世纪英语阅读教程高职全套教学课件

世纪英语高职高专公共英语类课程CENTURYENGLISH阅读教程Ⅰ全套可编辑PPT课件Unit1CollegeLife全套可编辑PPT课件SectionAReadingSkills自上而下的阅读模式是一种重要的英语阅读技巧，在近年来的英语等级考试中也出现了对这种技巧的考查，因此掌握自上而下的阅读技巧对提高英语阅读理解能力十分重要。这种阅读技巧要求学生从阅读文章的标题开始，首先对文章题目进行阅读解析，揣测文章作者写作的背景，促使学生通过猜测文章题目来了解文章的大体含义，加强学生对阅读文章的理解，从而提高学生的阅读能力。自上而下的阅读模式注重从整篇文章的背景意义开始，强调阅读时读者的积极参与。阅读前，读者使用从视觉方面获取的语言信息来形成临时假设的文字资料。阅读中，读者便使用已有经验及语言知识来验证临时的假设。最后，通过详尽的内容对所做的假设进一步修正。这种阅读模式强调背景知识的作用，阅读过程不是逐字获取信息，而是通过猜测，过滤和验证他们已经获取的知识，并对他们的阅读前的猜想进行修订，实现对文章准确的理解。SectionAReadingSkills自上而下的阅读模式可以从以下几点进行把握：

1.阅读前激活背景知识，使用基本常识和语言知识对阅读主题进行推测；

2.阅读中抓住文章要领，理解主题意义，培养整体阅读法；

3.从文章整体着手，培养阅读总结能力；

4.找出文章主旨句，抓住文章线索，理解文章大意，验证推测。SectionAReadingSkillsChinaExpects‘Sustainable’EconomicDevelopment

“Chinahastheconfidence,conditionsandcapabilitiestoachievesteady,healthyandsustainableeconomicdevelopmentthisyear”,GuoWeimin,spokesmanforthefifthsessionofthe13thNationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference,saidduringanewsbriefingonThursday.

“FacingthecomplexandvolatileinternationalenvironmentandmultiplechallengesfromtheCOVID-19pandemic,China’seconomyhasmaintainedsteadyrecoveryin2021,suggestingeconomicfundamentalsremainstronginthelongterm”,saidGuo.SectionAReadingSkillsReadthefollowingpassage.

Healsowarnedtheexternalenvironmenthadbecomemorecomplexanduncertain,sayingChina’seconomyisfacingseverechallengesthisyear.

Citingcommentsfrommembersofthe13thNationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference,Guosaidmoreeffortsshouldbemadetomaintainsteadyandhealthyeconomicgrowththisyear,includingpromotingtechnologicalinnovationandindustrialtransformation,expandingdomesticdemand,strengtheningtheindustrialchain,speedingupself-relianceandself-improvementinscienceandtechnologyandstabilizingmarketexpectations.SectionAReadingSkills阅读这篇文章时，首先阅读文章的标题，激活读者的背景知识。“EconomicDevelopment”是文章标题的核心词，从读者已有的背景知识可以推测这是一篇正面、积极的文章，主要涉及经济上取得的进步。阅读时，“confidence”“steady,healthyandsustainable”“stronginthelongterm”“technologicalinnovation”“industrialtransformation”“expanding”“strengthening”“speedingup”“self-improvement”“stabilizing”等词汇验证了标题中的“EconomicDevelopment”。文章标题中的‘Sustainable’用了单引号，说明这里的“稳定”并非实际意义上的“平稳”和“安定”。文章中的“complexandvolatile”“multiplechallenges”“becomemorecomplexanduncertain”和“severechallenges”验证了标题的“稳定”中存在一定的不确定性和复杂性。其次，在阅读中培养整体阅读技巧。文章第二段和第三段指出了经济发展中的不利因素，但是末段中通过“moreefforts”论证了标题中专家期待的结果。最后，通过自上而下的阅读模式，通过主题句理清了文章脉络，验证了阅读前的推测。SectionAReadingSkillsSectionBReadingPracticecampaign

