临床医学英语试题

考试范围：临床医学七年制、口腔、护理、预防

课程名称：临床医学英语

MedicalEnglishTest(A)

PartIListeningComprehension(10points)

SectionA

DirectionsInthissection,youwillhear10shortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheend

ofeachconversation,athirdvoicewillaskaquestionaboutwhatwassaid.Youwillhearthe

questiononce.Afteryouhearthequestion,readthefollowingpossibleanswersandchoosethe

bestanswer.

ExampleYouwillhear:

Man:Comeon,Susan!Hurryup!Drinkyourcoffee!Thetrainisleavinginaminute.We'llbe

late!

Woman:Ican'tfinishit.It'smuchtoohotformetodrink.

Thirdvoice:Wherearethey?

Youwillread:A.Atabusstation.

B.Atanairport.

C.Atarailwaystation.

D.Atacafeteriaintherailwaystation.

Fromtheconversationweknowthatthetwospeakersaredrinkingcoffeeandaregoingtotakea

train.Thisismostlikelytohavetakenplaceatacafeteria.Therefore,[D]“Atacafeteriainthe

railwaystation"isthebestanswer.

1.A)Thedoctortookcareofhimforaweek.

B)Thereissomethingwrongwithhisback.

C)Thedoctoradvisedhimtorest.

D)Theclasswaseasyenoughforhim.

2.A)Heisadancer.

B)Heisapatient.

C)Heisaphysician.

D)Heisaphysiotherapist.

3.A)Flu

B)Gastritis

C)Heartattack

D)Appendicitis

4.A)Inaninjectionroom

B)Inalaborroom

C)Inanemergencyroom

D)Inadressingroom

5.A)Saythatheconsentstotheoperation.

B)Signhisnameonanoperatingpermit.

C)Donothingbutkeepsilent.

D)Askmanyquestionsabouthiscondition.

6.A)Hecouldn'thelpthewoman.

B)Heisintroublenowadays.

C)Heisaddictedtosmoking.

D)Heistiredofsmoking.

7.A)Abloodcondition

B)Asorethroat

C)Shortofbreath

D)Lackofsleep

8.A)Don'tworry.You'llbeOKinadayortwo.

B)Nothingserious.Youneedrest.

C)Gofortheadmissionproceduresimmediately.

D)Letmetakeyourtemperature.

9.A)Possiblecomplications

B)Thepatient'smentalcondition

C)Bronchialpneumonia

D)Whattheyshoulddoifsomethingnewdevelops

10.A)Togiveheraphonecall.

B)Totalkaboutappendicitis.

C)Towriteherareport.

D)Totellherthepatient'scondition.

SectionB

DirectionsInthissection,youwillheartwoshortpassages.Attheendofeach

passage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassagesandthequestionswillbe

spokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearonequestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfrom

thefourchoicesmarkedA),B)fC),andD).

(A)

11.A)ItoriginatedinmonkeysincentralAfrica.

B)ItoriginatedinmonkeysinnorthAfrica.

C)ItoriginatedinmonkeysinAmerica.

D)ItoriginatedinmonkeysinEurope.

12.A)Sexualcontact.

B)Contaminatedbloodtransfusion.

C)Casualcontact.

D)Intravenousdruguse.

13.A)Becausetheinfectedpeoplearesusceptibletomanydeadlyinfection.

B)Becausethediseaseisspreadthroughdifferentroutes.

C)Becauseoneindividualmayspreadittotwoorthreeotherindividuals.

D)Becauseeveninfantsborntoinfectedwomenareknowntocontractthedisease.

14.A)Becauseitwillspendcountlessmillionsofdollars.

B)Becausethedrugstheyfoundmaydamagethehealthytissues.

C)Becausethedrugstheyfoundarenotspecificallytoxictothevirus.

D)Becausethescientistsarenotawareoftheimportanceofit.

15.A)Thediscoveryofthisdisease.

B)Howseriousthediseaseis.

C)Theroutesofspreading.

D)Howtofightagainstthisdisease.

(B)

16.A)Stressinlife

B)Depression

C)Somephysicaldiseases

D)Skippedmeals

17.A)Someprescriptiondrugscanproducenormalsleep.

B)Someover-the-counterdrugscanproducenormaldrugs.

C)Somedrugscanonlymakeyousedated.

D)Nodrugscanmakeyousedated.

18.A)Getmuchexerciseaspossible,preferablyearlyintheday.

