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简单句的五种基本结构
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种
基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌
握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结
构的基础。
英语五种基本句型列式如下:
-:SV(主+谓)
二:SVP(主+系+表)
三:SV0(主+谓+宾)
四:SVo0(主+谓+间宾+直宾)
五:SV0C(主+谓+宾+宾补)
基本句型一:SV(主+谓)
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词,都不
带宾语,但可以带状语如:
Itisrainingnow.(SV)
We'veworkedfor5hours.(SV)
Themeetinglastedhalfanhour.(SV)
Timeflies.(SV)
Thefishweighsabout100pounds
又如:
Darkcloudshungoverhead.
Graduallyasmileappearedonherface.
Heissmilingalloverhisface.
IdidwellinEnglish.
Hetalkedloudlyintheclassroomyesterday.
基本句型二:SVP(主+系+表)
系动词主要是be.但还有一些动词在有些时
候也可作系动词,有人称之为半系动词。
常见的半系动词有:
(1)表示特征和存在状态的be,seem,
appear,look,feel,smell,taste,sound等;
(2)表示状态延续的remain,stay,keep,
continue,stand等;
(3)表示状态变化的become,get,turn,go,
run,fall,come,grow等。
系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓
语
Heisastudent.(SVP)
Yourideasoundsgreat.(SVP)
Hisadviceprovedright.
Theshopstaysopentill8o'clock.
Themachinewentwrong.
Alltheseeffortsseeminvain.
Thesewordssoundreasonable.
Theroomsoonbecamecrowded.
Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger.
Hefellillyesterday.
Treesturngreeninspring.
Whatyousaidsoundsgreat.
基本句型三:sV0(主+谓+宾)
此结构是由“主语+及物动词(词组)+宾语”
构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词,动名
词、动词不定式或词组、the+形容词、分词
以及从句等。如,
ShelikesEnglish.
Weplantedalotoftreesonthefarm
yesterday.
Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework..
PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
Jimcannotdresshimself.
AllofusbelievethatJackisanhonestboy.
Hedidnotknowwhattosay.
基本句型四:sV00(主+谓+间
宾十直宾)
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,如:give给,
pass递,bring带,show显示。这两个宾语
通常一个指人,为间接宾语;一个指物,为
直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之
、乙
刖。
一般的顺序为:动词+间接宾语+直接宾
语。
如:Hegivemeacupoftea.(SVo0)
强调间接宾语顺序为:动词+直接宾语+
介词+间接宾语。如:
ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词:动词+代词直接宾
语+介词+间接宾语。
如:Bringittome,please.(不能说Bring
meit,pleaseo)
常跟双宾语的及物动词有:
(需借助to的)allow,bring,deny,do(带来),
give,grant,hand,leave,lend,offer,owe,pass,
pay,permit,promise,read,refuse,render,
restore,sell,send,show,teach,tellwish,write
等
(需借助for的)bring,buy,cash,choose,
fetch,get,leave,make,order,paint,play(演
奏),save,sing,spare等
HesentmeanEnglish-ChineseDictionary.
=HesentanEnglish-ChineseDictionaryto
me.
ShegaveJohnabook.=Sheboughtabook
forme.
1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.
2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.
3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.
4.Hedenieshernothing.
5.1showedhimmypictures.
6.1gavemycarawash.
7.1toldhimthatthebuswaslate.
8.Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.
基本句型五:sV0C(主+谓+宾
+宾补)
此句型的句子的特点是:动词虽然是及
物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整
的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾
语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语做出
说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主
谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
Thewarmadehimasoldier.(SV0C他
成为一个士兵,构成逻辑上的主谓关系)
Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.(SV0
C)
Ioftenfindhimatwork.(SV0C)
Theteacheraskedthestudentstoclosethe
windows.(SV0C)
Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.
1.Theyappointedhimmanager.(SVOC,名
词)
2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.(SVOC,形
容词)
3.Hepushedthedooropen.(SVOC,形容
词)
4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.(SVOC,
形容词)
5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?(SVOC,省略
to的不定式)
6.Wesawhimout.(SVOC,副词)
7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.(SVOC,
动词不定式)
8.1sawthemgettingonthebus.(SVOC,现
在分词)
9.Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn'tcome
here.(SVOC,名词)
10.11havemybikerepaired.(SVOC,过
去分词)
11.Weelectedhimmonitor.(SVOC,名词)
12.Don'tkeepthelightsburning.(SVOC,
现在分词)
6.Therebe句型
此句型是由there+be+主语+状语构
成,用以表达某地存在有,它其实是倒装的
一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be之后,
there仅为引导词,并无实际意义。
Be与其后的主语在人称和数上一致,有时
态和情态变化。如,
现在有thereis/are…过去有there
was/were…
将来有therewillbe…/thereis/aregoing
tobe...