Task1Readthefollowingpassageaboutthe“wakeup”associationandanswerquestions1-10.VocabularySectionBReadingPracticen.1.aplannedsetofactivities活动，运动2.aseriesofplannedmovementscarriedoutbyarmedforces一系列军事活动，战役活动vouchern.1.aprintedpieceofpaperthatcanbeusedinsteadofmoneytopayforsth,orthatallowsyoutopaylessthantheusualpriceofsth代金券，票券2.apieceofsupportingevidence凭证,凭单motivateSectionBReadingPracticev.togiveanincentiveforaction激励，促进lanternn.alightinatransparentprotectivecase灯笼launchv.1.tostartanactivity,especiallyanorganizedone开始从事，发起，发动（尤指有组织的活动）2.tomakeaproductavailabletothepublicforthefirsttime（首次）上市，发行Paragraph1

A“wakeup”associationsetupbystudentsatXi’anUniversityofArchitectureandTechnologytoencourageeachothertogetupearlyhasrecentlytakenoffinabigwayoncampus.Paragraph2

Tomotivatestudentstogetupearly,theassociationhaslaunchedacampaigncalled“earlybirdsgetbreakfast”andofferedatelephonecallserviceformembers,withupto1,000wake-upcallseachweek.Theassociationmemberswillmakethreebreakfastvouchersbyhandeveryday.Thevouchersareloadedwithsmalllanternsandhunginthetree.Thosewhocanfindthelanternsinthemorningcangetafreebreakfastintheschool’scanteens.SectionBReadingPracticeThe“wakeup”associationbecomespopularoncampus,making1,000wake-upcallseveryweek.SectionBReadingPracticeParagraph3

Foundedin2018,theassociationwasoriginallycreatedtohelpstudentsregaincontrolovertheirlives,whichhadagreatsignificanceontheirstudyanddailylives.Paragraph4

Theassociationhasbeenwarmlywelcomedbystudents.Sinceitsestablishment,itsmembershiphasgrownfrom50tomorethan700.Thereisnodoubtthatthenumberofstudentswillcontinueincreasing.Paragraph5

ManystudentsatXi’anUniversityofArchitectureandTechnologysaythe“wakeup”associationisverypractical,especiallynowthattheweatherisgettingcoldandpeoplehavebegunstrugglingtogetoutofbed.Somelookforwardtobeinggreetedbytheassociation’swake-upcalls.Questions1-5Readthepassageandchoosethebestheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistinthebox.ThereisoneheadingyoudoNOTneed.1.Paragraph1_________2.Paragraph2_________3.Paragraph3_________4.Paragraph4_________5.Paragraph5_________A.StimulatingItemsB.AssociationOriginatorC.AssociationPopularityD.InitialTargetE.CampusLifeF.StrongPracticalityBADCFSectionBReadingPracticeThe“wakeup”associationhasrecently______________inabigwayoncampus.Ifyoufindthelanternsinthemorning,youcanobtaina______________intheschool’scanteens.Theoriginalaimoftheassociationwastohelpstudentstoregaincontrolovertheir________________lives.Thepersonswhojoinintheassociationhaveincreasedfrom50tomorethan______________.Alargenumberofstudentsexpecttoreceivethe______________fromtheassociation’swake-upcalls.Questions6-10CompletethesentenceswiththeEXACTwords,phrasesornumbersfromthepassage.YoumustuseNOMORETHANTHREEwordsforeachblank.6.takenoffSectionBReadingPractice7.8.9.10.freebreakfaststudyanddaily700greetingsmonitor

Task2Readthefollowingtwotextsabouthighschoollifeandcollegelifeandanswerquestions11-20.VocabularySectionBReadingPracticev.towatchandchecksthoveraperiodoftimeinordertoseehowitdevelops,sothatyoucanmakeanynecessarychanges监视；检查；跟踪调查n.1.atelevisionscreenusedtoshowparticularkindsofinformation;ascreenthatshowsinformationfromacomputer显示屏；监视器；（计算机）显示器2.astudentinaschoolwhoperformsspecialduties,suchashelpingtheteacher班长；班代表expenseSectionBReadingPracticen.1.themoneythatyouspendonsth费用，价钱2.sththatmakesyouspendmoney花钱的东西；开销v.tochargeacostagainststh向……收取费用summarizev.togiveasummaryofsth总结；概括；概述utilizev.tousesth,especiallyforapracticalpurpose使用；利用；运用；应用substantialadj.1.largeinamount,valueorimportance大量的；价值巨大的；重大的2.largeandsolid;stronglybuilt大而坚固的；结实的；牢固的n.anythinghavingsubstance;anessentialpart本质；重要材料