B)Readabookthatinterestsyoumuch.

C)Lieinthebedrehearsingthemistakesoftheday.

D)Gotobedearlierthenextnight.

19.A)Skimmedmilk.

B)Driedprunes.

C)Alcohol.

D)Watermelons.

20.A)Youcaneatcertainfoodsandyoucandocertainthingsthatare

sleep-inducing.

B)Haveanapwhenyouaresleepyduringtheday

C)Tryptophancanbeconvertedintoserotoninwhichisimportanttothesleepprocess.

D)Doingthingsinsequencecanhelpyouachieveagoodsleeppattern.

PartIIVocabulary(20points)

Directions:Thereare20incompletesentencesinthissection.Foreachsentence

therearefourchoicesmarkedA)fB),C)fandD).ChoosetheONEanswerthatbest

completesthesentence.

21.Howcanthephysiciandetermineifthepatientishypertensivebecauseofsomeobservable

renalarterialnarrowingasseenonselectiverenal?

A)angioplastyB)angiographyC)angiotensionD)adrenergic

22.Becauseofthethetotalmusclemassoftheventricleincreased,andthemost

obvioushypertrophyisseeninthetrabeculaeoftheinnerlayersoftheventricularwall.

A)ablationB)embolizationC)dilatationD)bifurcation

23.Complicationsofrenalbiopsy,mainly,occurredinfiveoutof91patients.

A)hematomasB)hemodialysis

C)hemolysisD)hemophilia

24.Inthecasesinwhichthereisnoobviousextrahepaticinvolvement,solitaryhepaticlesions

maybeexcisedorpartialcarriedout.

A)atherectomyB)atrioseptostomy

C)hepatectomyD)embolectomy

25.mayinvolvetroublefallingasleep,frequentorprolongednocturnalawakeningsor

earlymorningawakeningswithaninabilitytoreturntosleep.

A)DepressionB)ApneaC)InsomniaD)Anemia

26.Kaposi'sandhigh-gradeB-cellnon-Hodgkinlymphomaareprototypical

AIDS-definingmalignantdiseases.

A)astrocytomaB)leiomyomaC)sarcomaD)melanoma

27.Themajorityofpatientshaveasingleofbleedingwhichceaseswithin24hours.

A)epinephrineB)epigastriumC)epidermisD)episode

28.Inapatientwithulcer,thepainusuallyoccursfromtwotothreehoursafter

meals.

A)anomalousB)retrievableC)virulentD)duodenal

29.Lungcancerincludesanumberofmalignanciesofwhichthevarioustypesof

bronchogenicarebyfarthemostcommon.

A)sarcomaB)leiomyomaC)carcinomaD)fibroma

30.isacongenitalconditioncharacterizedbytheincomplete

expansionofthelungsatbirth.

A)ContusionB)EdemaC)AtelectasisD)Toxaemia

31.Somediseasesanddrugsmayreducethedesirefbrfood,thatis.

A)anorexiaB)anemiaC)atelectasisD)aneurysm

32.Aninadequateflowofbloodtoapartofthebodyiscalled,whichiscausedbyconstrictionor

blockageofthebloodvesselssupplyingit.

A)anginaB)angiotensionC)ischemiaD)infarction

33.Excessiveproductionof,asubstancereleasedintothebloodbythekidney,resultsinthesyndrome

ofrenalhypertension.

A)reninB)polypeptideC)histamineD)angiotension

34.isatoxicconditionresultingfromkidneydiseaseinwhichthereisretentioninthebloodstreamof

wasteproductsnormallyexcretedintheurine.

A)BacteremiaB)ToxemiaC)UremiaD)Septicemia

35.Acoughmaybedry,oritmayproducealotof.

A)sputumB)salivaC)serumD)semen

36.Thetestwillmeasuretheamountofairinyourlungsandtheamountyoucanbreatheoutinone

second.Thiswillhelptodeterminehowyourlungsarcfunctioning.

A)spirometryB)endoscopyC)hemodialysisD)manometry

37.Areferstoacollectionofgasinthepleuralspaceresultingincollapseofthelungontheaffected

side.

A)pneumomediastinumB)pneumoperitoneum

C)pneumoniaD)pneumothorax

38.Thesecretionof,ahormonesecretedbyglandsinthemucousmembraneofthestomach,is

stimulatedbythepresenceoffood.

