中译本科银行管理课件chapter

Chapter10

ManagingBankUseofFunds

银行资金管理

10.1BankLending:PoliciesandProcedures

银行借出政策及其程序1.TypesofLoansMadebyBanks银行贷款种类Bankloansmaybedividedintosevenbroadcategoriesofloans,delineatedbytheirpurposes.贷款因其用途不用分为几大类:Realestateloans(房地产贷款）aresecured（抵押）byrealproperty–land,buildings,andotherstructures-andincludeshort-termloansforconstructionandlanddevelopmentandlonger-termloanstofinancethepurchaseoffarmland,homes,apartments,commercialstructures,andforeignproperties.房贷是用不动产作为抵押，包括土地，建筑及其他构建。房贷包括短期建设性贷款和用于购买农田,住所,楼房,长期贷款,商用建筑,以及外国财产的长期贷款Financialinstitutionloans（金融机构的贷款）includecredittobanks,insurancecompanies,financecompanies,andotherfinancialinstitutions.

金融机构贷款包括为银行,保险公司,金融企业及其他金融机构的贷款.Agriculturalloans(农业贷款）areextendedtofarmsandranchestoassistinplantingandharvestingcropsandsupportingthefeedingandcareoflivestock（牲畜）.涉农贷款是帮助农民种植收割农作物,并资助牲畜的培养.10.1BankLending:PoliciesandProceduresCommercialandindustrialloans(工商业贷款）aregrantedtobusinessestocoverpurchasinginventories(存货),payingtaxes,andmeetingpayrolls（薪水）.工商业贷款让商业机构购置存货,付税,支付工资Loanstoindividuals(个人贷款)includecredittofinancethepurchaseofautomobiles,mobilehomes（RV）,appliances（电器）,andotherretailgoods,torepairandmodernizehomes,andtocoverthecostofmedicalcareandotherpersonalexpenses,andareeitherextendeddirectlytoindividualsorindirectlythroughretaildealers.个人贷款能让消费者购置机动车,房车,电器及其他,还可以用于装修房屋,付医疗费,或其他人事费用.个人贷款可提供给消费者或者零售商.Miscellaneousloans(杂项贷款)includeallloansnotlistedabove,includingsecurities’loans.其他贷款包括上面未列出的所有,包括债券融资.Leasefinancingreceivables(应收账款融资租赁),wherethelenderbuysequipmentorvehiclesandleasesthemtoitscustomers.在应收帐和租赁融资中,借款人购买一些设备或车辆来租借给客户2.FactorsDeterminingtheGrowthand

MixofbankLoans

贷款组成和发展的决定性因素⑴Characteristicsofthemarketarea(市场区域特征)⑵Banksizeespeciallythesizeofthebank’scapital(银行规模)⑶Expectedyield(预期收益)3.RegulationofLending

放贷监管

Lendinginstitutionsareamongthemostcloselyregulatedofallfinancial-serviceinstitutions.Notsurprisingly,themix,quality,andyieldoftheloanportfolioareheavilyinfluencedbythecharacter(内容)anddepth(程度)ofregulation.Anyloansmadearesubjecttoexaminationandreview(审查)andmanyarerestrictedorevenprohibitedbylaw.

贷款机构受到的监管是所有金融服务机构中最严密的.贷款的组成,质量及其组合收益很大程度上是由监管内容程度决定的.贷款发放必须遵守规章制度,甚至很多类型的贷款被法律所禁止.3.RegulationofLendingThequalityofaloanportfolioandthesoundnessofitspoliciesaretheareasfederalandstateregulatorslookatmostcloselywhenexaminingalendinginstitution.央行和政府在监管贷款机构时，主要看贷款组成及其放贷政策.Whenanexaminerfindsloansthatcarryanimmediateriskofnotpayingoutasplanned,thesecreditsareadverselyclassified(不利的类别).Includes:substandardloans(次级贷款),doubtfulloans(可疑贷款),lossloans(损失贷款）当审查员发现贷款有可能不能按时偿还时,就会将其归为其他贷款类别:次级,可疑以及损失贷款3.RegulationofLendingThequalityofloansisonlyonedimensionofalender’sperformancethatisratedundertheuniformfinancialinstitutionsratingsystem.Numericalratingsarealsoassignedbasedonexaminerjudgmentaboutcapitaladequacy,managementquality,earningsrecord,liquidityposition,andsensitivitytomarketriskexposure.当然，贷款质量只是综合衡量银行业绩系统方法中的一个方面。基于资本充足度,管理质量,收入记录,流动性头寸,以及市场风险等因素,综合并且数值化的评价系统正被应用于各家银行的综合评定。4.LoanPolicy放贷政策