Teacherspresentthematerialtohelpyouunderstandthematerialinthetextbook,oftenwritinginformationonthechalkboardtobecopiedinyournotes.Yourtimeisusuallystructuredbyothers:administrators,teachers,coachesandofcourse,parents.Teacherscarefullymonitorclassattendance.Youwillusuallybetoldwhatyouneedtolearnfromassignedreadingsandteacherswillremindyouofassignmentsandduedates.Theywillcheckyourcompletedhomework.Inmostcases,almostallofyourlivingexpensesarepaidfor.Yourtextbooksarelikelyprovidedatlittleornoexpenseandyouarenotrequiredtoownacomputer.Youneedmoneyforspecialevents,activitiesortrips.SectionBReadingPractice

Professorsmaylecturenon-stop,giveyouillustrations,providebackgroundinformation,ordiscussresearchaboutthetopicyouarestudying.Youwillbeexpectedtobeuptodateonallassignedreadingsandbeabletosummarizethem,sogoodnotesarecritical.Youmanageyourowntime.It’suptoyoutogettoclass,doyourlabworkandstudy.Professorsmaynotformallytaketheroll,buttheyarestilllikelytoknowwhetherornotyouattend,especiallyatsmallercollegeswheretheywillgettoknowyou.Professorsexpectyoutoutilizethecoursesyllabus(outline),whichspellsoutexactlywhatisexpectedofyou,whenitisdueandhowyouwillbegraded.It’suptoyoutoreadandunderstandtheassignedmaterial;lecturesandassignmentsarebasedontheassumptionthatyou’vealreadydoneso.Professorsmaynotalwayscheckyourcompletedhomework,buttheywillassumeyoucanperformthesametasksontests.Ifyouliveoncampus,youwillneedtopayforhousinganddininginadvanceofeachsemester.Youwillneedtobudgetsubstantialfundsfortextbooks,whichwilllikelycostatleast$200eachsemester.SectionBReadingPracticeQuestions11-15CompletethetablewiththeEXACTwords,phrasesornumbersfromthetexts.YoumustuseNOMORETHANTHREEwordsforeachblank.DifferencesHighSchoolLifeCollegeLifeTeachingStyleTeachersoftenhelpyouunderstandthematerialinthetextbook,andwriteinformationonthe(11)______________.Professorsmaylecturenon-stop,giveyouillustrations,(12)___________________________,ordiscussresearchaboutthetopicyouarestudying.TimeManagementYourtimeisusuallystructuredbyothers:administrators,teachers,coachesandofcourse,parents.Youmanageyourowntime.It’syourdecisionto(13)__________________,doyourlabworkandstudy.HomeworkYourteachersusuallytellyouwhatyouneedtolearnandtheywillremindyouofassignmentsand(14)_______________.Yourcoursesyllabusalreadytellsyouwhenitisdueandhowyouwillbegraded.Professorsexpectyoucan(15)________________thesametasksonfinals.chalkboardSectionBReadingPracticeprovidebackgroundinformationgettoclassduedatesperformQuestions16-20ChoosethefivestatementsfromA-GintheboxthatareTRUEaccordingtothetextsabove.SectionBReadingPractice16._______17._______18._______19._______20._______Teachersoftenhelpyouunderstandthematerialinthetextbookinhighschool.Collegeprofessorsalwayswriteinformationonthechalkboardtobecopiedinyournotes.Yourinstructors,tutors,trainersandparentsalwaysmanageyourtimeinhighschool.Youcandecidetogettoclassornotincollege,butyourprofessorsarestilllikelytoknowwhetheryouattendtheclassornot,especiallyatsmallercolleges.Highschoolteachersalwaysremindyouofyourassignmentsandduedates,andtheyalwaysmonitoryourhomework.Youdon’thavetosavemoneyforyourtextbooksandotherlivingexpensesinhighschool.Textbookswilllikelycostnomorethan$200eachsemesteratcollege.ACDEFA.B.C.D.E.F.G.sentiment

Task3Readthefollowingpassage.FinishthestatementsonthepassagebychoosingA,B,CorD.VocabularySectionBReadingPracticen.afeelingoranopinion,especiallyonebasedonemotions（基于情感的）观点，看法；情绪enmasseadv.alltogether,andusuallyinlargenumbers一起；全体advocaten.apersonwhosupportsorspeaksinfavourofsborofapublicplanoraction拥护者；支持者；提倡者v.tosupportsthpublicly拥护；支持；提倡pandemicn.adiseasethatspreadsoverawholecountryorthewholeworld（全国或全球性）流行病；大流行病

Amongcollege-boundhighschoolseniors,fewerthanaquartersaidinDecemberthattheywouldliketotakeevensomeoftheircollegecoursesonline,Eduventuresreported;bytheendofMarch,aftersomehadexperiencedvirtualinstruction,fewerthanoneintenpolledbysaidtheywouldconsideronlinecollegeclasses.