A)pepsinogenB)gastrinC)lipaseD)thyrotropin

39.Anteriortibialisreadingswererecordedduringthefirstnighttodetectperiodiclimbmovements.

A)electrocardiographicB)electroencephalographic

C)electromyographicD)electro-oculographic

40.Ifallgenesinthehuman___aresequenced,genetherapywillbegreatlyenhanced.

A)germsB)germinomaC)genomeD)germogen

PartIIIReadingComprehension(50points)

Directions:Eachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefour

answersmarkedA),B),C),andD).Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeach

ofthequestions..

Passage1

Asthmaismanifestedbywidespreadnarrowingoftheairwaysthatchangesinseverity,

eitherspontaneously,orasaresultoftreatment.Thereversibleairwayobstructionis

causedbysmoothmusclecontractionandmucosaledema.Secretionclearanceis

diminishedandproductionmaybeincreased.Bronchialhyperreactivityisnotuniqueto

asthma,however.Asmallnumberofhealthysubjects,andasmanyas50%ofpatients

withallergicrhinitis,manifestabnormalairwayreactivitytobronchialchallenge.The

etiologyofbronchialhyper-reactivityisunknown.Possiblemechanismsincludean

increasedresponsivenessofthesmoothmuscleitself,anabnormalityintheautonomic

nervoussystemcontrolofthesmoothmuscleoranincreaseintheaccessibilityofthe

stimulustothetargetcells.Anincreaseinairwaywallthicknessandsmoothmusclemass

probablycontributestothereactivestate.Irritantreceptorslocatedintheairways,nose,

larynx,andlungsrespondtomechanicalandchemicalirritants,inhalationofdust,and

drugssuchashistamine.Whenstimulated,thesereceptorscausereflex

bronchoconstrictionthroughvagalefferentpathways.

Severalinterrelatedphysiologicabnormalitiesoccurinpatientswithsignificant

bronchoconstriction.Airwayresistanceincreasesfivetosixtimesabovenormaland

specificconductanceisthereforedecreased.Expiratorytimeisprolongedandtheforced

vitalcapacityislow,averagingapproximately50%ofpredictednormal.Theforcedexpired

volumeinonesecond(FEV1)isdiminished,averaging30%〜35%ofpredictednormal

whilemaximummidexpiratoryflowrate(MMEFR)andthepeakexpiratoryflowrate(PEFR)

usuallyareonly15%~20%ofnormal.Hyperinflationismanifestedbyanincreaseinthe

residualvolumeandfunctionalresidualcapacity(FRC)butdiminishedvitalcapacityand

elasticrecoil.Totallungcapacitymaybenormaloronlyslightlyincreased.

Pathophysiologicchangesincludeventilation-perfusionmismatchingwhichresultsin

hypoxemia.Increasedairwayresistanceleadstoprogressivealveolarhypoventilationand

hypercapnia,whiletheincreasedworkofbreathingresultsinlacticacidemia.The

combinedrespiratoryandmetabolicacidosismaybelifethreatening.

41.cancauseasthma,awidespreadnarrowingoftheairwaysthatchangesin

severity.

A)AgingB)TreatmentC)SputumD)Immunoglobulin

42.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtotheabovepassage?

A)Inasthma,secretionclearanceisdecreased.

B)Inasthma,airwayobstructionisreversible.

C)Bronchialhyperreactivityisuniquetoasthma.

D)Theetiologyofbronchialhyperreactivityisunknown.

43.Possiblemechanismofbronchialhyperreactivityincludes.

A)anincreasedresponsivenessofthesmoothmuscleitself.

B)inhalationofmechanicalandchemicalirritants.

C)autonomicnervoussystemcontrolofthesmoothmuscle.

D)irritantreceptorslocatedintheairways.

44.Inasthma,theforcedvitalcapacityaveragesapproximatelyofpredicted

normal.

A)15%B)20%C)50%D)75%

45.WhichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningasthmaisTRUEaccordingtotheabove

passage?

A)Pathophysiologicchangesincludeventilation-perfusionmismatchingwhichresultsin

hyperxemia.

B)Totallungcapacitymaybenormaloronlyslightlydecreased.

C)Theincreasedworkofbreathingresultsinhypercapnia.

D)Thecombinedrespiratoryandmetabolicacidosismaybefatal.