Oneofthemostimportantwaysabankcanmakesureitsloansmeetregulatorystandardsandareprofitableistoestablishawrittenloanpolicy.Suchapolicygivesloanofficersandmanagementspecificguidelinesinmakingindividualloandecisionsandinshapingtheoverallloanportfolio.Themostimportantelementsofagoodbankloanpolicyinclude:

一种既能保证不违反法规，而且还能盈利的放贷方式是确定放贷准则。这样就会给经理在是否放贷以及怎样调整贷款结构方面提供决策的准则。房贷政策主要包括:⑴Agoalstatementforthebank’sloanportfolio在报表上保持预期的贷款结构4.LoanPolicy⑵Specificationofthelendingauthoritygiventoeachloanofficerandloancommittee为每位经理和委员会规定放贷额度⑶Linesofresponsibilityinmakingassignmentsandreportinginformationwithintheloandepartment.确定信息发放和报告的责任制⑷Operatingproceduresforsoliciting(申请),reviewing,evaluating,andmakingdecisionsoncustomerloanapplications.严格按照程序放贷:申请,审查,评估,决策⑸Therequireddocumentationthatistoaccompanyeachloanapplicationandwhatmustbekeptinthebank’screditfiles.每次贷款申请必须带有书面文件，这些文件必须保存在银行的贷款记录文件中。4.LoanPolicy⑹Linesofauthoritywithinthebank,detailingwhoisresponsibleformaintainingandreviewingthebank’screditfiles.确定贷款文件保管和审查的责任制⑺Guidelinesfortaking,evaluating,andperfectingloancollateral.抵押物的评估,必须有明确的指导规定⑻Apresentationofpoliciesandproceduresforsettingloaninterestratesandfeesandthetermsforrepaymentofloans.贷款利率和费用制定准则和期数必须公开⑼Astatementofqualitystandardsapplicabletoallloans.

制定贷款质量报告的标准,能适用于所有贷款的4.LoanPolicy⑽Astatementofthepreferredupperlimitfortotalloansoutstanding.限制贷款最大额⑾Adescriptionofthebank’sprincipaltradearea,fromwhichmostloansshouldcome.明确银行主要的融资对象⑿Proceduresfordetecting,analyzing,andworkingoutproblemloansituations.

探查,分析以及解决潜在问题4.LoanPolicyAwrittenloanpolicycarriesanumberofadvantagesforthelendinginstitutionadoptingit.Itcommunicatestoemployeeswhatprocedurestheymustfollowandwhattheirresponsibilitiesare.Ithelpsthelendermovetowardaloanportfoliothatcansuccessfullyblendmultipleobjectives,suchaspromotingprofitability,controllingriskexposure,andsatisfyingregulatoryrequirements.Whileanyloanpolicymustbeflexibleduetocontinuingchangesineconomicconditionsandregulations,violationsofloanpolicyshouldbeinfrequentevents.这种书面上的规定准则有很多好处.它能明确员工应该做什么以及他们的责任是什么.它能让领导调控贷款结构来实现多重目标,如提高盈利能力,减低风险和不触犯监管规定等.但不能完全死板地遵守，因为未来监管以及经济形势的变化将会使现准则不合适。5.Stepsinthelendingprocess

放贷步骤⑴loanapplication申请贷款⑵sitevisit实地考察⑶evaluatetheloanrequest具体评估⑷theloancommitteeapprovesthecustomer’srequest.(thecustomer’srequestwasapproves)

通过申请⑸monitoracustomer’sprogress实时监管6.Creditanalysis

放贷分析Thedivisionordepartmentresponsibleforanalyzingandmakingrecommendationsonthefateofmostloanapplicationsisthecreditdepartment.Experiencehasshownthatthisdepartmentmustsatisfactorilyanswerthreemajorquestionsregardingeachloanapplication:

信贷部分的责任是分析以及决定是否发放贷款。对每笔贷款申请，信贷部必须确定以下三个方面的问题:6.Creditanalysis(1)-Istheborrowercreditworthy?Howdoyouknow?借款者是否值得信赖?怎么知道的?-character人品-capacity实力-cash现金充足-collateral抵押品-condition条件-control管理能力6.Creditanalysis(2)-Cantheloanagreementbeproperlystructuredanddocumentedsothatthebankanditsdepositorsareadequatelyprotectedandthecustomerhasahighprobabilityofbeingabletoservicetheloanwithoutexcessivestrain.

贷款合同内容如何安排才能既能保护银行利益,又能让贷款客户不用受过多约束.(3)-Canthebankperfectitsclaimagainsttheassetsorearningsofthecustomersothat,intheeventofdefault,bankfundscanberecoveredrapidlyatlowcostandwithlowrisk.