Sentimentslikethesesuggestthere’slittlelikelihoodthatstudentswilldeserttheirreal-worldcampusesforcyberspaceenmasse.Infact,ifthere’sasilverlininginthissituationforresidentialcollegesanduniversities,it’sthatstudentsnolongertakeforgrantedtheeverydayrealitiesofcampuslife:low-techface-to-faceclasses,culturaldiversions,libraries,athletics,extracurricularactivities,in-personofficehoursandsocialinteractionwiththeirclassmates.

“Thebeautyofaresidentialeducationhasneverbeenmoreapparenttopeople,”saidMichaelRoth,thepresidentofWesleyanUniversity.

Butadvocatesfortrueonlineinstructionsaythatstudents’experienceoftakingcoursesontheirownschedulesovermobileplatformsmaycomebacktothemlater,whenthey’rereadytomoveontograduateorprofessionaleducations.SectionBReadingPractice

Onlinehighereducation“isathindietforthetypical18-year-olds”,saidRichardGarrett,thechiefresearchofficeratEduventures.“Buttoday’s18-year-oldsaretomorrow’s28-year-oldswithfamiliesandjobs,whothenrealizethatonlineeducationcanbeuseful.”

Already,morethanhalfofAmericanadultswhoexpecttoneedmoreeducationortrainingafterthispandemicsaytheywoulddoitonline,accordingtoasurveyof1,000peoplebytheStradaEducationNetwork,whichadvocatesconnectionsbetweeneducationandwork.

Itisn’tentirelystudentswhowillmovethisneedle,observerssay.It’salsofaculty.

Eventhosewhohadlongavoidedgoingonlinehavehadtodoitthissemester,insomeformorother.Andtheymayhavethemosttolearnfromtheexperience,saidMichaelMoe,thechiefexecutiveofGSVAssetManagementwhichfocusesoneducationtechnology.

Alongwiththeirstudents,facultywere“thrownintothedeependofthepoolfordigitallearningandaskedtoswim,”Mr.Moesaid.“Somewillsink,somewillcrawltotheedgeofthepoolandclimboutandthey’llnevergobackinthepooleveragain.Butmanywillfigureoutwhattodoandhowtokickandhowtostayafloat”,headded.SectionBReadingPractice21.SectionBReadingPracticeAccordingtoEduventures,theproportionofhighschoolstudentswhoprobablychooseonlinecollegecourseswouldbe__________.A.lessthan33percentB.morethan25percentC.lessthan10percentD.morethan10percent22.Actuallywhat’sgoodforresidentialcollegesanduniversitiesisthat__________.A.studentswouldhaveadifferentattitudetowardscampuslifeB.studentswoulddisliketheeverydaylifeoncampusC.studentswouldgetusedtotheroutineofcampuslifeD.studentswouldchangethewaysoflifeoncampus23.SectionBReadingPracticeThereasonwhysomepeoplesupportonlineeducationisthat__________.A.theybelieveinthevalueofonlineinstructionforthemselvesB.theyhaverealizedtheadvantageofonlinecoursesforcollegestudentsC.theywanttomakeuseofonlineeducationfortheirownpurposeD.theyknowthevalueofonlineeducationforfurtherstudy24.Accordingtoasurveyof1,000peoplebytheStradaEducationNetwork,people’sattitudetowardsonlinecoursesis__________.A.pessimisticB.optimisticC.indifferentD.neutral25.Thepassageindicatesthatthefutureofonlineeducationwould__________.A.makemorepeoplelearnhowtotakeadvantageofitB.letmorepeopleobtaintheabilityofswimmingC.givepeoplemorechoicesoflivingD.askmorepeopletomakeuptheirownmindabsent

Task4Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithfivestatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphonlyonce.VocabularySectionBReadingPracticeadj.notinaspecifiedplacephysicallyormentally缺席的；缺少的v.togoawayorleave使缺席significantadj.1.largeorimportantenoughtohaveaneffectortobenoticed有重大意义的，显著的2.havingaspecialorsecretmeaningthatisnotunderstoodbyeveryone意味深长的utilizeSectionBReadingPracticev.tousesth,especiallyforapracticalpurpose利用，使用，运用prioritizev.1.todecidewhatarethemostimportantthingsanddothemfirst按重要性排列，划分优先顺序2.totreatsthasmoreimportantthanotherthings优先处理,优先考虑distractv.totakesb’sattentionawayfromwhattheyaretryingtodo转移（注意力）；使分心Howtogetgoodgradesincollege?