Passage2

Mostpatientswhohaveahaematemesisareinnodoubtthatthebloodwasvomited.However,

blooddiscoveredinthemouthmayhaveoriginatedfromthepostnasalspaceorlowerrespiratory

tract.Thiscancauseconfusionunlesstimeistakentoelicitanaccuratehistory.Thehaematemesis

mayconsisteitheroffreshbloodmixedwithgastricfluidorchangedbloodintheformof“coffee

grounds”.Allsuchpatientsshouldbereferredtohospitalforadmissionbecausehaematemesis

indicatesarecenthaemorrhage.

Thepatienfsestimateofhowmuchbloodhasbeenvomitedisseldomhelpfulinassessingthetrue

severityofthebleed.Incontrast,vomitussavedbythepatientorproducedinthepresenceofthe

practitionerisausefulguide.Haematemesismaybeaccompaniedbymelaenabutbecausemost

patientswhovomitbloodrapidlyseekmedicalattention,itisnotalwaysinitiallypresent.Ifno

stoolhasbeenpassed,rectalexaminationmayrevealmelaena.Thiscansometimesbehelpful

whenthereisdoubtaboutthevalidityofhaematemesis.Malaenawithouthaematemesisoften

indicatesalessseverebleed.However,whenmelaenaisfreshorhasbeenpresentfor3daysor

less,admissiontohospitalisstillrequired.Apatientwithalongerhistoryofmelaenawhoisnot

anaemicandremainsotherwisehealthydoesnotnecessarilyrequireadmission,providingearly

investigationcanbearranged.Confusioncansometimesariseinpatientstakingironorbismuth

containingpreparationsbecausetheybothcausedarkeningofthestool.Neithergivesapositive

occultbloodtest.

46.Accordingtotheabovepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

A)Allblooddiscoveredinthemouthwasvomited.

B)Mostblooddiscoveredinthemouthwasvomited.

C)Allblooddiscoveredinthemouthoriginatedfromthepostnasalspaceorlowerrespiratory

tract.

D)Mostblooddiscoveredinthemouthoriginatedfromthepostnasalspaceorlowerrespiratory

tract.

47.Accordingtotheabovepassage,whatmaythehaematemesisconsistof?

A)Freshbloodmixedwith4tcoffeegrounds”.

B)Freshbloodintheformofutcoffeegrounds”.

C)Changedbloodmixedwith"coffeegrounds”.

D)Changedbloodintheformof“coffeegrounds^^.

48.isusuallyhelpfulinassessingthetrueseverityofthehaemorrhage.

A)Thepatient'sestimateofhowmuchbloodhasbeenvomited.

B)Thepatient'sestimateofhowmuchfoodhasbeenvomited.

C)Thevomitus.

D)Themelaena.

49.Accordingtotheabovepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

A)Haematemesiswithoutmalaenaoftenindicatesalessseverebleed.

B)Haematemesiswithmalaenaoftenindicatesalessseverebleed.

C)Malaenawithouthaematemesisoftenindicatesalessseverebleed.

D)Malaenawithanaemiaoftenindicatesalessseverebleed.

5O.Underwhichofthefollowingconditionsthepatientshouldbereferredtohospitalfor

admission?

A)Whenmelaenaisintheformof"coffeegrounds”.

B)Whenmelaenaisfresh.

C)Whenanaemiaispresent.

D)Whenthestoolisdark.

Passage3

HIV-1hasbeenculturedfromlymphocytes,monocytes,andmacrophagesobtainedfromblood,

semen,andvaginalandcervicalsecretionsofinfectedindividuals.Thevirusalsoexistsina

cell-freeforminthesefluids.Itisnotclearwhethercell-to-cellcontactortheexposureof

uninfectedcellstofreevirusisthemorecommonorefficientwaythatnewinfectionsoccur.The

virushasalsobeenobtained,lessconsistently,fromthecerebrospinalfluid,andrarelyinverylow

concentrationfromthesalivaofpatientsinfectedbyHIV-1.NoclearlydocumentedcasesofHIV

transmissionviabodyfluidsotherthanbloodorgenitalsecretionsareknown.

Asecondhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV-2)wasidentifiedinWesternAfricainthe

mid-1980's.WhileHIV-2hasbeenassociatedwithAIDS-likesyndromes,thevastmajorityof

HIV-2seropositivepersonsareasymptomatic.Whethertheseseropositiveindividualsareinfected

withalessvirulentstrain,orsimplyrepresentmorerecentexposuretoanequallyvirulentvirus,is

notyetknown.AlthoughHIV-2sharesmanybiologicandgeneticcharacteristicswithHIV-1,

eachofthetwovirusesalsohasgenesthatareunique.HIV-2ismorecloselyrelatedtothesimian

immunodeficiencyvirus(SIV).SporadicHIV-2infectionsintheUnitedStateshaveoccurredin

personsofWestAfricanorigin.