当贷款不能按时偿还时,银行是否能以很小的风险和成本来得到赔偿.6.CreditanalysisCanthebankperfectitsclaimagainsttheborrower’scollateral?若损失,其抵押物是否能完全补偿?-Reasonsfortakingcollateral.要抵押物的原因-Commontypesofloancollateral.抵押物类型-Accountsreceivable应收款-Inventory存货-Realproperty不动产-Personalproperty个人财产7.Sourcesofinformationaboutloancustomers

获取贷款客户信息的途径Alenderoftenreliesheavilyonoutsideinformationtoassessthecharacter,financialposition,andcollateralofaloancustomer.Suchananalysisbeginswithareviewofinformationtheborrowersuppliesintheloanapplication.Howmuchmoneyisbeingrequested?Forwhatpurpose?Whatotherobligationsdoesthecustomerhave?Whatassetsmightbeusedascollateraltobackuptheloan?Thelendinginstitutionmaycontactotherlenderstodeterminetheirexperiencewiththiscustomer.Mostbusinessborrowersofanysizecarrycreditratingsontheirbondsandotherdebtsecuritiesandonthefirm’soverallcreditrecord.Moody’sandStandard&Poor’sassignedcreditratingsreflecttheprobabilityofdefaultonbondsandshorter-termnotes.银行经常靠外部信息来评估一个贷款客户的人品,经济地位,以及抵押物.首先是审查借款人提供的信息资料.要借多少钱?什么用途?客户有何义务去履行?客户何种资产能够作为抵押物?很多银行会向其他的贷款人咨询他们和这个客户的交易经历.很多借款者提供他们债券,其他证券以及总体的信用评级.穆迪和标准普尔信用评级机构反映了各种债券和短期票据的缺陷.7.Sourcesofinformationaboutloancustomers

获取贷款客户信息的途径8.partsofatypicalloanagreement

贷款协议(部分)⑴ThenoteWhenabankgrantsaloantooneofitscustomers,suchanextensionofcreditisalwaysaccompaniedbyawrittencontractwithseveraldifferentparts.当银行同意贷款时,贷款通常有一个书面的合同8.partsofatypicalloanagreement⑵LoancommitmentAgreement（贷款承诺协议）⑶Collateral（抵押）⑷Restrictivecovenants（限制性协约）⑸BorrowerGuarantiesorWarranties

（借方保证或担保）⑹Eventsofdefault

（违约事项）9.Handlingproblemloan

处理问题贷款Inevitably,despitethesafeguardsmostlendersbuildintotheirloanprograms,someloanswillbecomeproblemloans.Usuallythismeanstheborrowerhasmissedoneormorepromisedpaymentsorthecollateralpledgedbehindaloanhasdeclinedsignificantlyinvalue.尽管银行采取了各种安全措施,部分贷款还是会成为问题贷款,借款人某次或多次未能偿还,或是抵押物价值下降,不足以担保贷款安全.Tomaximizethebank’schancesforthefullrecoveryofitsfunds.为了保证银行的贷款安全10.1.Question:1.Whatarethetypicalstepsinaloanrequestfromacustomer?

放贷步骤?2.Whatthreemajorquestionsorissuesmustabankconsiderinevaluatingnearlyallloanrequests?

当银行评估某贷款申请时,要考虑哪三个主要问题?10.2PricingBusinessLoans

商业贷款定价Thepurposeofthischapteristoexplorethedifferentmethodsusedbybankerstodaytopricebusinessloansandtoevaluatethestrengthsandweaknessesofthesepricingmethodsforachievingabank’sgoals.本章旨在介绍各种商业贷款定价方式,以及这些方式的优缺点10.2PricingBusinessLoans

1.TheCost-plusLoan-pricingMethods成本相加定价模式Loaninterestrate贷款利率=Marginalcostofraisingloanablefundstolendtotheborrower筹集可贷资金的边际成本+Nonfundsbanksoperatingcost非资金经营成本+Estimatedmargintocompensatethebankfordefaultrisk违约风险溢价+Bank’sdesiredprofitmargin银行所希望的利润率10.2PricingBusinessLoans

2.ThePriceLeadershipModel价格导向模型Loaninterestrates=BaseorPrimerate+Markup

贷款利率=基准利率+利润Floatingprimerate(浮动基准利率):theprime-plusmethodthetime-primemethod①Below-primeMarketPricing(themarkupmodel)LoanInterestRate=interestcostofborrowinginthemoneymarket+markupforriskandprofit②LoansBearingMa