A)Areyouworriedaboutyourgradesandacademicassignments?Areyouunabletodowellinyouruniversityassignments,collegeessays,reports,theses,etc.?Well,wearepleasedtoinformyouthatwecanfreeyoufromalltheworries.Inaddition,studentsalsoneedtounderstandtheotherwaysthroughwhichtheycangetgoodgradesintheircolleges.Forthis,wehavementionedafewtipsandtechniquesyoucouldusethroughoutyourstudentlife.

B)Firstly,youshouldtryyourabsolutebesttocometoallyourlecturesandlistentothemattentively.Beingabsentfromyourclassesbecomesquitenecessarysometimesduetosomework,commitments,oremergency.However,therearealotofbenefitstoattendingallyourlectures.Youwillgetaheadofotherstudents,youcangiveyouropinionwhenadiscussionisgoingonintheclass,youcanalsoclearyourconceptsthroughquestionsandyoucanshowyourpresencebybeingactiveintheclass.SectionBReadingPractice

C)Ifyouaskquestionsfromtheinstructors,againandagain,youaremorelikelytounderstandandremembertheconcept,aswellasyourpresence,isensuredintheclass.Theinstructorsalsoseeyoureagernessoflearning.Ifyoumakeityourhabittoaskquestions,itwillalsohavetheadditionaladvantageofencouragingyoutolistenwelltotheopinionsandthoughtsofyourclassmates.Thiswillhelpyouinrememberingandprocessingallthesignificantinformation.Conversationstendtoberememberedmorethanwritteninformation.Therefore,youshouldhavediscussionsonthesubjectwithyourinstructorsandcolleaguesasitencouragesyoutolisten,focus,andprocesstheconcepts.Youwillalsomakeagoodimpressionontheinstructorsbyaskingquestionsandcontributingtothediscussionsintheclass.SectionBReadingPractice

D)Secondly,remembertowritedownnotes.Ifyoumakeyournoteswhileattendinglectures,itwillhelpyouwhilerevisingforyourexams.Also,whilemakingnotes,trytouseabbreviationsasitisthebestwaytospeedupyournote-taking.However,yourabbreviatednotesshouldthenbewrittenoutfullyafterclass.Researchsaysthattheonewhowriteswhilestudyinghashigherchancesofretaininginformationthantheonewhotypesorjustlistenstotheinstructorasthereisnoprocessingandreframingoftheinformationinthesetechniques.Hence,ifyouwantbettergrades,youshouldwriteallyournotesonpaperandmustcloseyourlaptop.SectionBReadingPractice

E)Thirdly,howtomanageyourtimeisanotherimportantthing.Ifyouareunabletomanageyourtime,youwillfailtobalanceyourwork,studies,andfamilyresponsibilities.Timeisveryvaluable,andhenceshouldbeutilizedproperly.Trytolistallyourtasks,anditwillnotonlyhelpyoutorememberthemallbutalsogiveyousomerelieffromstressingabouteverything.Writethedeadlinesforallyourassignments,andprioritizethembasedontheirurgency.Makeyourgoalsbecauseonceyouunderstandyourtargets,youcouldeasilyworkonachievingthem.Onceyouknowwhereyouneedtogetto,youwillalreadybehalfwaythere.Settinggoalsgivesyouclarityandmotivatesyoutotakeaction.