HTLV-I(humanT-celllymphotrophicvirus-I),thefirstpathogenichumanretrovirus,was

identifiedseveralyearspriortotherecognitionofHIV-1asthecauseofAIDS.HTLV-Iis

endemicinsouthernJapanandtheCaribbeanandincertainpartsofAfrica.Itisalsopresent

amongdrugabusersinEuropeandtheUnitedstatesandthushasthepotentialforfurtherspread.

ItsmodesoftransmissionaresimilartothoseofHIV-1and2,buttheperinatalroutes(breastmilk

aswellastransplacental)appeartoaccountforafargreaterproportionoftheknowncasesof

HTLV-I.Twodistinctclinicalillnesses,anaggressiveadultT-cellleukemiaandarelatively

indolentspasticparaparesis(originallydesignatedtropicalspasticparaparesis),maybeassociated

withHTLV-Iinfection.However,ascomparedtoHIV-1,individualsinfectedwithHTLV-Iare

muchlesslikelytodevelopclinicalillness.Fewerthan1percentofHTLV-Iinfectedpersons

developeitherT-cellmalignanciesorspasticparaparesis;bothoftheclinicalsyndromesmost

frequentlydevelopthroughdecadesoflife,30to50yearsafterthepresumedacquisitionofthe

HTLV-Iinfection.Theextentofsubclinicalneurologicaland/orimmunologicalimpairmentin

populationsinfectedwithbothHTLV-IandHIV-1appeartobecomeimmunocompromisedmore

rapidlythanthoseinfectedwithHIV-1alone.

51.HIV-1alsoexistsinacell-freeforminthefollowingfluidsexcept.

A)bloodB)sweatC)semenD)genitalsecretions

52.Accordingtotheabovepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementisTRUE.

A)ThevastmajorityofHIV-2seropoistivepersonsareasymptomaticbecausetheyare

infectedwithalessvirulentstrain.

B)ThevastmajorityofHIV-2seropoistivepersonsareasymptomaticbecausetheyare

morerecentlyexposedtoanequallyvirulentvirus.

C)ThevastmajorityofHIV-2seropoistivepersonsareasymptomaticbecauseHIV-2is

morecloselyrelatedtothesimianimmunodeficiencyvirus.

D)Noneoftheabove.

53.WhichofthefollowingactivitiesmaytransmitHTLV-Iinfectionthroughperinatalroutes?

A)Breastmilkfeeding.

B)Homosexualintercourse.

C)Sharingneedles.

D)Transfusionsofcontaminatedblood.

54.HIV-2hasacloserrelationshipwith.

A)HIV-1

B)HTLV-I

C)SIV

D)Noneoftheabove

55.Accordingtotheabovepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementisTRUE.

A)WhenpersonsareinfectedwithHIV-2,theirimmunitiesareimpairedinafasterspeedthan

thoseinfectedwithHIV-1.

B)WhenpersonsareinfectedwithHIV-1,theirimmunitiesareimpairedinafasterspeedthan

thoseinfectedwithHIV-2.

C)WhenpersonsareinfectedwithbothHTLV-IandHIV-2,theirimmunitiesareimpairedina

fasterspeedthanthoseinfectedwithHIV-2alone.

D)WhenpersonsareinfectedwithbothHTLV-IandHIV-1,theirimmunitiesareimpairedina

fasterspeedthanthoseinfectedwithHIV-1alone.

Passage4

Smogdamagesthelungsofgrowinginfantsandcausesasthma,suggestsunpublished

researchcarriedoutattheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavis.Thefindingsconfirmalinkthathas

beenwidelysuspected,butneverproven.

Inthepasttenyears,studieshavefoundcircumstantialevidence,oneofthemorenoxious

constituentsofsmog.However,researchershavenotprovedthatozonecausesasthmabecause

theycannotmeasurehowmuchozoneanindividualhasbeenexposedto.

Tosettletheissue,theDaviscarriedoutaseriesofexperimentswithyoungrhesusmonkeys.