现在已经有therehas/havebeen---
可能有theremightbe...肯定有there
mustbe…/theremusthavebeen...
过去一直有thereusedtobe似乎
有thereseems/seem/seemedtobe
碰巧有therehappen/happens/happenedto
be
此句型有时可用live,stand,come,go,lie,
remain,exist,arrive,等词代替be动词。
Eg.Therelivedanoldmanatthefootofthe
mountain.
Therecameashoutfor"help".
Theremusthavebeenavillagehere.
Thereliesabookonthedesk.
Therestandsatreeonthehill.
Therebe与have的区别
Therebe,,,某地有某物,某时有某事
have表示某人拥有某物。
且记:没有therehasabookonthedesk.
Therehasameetingthisevening.这样的表达
方法
分析下列句子成分,体会it的替代性用法。
Itisveryplaintomethatheisroundandtall
likeatree.
ItisafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasan
internationallanguage.
Itworriedherabitthatherhairwasturning
grey.
Thechairmanthoughtitnecessarytoinvite
ProfessorSmithtospeakatthemeeting.
Shemadeitherdutytolookafteralltheother
people?saffairsinthattown.
Idon'tthinkitpossibletomasteraforeign
languagewithoutmuchmemorywork.
Hemadeitknowntohisfriendsthathedidn't
wanttoenterpolitics.
Ileaveittoyourownjudgmentwhetheryou
shoulddoit.
It,动词不定式,名词性从句(一般由that
引导且不能省略,也有其它引导的)
分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于
五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译,留意定语
是什么词性或结构充当,并留意定语的位
置。
Comradesinhergroupoftenhelpherwith
grammar.
Thewomenontheleftaremakingshirtsfor
theneighbors.
TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.
Afterthethirdperiodthereisalongbreakfor
restandexercise.
Anymanwithalittlesensecanseethatheis
exactlylikearope.
PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishis
other.
Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.
Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.
Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.
Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.
It'sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.
It'sacityfarfromthecoast.
Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthe
sky.
Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.
Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?
Thereislittletimeleft.
Therewerefewpeoplepresentatthemeeting.
Oncetherelivedakingwhosenamewas
Midas.
ThefilmwesawlastnightwasabouttheWar
ofLiberation.
Thehousethatstandsatthefootofthehillisa
rest-homefortheworkers.
Hetoldusastory,whichmovedmanyofusto
tears.
ThefirstthingIdugupwasapieceofwhite
cloth.
Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewasto
marchpastthepalaceintheteam.
从上面我们可以看出,,
,和作定
语时常后置。
答案:
Comradesinhergroupoftenhelpherwith
grammar.(SVO)
Thewomenontheleftaremakingshirtsfor
theneighbors.(SVO)
TheletteronthedeskisforMr.Wu.(SVP)
Afterthethirdperiodthereisalongbreakfor
restandexercise.(therebe)
Anymanwithalittlesensecanseethatheis
exactlylikearope.(SVO)
PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.
(SVO)
Thewomanwithababyinherarmsishis
other.(SVP)
Weneedaplacetwicelargerthanthisone.
(SVO)
Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.(SV)
Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.(SVO)
Shecarriedabasketfullofeggs.(SVO)
It'sabookworthnomorethanonedollar.
(SVP)
It'sacityfarfromthecoast.(SVP)
Somefarmerssawsomethingstrangeinthe
sky.(SVO)
Hehasmoneyenoughtobuyacar.(SVO)
Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?(SVO)
Thereislittletimeleft,(therebe)
Therewerefewpeoplepresentatthemeeting,
(therebe)
Oncetherelivedakingwhosenamewas
Midas.(therebe)
ThefilmwesawlastnightwasabouttheWar
ofLiberation.(SVP)
Thehousethatstandsatthefootofthehillisa
rest-homefortheworkers..(SVP)
Hetoldusastory,whichmovedmanyofusto
tears..(SVoO)
ThefirstthingIdugupwasapieceofwhite
cloth..(SVP)
Thenthegreatdaycamewhenhewasto
marchpastthepalaceintheteam..(SV)
介词短语、形容词短语副词定语从句
分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于
五种基本句型中的哪一种。
Whathesaidistrue.