F)Lastbutnotleast,studyinginsmallgroupscanhelpyouinunderstandingbetterasyoucanasksomeoneaboutsomethingyoudon’tknow.Youwillhavetheopportunitytolearnfromeachother.Butonethingyouhavetodoistomakesurethatwhilestudyinginagroup,youdon’tendupturningitintoasocialeventordon’tgettoodistractedbyunnecessaryconversationswhichwillreducetheproductivityofthegroupstudy.SectionBReadingPracticeSectionBReadingPractice_____26.Askingquestionscannotonlyensureyourpresenceintheclassbutalsoencourageyoutocommunicatewithothersinagoodway.Thelaptopislessefficientthanpaperswhenyouwanttogetahigherscore.Missingyourclassesmaybeinevitablebutattendingallyourlecturescanbebeneficialtoyourthinkingandperformance.Aslongasyouhavegoodself-control,groupstudycanbeabetterchoicetolearnfromyourpartners.Alistoftasksandacleargoalcanmotivateyoutoachievesomethingeasily._____27._____28._____29._____30.CDBFE世纪英语高职高专公共英语类课程CENTURYENGLISH阅读教程ⅠUnit2HobbiesandInterestsSectionAReadingSkills在中国，无论是在中学还是在大学的英语课堂教学中，英语课文教学都起着重要的作用。本教材是以书面语篇的形式进行编纂的，这些精选的语篇将语言的三大要素，即语音、词汇和语法巧妙而真实地融为一体，使学生不仅能学会英语语言知识，还能从中了解英语国家的文化。因此，我们在阅读语篇的时候，应明白一点：所读即所考。也就是说，我们读的每一个句子留下的思考点都应是命题人的设问点，或者至少是干扰点。所以，了解语篇中常见的宏观结构组织，即语篇中一个或一组小句与另一个或另一组小句之间的逻辑——语义关系，显得尤为重要。SectionAReadingSkills因果关系因果法主要是用来探索事物间因果关系的一种段落发展方法。作者通过客观、正确的推理，分析事物发生的原因及产生的结果来阐述主题句、展开段落，使段落合乎逻辑，使主题句的支配思想令人信服。换言之，因果句通常是作者进行分析或者得出结论的地方。英语句子存在前因后果和前果后因，学生一定要弄清楚谁导致谁。出题者为了考查学生的阅读能力和逻辑分析能力，经常会把因果关系进行颠倒，将因变成果或将果变成因。学生需要注意辨别实际的因果关系，防止混淆。英语中表示因果关系的方式有很多。除原因状语从句之外，名词、介词、连接副词、主动词、并列连词、从属连词等都可以表示语篇中的因果关系。常见的表示因果关系的词语有：of,so,for,since,as,resultfrom,originatefrom,base,basis,reason,aboveall,afterall等。SectionAReadingSkills

Cigarettesmokecontainsnicotine,severalcancerproducingorirritatingsubstancesandcarbonmonoxidegas.Damagetotheliningofthebronchialtubesismuchmorecommonamongcigarettesmokersthannon-smokers,evenwhenthereisnoobviousdisease.Someofthesechangesareconsideredtobeper-cancerous.Lungfunctionisgenerallyreducedamongcigarettesmokers.Cigarettesmokingisagreaterhazardthanotherfactors—suchascommunityairpollution—inthecausationofcancerandchronicbronchitis.SectionAReadingSkills第一句前半句中的“Cigarettesmokecontainsnicotine”，很明显是原因，因而产生了其后半句中提到的“severalcancerproducingorirritatingsubstancesandcarbonmonoxidegas”这种结果。第二句中的“Damagetotheliningofthebronchialtubesismuchmorecommonamongcigarettesmokersthannon-smokers”是产生的第二个结果。显然，该段运用了“一原因→多结果→点明主题”的推理顺序,对吸烟危害性的阐述颇具说服力。定义和解释所谓定义，就是用简短明确的语句提示概念的内涵，即揭示概念所反映的对象的特点或本质的一种篇章要素。它通常包含以下三种原则：定义中不能用语重复、定义中不用否定形式及定义中不采用比喻等修辞手法。定义可用于议论文的开头或者主体段中，但是它一般不适用于结尾段中。除了字典上的定义外，我们还可以从这个名词或短语的功能、目的、包含的具体例子等方面赋予它含义，这些方式都属于定义。所谓解释，就是作者往往在段落开始或结尾处给出一个定义或现象，即提出一个问题，然后对该定义或现象进行解释。这些解释包括问题产生的原因、存在的因素以及可能的解决方案。作者可能提到几个不同的解决方案，但是之后作者自己认可的那种解决方案才是文章的重点和主题。段落最后对现象或问题进行总结说明并进一步强调作者在段落开始处给出的定义。常用的定义和解释类表达方式有：Everybodyknowsthat…;Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat…;Noonecandenythat...;Differentpeopleobserveitindifferentways;Totake…foranexample…SectionAReadingSkills

Somepeoplethinkthatauniversityshouldprovidegraduateswiththeknowledgeandskillsneededintheworkplace.Othersthinkthatthetruefunctionofauniversityshouldbetogiveaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake,regardlessofwhetherthecourseisusefultoanemployer.What,inyouropinion,shouldbethemainfunctionofauniversity?

