高考英语中国文化读写专项：餐具筷子+中式婚礼

Chopsticks筷子 It'scommonlyknownthattheChineseinventedchopsticks(orkuaiziinChinese)asasetofinstrumentstobeusedwheneatingbutthereasonbehindthatisnotcommonlyknown.Actually,theChineseweretaughttousechopstickslongbeforespoonsandforkswereinventedinEurope(theknifeisolder,notasaninstrumentfordiningbutasweapon).ChopstickswerestronglyadvocatedbythegreatChinesephilosopherConfucius(551-479BC).Chinesepeople,underthecultivationofConfucianism,considertheknifeandforkbearingsortofviolence,likecoldweapons.However,chopsticksreflectgentlenessandbenevolence,themainmoralteachingofConfucianism.Therefore,instrumentsusedforkillingmustbebannedfromthediningtable,andthatiswhyChinesefoodisalwayschoppedintobitesizebeforeitreachesthetable. EatingChinesefoodwouldnotbeasenjoyableifthewrongutensilswereused.Usingtwoslimandslipperystickstopickupgrainsofriceandlittlepiecesofmeatandvegetablesisactuallynotadifficulttasktoaccomplish.Infact,thereareforeignerswhoareascompetentinusingthechopsticksastheChinese. Thetruthofusingchopsticksisholdingonechopstickinplacewhilepivotingtheotheronetopickupamouthful.Howtopositionthechopsticksisthecourseyouhavetolearn.First,placethefirstchopsticksothatthickerpartrestsatthebaseofyourthumbandthethinnerpartrestsonthelowersideofyourmiddlefingertip.Then,bringyourthumbforwardsothatthestickwillbefirmlytrappedinplace.Atleasttwoorthreeinchesofchopstickofthethinnerendshouldextendbeyondyourfingertip.Next,positiontheotherchopsticksothatitisheldagainstthesideofyourindexfingerandbytheendofyourthumb.Checkwhethertheendsofthechopsticksareeven.Ifnot,thentapthethinnerpartsontheplatetomakethemeven. WhendiningwithChinesefriendsorbusinesspartners,itisalwaysbetterforforeignerstotrylearninghowtooperatethechopsticks.Youshouldonlyaskforaforkandspoonifallelsefails.Usingchopstickstoeatriceisaproblemtomostforeigners.Generallythetiptoeatriceistobringone'sricebowlclosetoone'smouthandquicklyscoopthericeintoitwithone'schopsticks.Sincethisisdifficultforforeigners,andsosimplyliftingportionsofricetothemouthfromthebowlheldintheotherhandisperfectlyacceptable. Therearesuperstitionsassociatedwithchopstickstoo.Ifyoufindanunevenpairatyourtablesetting,itmeansyouaregoingtomissaboat,planeortrain.Droppingchopstickswillinevitablybringbadluck.Crossedchopsticksare,however,permissibleinadimsumrestaurant.Thewaiterwillcrossthemtoshowthatyourbillhasbeensettled,oryoucandothesametoshowthewaiterthatyouhavefinishedandarereadytopaythebill.(510words)◆Helper:advocate['ædvəkeɪt]提倡philosopher[fəˈlɒsəfə(r)]\o"真人发音"哲学家Confucius[kənˈfju:ʃəs]孔子cultivation[ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃn]\o"真人发音"教养bear持有,携带benevolence[bə'nevələns]\o"真人发音"仁慈,善举ban[bæn]\o"真人发音"禁止utensil[ju:ˈtensl]\o"真人发音"器具，家庭厨房用具pivot