Wemustdowhatthepartytoldustodo.
Thatiswhatinterestedhermost.
Wemustdowhateverthepeoplewantusto
do.
Whoeversmokesherewillbepunished.
答案:
Whathesaidistrue.(SVP)
Wemustdowhatthepartytoldustodo.
(SVO)
Thatiswhatinterestedhermost.(SVP)
Wemustdowhateverthepeoplewantustodo.
(SVO)
Whoeversmokesherewillbepunished.(SV)
分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于
五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译,并说明是
什么词性或结构作宾语。
Ihopetoseehimassoonaspossible.
Hewouldn'tmindbeingleftalone.
Weareconsideringmakinganewplan.
Itjustmissedbeingcaught.
Sheadmittedhavingtakenthekey.
Mybrotherregrettedmissingalecturegiven
byProfessorLiu.
Iregrettoinformyouthatweareunableto
offeryouajob.
Istoppedtotakeabreak.
Shetriedlivingalone.
Theseyoungtreesrequirelookingafter
carefully.
Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanhour.
Imeanttohavecalledyou.
Toanswercorrectlyismoreimportantthanto
finishquickly.
Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.
Beingexposedtosunlightfortoomuchtime
willdoharmtoone'sskin.
从上面我们可以看出,动词原形不能作主
语、宾语,要变为或之后才
能作主语和宾语。
答案:
Ihopetoseehimassoonaspossible.(SVO,
动词不定式作宾语)
Hewouldn?tmindbeingleftalone.(SVO,
动名词被动式作宾语)
Weareconsideringmakinganewplan.(SVO,
动名词短语作宾语)
Itjustmissedbeingcaught.(SVO,动名词被
动是作宾语)
Sheadmittedhavingtakenthekey.(SVO,动
名词完成式作宾语)
Mybrotherregrettedmissingalecturegiven
byProfessorLiu.SVO,动名词短语作宾语)
Iregrettoinformyouthatweareunableto
offeryouajob.(SVO,不定式短语作宾语)
Istoppedtotakeabreak.(SV不定式作目的
状语)
Shetriedlivingalone.(SVO,动名词短语作
宾语)
Theseyoungtreesrequirelookingafter
carefully.(SVO,动名词短语作宾语)
Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanhour.
(SVO,动名词短语作宾语)
Imeanttohavecalledyou.(SVO,动词不定
式的完成式作宾语)
Toanswercorrectlyismoreimportantthanto
finishquickly.(SVP,动词不定式作主语)
Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.(SVP,
动词不定式作主语)
Beingexposedtosunlightfortoomuchtime
willdoharmtoone'sskin.
(SVO,动名词短语作主语)
动词不定式动名词
分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于
五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译,体会宾语
与宾补之间的逻辑关系,并指出宾补是什么
词性或结构充当。
Shefounditdifficulttodothework.
Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.
Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.(
Allofusconsideredhimhonest.
Theypushedthedooropen.
ThensuddenlyIsawamanlyingonthe
ground.
Hishungerhadmadehimforgetarmy
discipline.
Theoldmanaskedustositdown.
IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.
TheysawLiMingplayingfootballonthe
playgroundjustnow?(
Henoticedamanentertheroom.
Thedirectorhadherassistantpickupsome
hotdogs.
Iwillhavemywatchrepairedtomorrow.
Onhiswayhome,hesuddenlyheardhisname
called.
Byspeakingslowly,hemadehimself
understood.
Wewantthesetreesplantedsoon.
I'11getmyhaircuttomorrow.
Heleftmewaitingthere.
Ileftthebaglyingontheground.
Ican'tgetmycarrunningoncoldmorning.
我们可以看出,非谓语做宾语补足语时,如
果宾补和宾语之间是主动关系,常用现在分
词或不定式做宾补,如果宾补和宾语之间是
被动关系,则用作宾补。
答案:
Shefounditdifficulttodothework.(SVOC,
形容词作宾补)
Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.(SVOC,
名词作宾补)
Wewillmakeourschoolmorebeautiful.
(SVOC,形容词短语作宾补)
Allofusconsideredhimhonest.(SVOC,形
容词作宾补)
Theypushedthedooropen.(SVOC,形容词
作宾补)
ThensuddenlyIsawamanlyingonthe
ground.(SVOC,现在分词作宾补)
Hishungerhadmadehimforgetarmy
discipline.(SVOC,省略to的不定式作宾
补)
Theoldmanaskedustositdown.(SVOC,
不定式作宾补)
IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.(SVOC,省
略t。的不定式作宾补)
TheysawLiMingplayingfootballonthe
playgroundjustnow?(SVOC,现在分词短
语作宾补
Henoticedamanentertheroom.(SVOC,
省略t。的不定式作宾补)
Thedirectorhadherassistantpickupsome
hotdogs.(SVOC,省略to的不定式作宾补)
Iwillhavemywatchrepairedtomorrow.