...However,reachingtheconclusionthatotherfunctions,suchasgivingaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake,arenolongerimportantisbiased.Forhundredsofyears,especiallyintheWest,theundergraduateeducationis,indeed,aliberaleducation,whichmeanstheundergraduateslearnawiderangeofcurriculasuchaspsychology,economics,politicsthathavenodirectrelationstojobs.Theupsidesofthisarethatitfirstlyenablesstudentstobecomebroad-mindedandhelpthemlayasolidtheoreticalfoundation,thentheywillbeabletochoosethemostappropriatefieldbasedontheirowninterestsforfurtherstudies.SectionAReadingSkills作者在第一段的尾句“What,inyouropinion,shouldbethemainfunctionofauniversity?”中提出了全文的中心问题。第二段的第一句“...reachingtheconclusionthatotherfunctions,suchasgivingaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake,arenolongerimportantisbiased.”给出了定义，即“大学以传授知识本身为目的”。紧接着作者使用了“通才教育”这个在西方国家非常流行的教育方式为解释。在给出“通才教育”的定义后，又用定语从句补充了和定义间的关系，深化了段落的中心思想。SectionAReadingSkillsSectionBReadingPracticepursue

Task1Readthefollowingpassageabouthobbiesandanswerquestions1-10.VocabularySectionBReadingPracticev.todosthortrytoachievesthoveraperiodoftime追求crudeadj.simpleandnotveryaccuratebutgivingageneralideaofsth粗略的，简略的dawnn.thebeginningorfirstsignsofsth开端，起始阶段telescopen.apieceofequipmentshapedlikeatube,containinglenses,thatyoulookthroughtomakeobjectsthatarefarawayappearlargerandnearer望远镜Paragraph1

Ahobbycanbealmostanythingapersonlikestodoinhisfreetime.Raisingpets,buildingmodels,collectingcoinsandgardeningareallregardedashobbies.Hobbiescanofferyouenjoyment,friendship,knowledgeandrelaxation.Peopletakeuphobbiesbecausetheseactivitiescanhelpthemrelaxafterhardworkandprovideabalancebetweenworkandplay.Hobbiescanbepursuedbyanyone.Paragraph2

Fromthedawnofhumanhistorytothepresentday,menhaveleftrecordsofhobbiestheyhavetakenupandthefunin“ridingahobby”.Thecavemenwerethefirstcreativehobbyistsweknow.Inthefreetimetheyhadafterhuntingandfighting,someturnedtodrawingforpleasure.Theydrewonthewallsoftheircavescrudepicturesoftheanimalstheyknewandthebattlestheyhadfought.SectionBReadingPracticeUsingLeisureforPleasureSectionBReadingPracticeParagraph3

GeorgeWashingtonwasoneofthefirstbusyhobbyistsinAmericanhistory.Hisinterestinmathematicsledtohisearlyyearsasasurveyor.Hisstudyofeveningskieswithaprimitivetelescopeincreasedhisknowledgeofhisownworld.Healsomadeacollectionofvarietiesoftea.Alltheseaddedtohisenjoymentofliving.Paragraph4

Todaywehavemoreleisurethanwehaveeverhadinthepast.Theshorterworkweekandthefactthatwewilllivelongerthanourparentsandgrandparentsgiveusthisnewleisure.Interestinghobbiescanbethebestanswertothequestionofhowtouseitandenjoycolorfulandcreativelives.SectionBReadingPracticeParagraph5

Hobbyactivitiesarepossibleinalmosteveryfield.Therearecreativehobbiesinart,hobbiesinscienceandhobbiestodowithnaturethatattractmanypeople.Thehobbyyouchoosewillkeepyouinterestedallyourlife.Besides,itmaybeonethatyouwilloutgrowanditmaybenecessaryforyoutochooseanother.Whateverhobbyyouchoose,itisgoodifitkeepsyoubusyandhappy.Questions1-5Readthepassageandchoosethebestheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistinthebox.Thereis