['pɪvət]\o"真人发音"以…为核心,使绕枢轴旋转indexfinger[ˈindeksˈfiŋɡə]食指even平的，均衡的，相等的scop[skuːp]舀取superstition[ˌsuːpə'stɪʃn]迷信；没有根据的理论adimsumrestaurant酒楼◆ChineseBriefIntroduction:筷子是指用竹、木、金属等材质制做的夹饭菜或其他东西的细长棍儿。持放在手指中夹取食物或其他东西的细长形条棍，多用作餐具。中国是筷子的发源地，以筷进餐少说已有3000年历史，是世界上以筷为食的地区。它有挑、拨、夹、拌、扒等功能。筷子是汉民族发明的进食工具，据考古资料证明，在远古时代，汉族先民已懂得用树枝和竹枝夹取食物。用筷子吃饭使人手巧，可以训练大脑使之灵活，外国人对这两根神奇的棍状物能施展出夹、挑、舀、撅等功能钦羡不已，并以自己能使用它进食而感到高兴。作为礼物，送新人寓意珠联璧合快生贵子；送恋人,寓意成双成对永不分离；送朋友,寓意平等友爱和睦相处；送师长，寓意耿直正直、桃李回报；送老人，寓意快乐永久福寿无疆；送孩子，寓意筷长筷长（快长快长）；送老外，寓意国际友谊源远流长；送商友，寓意双木成林、合作长久；送爱人，寓意双宿双飞、同甘共苦；送乔迁的人。寓意快快发家、乔迁快乐。要注意：1.夹起食物之后，不应该放回盘碟。2.不能用筷子对着人或用餐时拿筷子指手画脚。3.不能将筷子插入一碗米或饭，这是祖先奉献物安置方法。4.不与他人的筷子相争。5.赴宴的时候，不应提前于主人动筷子（汤匙亦然）。5.在有些国家，会等客人(或者在座最年长者)动作才开始吃饭。6.在用餐过程中，已经举起筷子，但不知道该吃哪道菜，这时不可将筷子在各碟菜中来回移动或在空中游弋，在菜盘上来回的转而却又不夹菜。◆Exercise:I.Questions:1.WhydidConfuciusencourageChinesepeopleuseChopsticks?2.Whileeating,howdoyouuseyourchopsticks?3.Pleasetellyourforeignfriendsthemeaningof“unevenpairatyourtablesetting”and“crossedchopsticks”.4.Whatdoesitmeanifyoucrossyourchopsticksinadimsumrestaurant?II.Writtenwork请根据下面提示，写一篇短文，词数不少于50InyourspokenEnglishclass,yourteachershowsyouthefollowingpicture.Youareaskedtodescribethepictureandexplainhowyouunderstandit.SuggestedAnswers6.ChopsticksII.Writtenwork本文是开放性作文，要求考生把握好图画内容，发散表达。考生重点要看出这个人是卷发高鼻的外国人，要体会到西式刀叉对中式食物的矛盾性。Whataninterestingpicture!AWesternyoungman,sittingatatable,isreadytoeatabowlofnoodles.HeisholdingtwoforksthesamewayasweChineseholdchopsticks.Heistryingsohardtopickupthenoodlesthatheissweatingalot.Atfirstglance,Ithinkit’sabitfunny,forweChinesetakeforgrantedthatchopsticksarethetoolsforeatingnoodles.Themaninthepictureistryingtocopyus.Obviouslyheisdoingitthehardway.Maybeusingoneforkwilldoabetterjob,Inmyopinion,wedon’tneedtocopyothers’waysofthinking.Sometimesasimplerwayofdoingthingsmaybeabetterway.ChapterVChineseFamily&Marriage中国婚姻与家庭ChineseMarriageTraditions中国传统婚礼Chineseweddings,andthecustomsbeforethewedding,aresteepedinancienttraditions.HereisanoverviewofthemostcommonandtraditionalChinesemarriageceremonies.●ChineseMarriageSuperstitions-TheColorRedThecolorredplaysanimportantpartinaChinesewedding.Redisthesymbolofjoy-andwhatismorejoyousthanawedding?RedisthemaincolorforChineseweddings,fromclothingtocandlesonthetablestoredfirecrackers.ChineseMarriageTraditions-LettersTheChinesegroom'sfamilyformallyasksintheformofaletterforthehandofthebride.Bothfamilieshavetoagreethatthecoupleisagoodmatchforeachother.Importanceisplacedonthehoroscopesofboththegroomandbride.Also,theactualdateoftheweddingisdiscussedastoavoidunluckydays.Ifnegotiationsweresuccessful,agiftletterissendtothebride'sfamily,andthegroomwillbringthebride'sfamilyavarietyoffoodandothertraditionalitems.Thecoupleisnowengaged.Thebridepreparesadowry.Adowryincludesclothesandotherdailynecessities.Atthedayofthewedding,thedowryisbroughttothefamilyofthegroom.Thegroom'sfamilysendsaweddingletter,officiallyacknowledgingthebrideintothefamily.●ChineseMarriageTraditions-TheWeddingCeremonyDuringtheactualceremony,whichequalstheexchangeofvowsinthewest,thecouplewillpayrespectbykneelingthreetimes.Theykneeltotheheavenandearth,theancestraltabletsandtheirparents,andthentoeachother.Ateaceremonyfollows,inwhichthebrideservesteatothegroom'sfamily.Thebridewillreceivejewelryormoneywrappedinredenvelopes.●ChineseMarriageTraditions-TheWeddingBanquetThecouplewillinviteallrelativesandfriendstotheirweddingbanquet.Thebanquetisconsideredevenmoreimportantthantheceremonyitself.Agreatdealofattentionisplacedonthefoodofferedduringthebanquet.You'llbehardpressedtofindaweddingbanquetwithoutfish,whichisasymbolforabundance.Naturally,modernChinesecouplesmightnotfollowalltraditionsorrituals.Also,whileitwastraditionthatthenewlywedcouplemovedinwiththegroom'sfamily,manymoderncoupleswouldprefertolivealone.ButevenduringamodernChinesewedding,elementsofancientcustomscanbefound.Whilemycolleaguedidn'tweararedQipao---thetraditionalbrides’dress---shefollowedtraditioninhavingatraditionalChineseweddingbanquet.IfyouareeverinvitedtoaChineseweddingbanquet,don'tmissout!AChineseweddingbanquetisajoyouscelebrationandthehighlightofeveryChinesewedding,nomatterwhethertraditionalormodern.●ChineseMarriageSuperstitionsMostChinesesuperstitionsinvolvenumbersandcolors.Also,thewayawordsoundsisveryimportant.AChinesebrideshouldn'twearblack,blueorgray,becausethatwouldresultinbadlucktothemarriage.Preferredcolorsforthebridetoweararewhite,butredisthealltimefavorite.（517words）◆Helper:besteepedin充满着,埋头于,专心于,沉浸于overview[ˈəʊvəvju:]概观；总的看法,dominant[ˈdɔminənt]horoscope[ˈhɔ:rəˌskəʊp,ˈhɔr-]星占,星象negotiation[nɪˌgəʊʃi:ˈeɪʃən]协商，谈判engage[ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ]订婚dowry['daʊrɪ]嫁妆acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ]承认,鸣谢,对…打招呼vow[vaʊ]誓言ancestral[æn'sestrəl]祖先的tablet[ˈtæblit]碑，匾banquet[ˈbæŋkwit]盛宴,筵席behardpressed处于困境◆ChineseBriefIntroduction:中国古人认为黄昏是吉时，所以会在黄昏行娶妻之礼，因此夫妻结合的礼仪称为“昏礼”，后来演化为婚礼。中国人喜爱红，认为红是吉祥的象征。如张贴大红喜字，给新娘遮上红盖头，穿上大红袄，新郎胸前佩戴大红绸等等。这些红色的吉祥物品不但给婚礼带来喜庆的气氛，同时也暗示着新婚夫妇婚后的日子会越过越红火。所以传统婚礼习俗总以大红色烘托着喜庆、热烈的气氛。三个重要的名词：1、三书：指