(SVOC,过去分词作宾补)
Onhiswayhome,hesuddenlyheardhisname
called.(SVOC,过去分词作宾补)
Byspeakingslowly,hemadehimself
understood.(SVOC,过去分词作宾补)
Wewantthesetreesplantedsoon.(SVOC,
过去分词作宾补)
I'11getmyhaircuttomorrow.(SVOC,过
去分词作宾补)
Heleftmewaitingthere.(SVOC,现在分词
作宾补)
Ileftthebaglyingontheground.(SVOC,
现在分词作宾补)
Ican'tgetmycarrunningoncoldmorning.
(SVOC,现在分词作宾补)
过去分词
分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于
五种基本句型中的哪一种。
IwillbringyouthebookwhenIcomenext
time.
Heaskedtherulerwhyonlythefourrichmen
blewtrumpets.
Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsports
shoes.
Sheshowedusmanyofherpictures.
Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.
我们可以看出,一些动词后面可以跟两
个宾语,一个表示人,叫做宾语,
一个表示物,叫做宾语.
答案:
IwillbringyouthebookwhenIcomenext
time.(SVo0)
Heaskedtherulerwhyonlythefourrichmen
blewtrumpets.(SVo0)
Mygrandfatherboughtmeapairofsports
shoes.(SVo0)
Sheshowedusmanyofherpictures.(SV
o0)
MrLiisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.
(SVo0)
间接直接
分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于
五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译,说出是什
么词性或结构作定语,并体会定语和所修饰
词之间的逻辑关系。
Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneeding
repairinginourcity.
Therewasaterriblenoisefollowingthe
suddenburstoflight.
Therearemanyclothestobewashed.
Thereweremanyhousesburnedinthefire.
Thebellindicatingtheendoftheperiodrang,
interruptingourheateddiscussion.
Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeed
onmeat.
AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtoseeyou
Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundon
thewaybackhome
Haven?tyouseenthesignreading”NO
PHOTO”?
ThecarsmadeinJapanarebetterthanthosein
Germany
Mostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywere
fromAmerica.
Withthegovernment?said,thoseaffectedby
theearthquakehavemovedtothenew
settlements.
我们可以看出,非谓语作定语时,如
果和所修饰词构成主动关系,用
如果和所修饰词构成被动关系,用
;如果表将来,多用
答案:
Therearelotsofplacesofinterestneeding
repairinginourcity.(therebe句型,现在分
词短语作定语,主动关系)
Therewasaterriblenoisefollowingthe
suddenburstoflight,(therebe句型,现在
分词短语作定语,主动关系)
Therearemanyclothestobewashed.(there
be句型,动词不定式作定语,表将来)
Thereweremanyhousesburnedinthefire.
(therebe句型,过去分词短语作定语,被
动关系)
Thebellindicatingtheendoftheperiodrang,
interruptingourheateddiscussion.(SV,现在
分词短语作定语,主动关系)
Tigersbelongingtomeat-eatinganimalsfeed
onmeat.(SV,现在分词短语作定语,主动
关系)
AboycallinghimselfJohnwantedtosee
you.(SVO,现在分词短语作定语,主动关系)
Hepickedupawalletlyingonthegroundon
thewaybackhome(SVO,现在分词短语作
定语,主动关系)
Haven'tyouseenthesignreading"NO
PHOTO"?(SVO,现在分词短语作定语,
主动关系)
ThecarsmadeinJapanarebetterthanthosein
Germany(SVP,过去分词短语作定语,被
动关系)
Mostofthesingersinvitedtothepartywere
fromAmerica.(SVP,过去分词短语作定语,
被动关系)
Withthegovernment?said,thoseaffectedby
theearthquakehavemovedtothenew
settlements.(SV,过去分词短语作定语,
被动关系)
现在分词,过去分词,不定式
分析下列句子成分,在后面括号内标明属于
五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译,说出是什
么词性或结构作状语语,并体会状语和句子
主语之间的逻辑关系。
Tokilltheboringtime,Ibegantoreadabook.
Seeingthis,somecomrad
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