthelongterm.

ExploringSustainabilityinRoadFreightElectrification:AcomprehensiveFAQ

2.6Whataresolutionstoidentifyandminimizeenvironmentalimpactsofminingandextraction?

Solutionstotheissuesmentionedinthischapterincludeidentifyingandminimizingenvironmentalimpacts,followingaconsistentapproachandadheringtointernationalstandards.AnillustrativeexampleistheEnvironmental,Social&CorporateGovernance(ESG)StandardforMineralsSupplyChains(ResponsibleMineralsInitiative2021).Thisframeworkproposesasetofmeasurestopreventorminimizetheseconcernssuchas:

•providingrelevanttrainingforworkersandmanagers

•theestablishmentofcorrectiveandpreventiveactionprotocols

•thesourcingofmaterialsexclusivelyfromminesindependentlyevaluatedagainstglobalsta