Onegroupofmonkeyshadozoneaddedtotheirairsupply.Asecondgroupbreathedair

containingthedustmiteallergen,acomponentofhouseholddustthatisacommontriggerof

asthmaattacks.Athirdgroupbreathedaircontainingboththeallergenandozone,andafourth

groupbreathedcleanair.

Theamountofozoneinthecontaminatedairsupplywasvariedtomimicconditionsinthe

realworld,saysCharlesPlopper,oneoftheteam'sleaders.Forfivedaysthemonkeysbreathed

aircontainingozone,followedbynineozone-freedays—acyclebasedlooselyonEnvironmental

ProtectionAgencyrecordsofozonelevelsinLosAngeles,saysPlopper.Theconcentrationof

ozonewas0.5partspermillion.44ThatishighforCalifornia,hesays,“butaboutaveragefor

MexicoCity.^^

Afterfivemonthsofexposure,monkeysthathadbeenbreathingozonedevelopedsymptoms

similartothoseofachildwithborderlineasthma,saysPlopper.Heirlungcapacitywasreduced

andtheywheezedwhenbrieflyexposedtothedustmiteallergen.Monkeysthathadcontinually

breathedbothozoneandtheallergenhadmoreseverereactions,similartofull-blownasthma

attacks:rapid,shallowbreathinganddecreasedbloodoxygenlevels.

Bothgroupsofozone-exposedmonkeyshadlungabnormalitiestypicalofpeoplewith

asthma.Thesmoothmusclethatcontrolstheflowofairthroughthelungswashyperactive,

constrictingtheairways.Thelungsmademoremucusthanusual,clogginguptheairways.And

themonkeyshasunusuallylowlevelsofglutathione(谷月光甘肽),achemicalthatprotectsthelungs

fromfreeradicals.44Thatputsthematrisksfbrothertypesoflunginjury."Ploppersays.

Heandhiscolleagueshadpreviouslyfoundthatozonedoesnotcausethesamedegreeof

lungdamageinadultmonkeys.Theybelieve,therefore,thatozoneexposureisespecially

damagingearlyinlife,whenthelungsarestilldeveloping.

Becauselungdevelopmentissimilarinmonkeysandhumans,theresearchmayhelpexplain

whychildrenwhogrowupinsmoggycitiestendtohavemorerespiratoryproblems,saysIra

TageroftheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,SchoolofPublicHealth.44Itfitswellwithwhat's

knowninhumansaboutdevelopmentaleffects."Hesays.

56.Toprovethelinkbetweenasthmaandozoneexposure,accordingtothepassage,isto

A)verifytheassociationbetweensmogandozone

B)measuretheamountofozoneexposure

C)provetheexistenceofozoneinsmog

D)confirmthetoxicityofozone

57.Inthetest,thesubjects.

A)weredividedintofourgroupstobreathevariedconcentrationsofozone

B)inhaledthecontaminatedairinCaliforniaandMexicoCityrespectively

C)hadtheirasthmaattacksinducedbybreathingaircontainingozone

D)inhaledtheadjustedamountofozoneasifintherealworld

58.Whichofthefollowinggroupsturnedouttobethemostseriousvictims?

A)The1stgroup

B)The2ndgroup

C)The3rdgroup

D)The4thgj^up

59.Betweentheozone-exposedmonkeys'lungabnormalitiesandthoseofpeoplewithasthma,

theresearchers.

A)discoveredthesameamountofozoneexposure

B)pinpointedtheexactlysamecausativefactor

C)foundacause-effectrelation

D)candrawananalogy.

60.Fromtheresults,Plopperwouldsaythatozoneexposure.

A)canberesponsiblefortheasthmaepidemicinchildren

B)damagesmonkeysaswellashumans

C)affectshumanlungdevelopment

D)alloftheabove

Passage5

Tobeatleukemia,ithelpstobelucky.Abonemarrowtransplantcangiveapatientafresh

startatproducingbloodcellsfreeofthiscancer,butasuccessfultransplanttypicallyrequiresthat

atleastfiveoutofsixkeygeneticmarkersinthedonormatchthoseintherecipient.

Unfortunately,mostpatientsdon'tfindagoodmatchevenamongcloserelativeswillingto

donatebonemarrowandmusthopetogetappropriatebonemarrowfromatissuebank.Somewait

monthsforagoodmatch,andothersdiewaiting.Someacutelyillpatients,havinglittlechoice,

mustacceptthebestavailabletransplant—bloodinwhichonlythreeorfourofthesixmarkersare

correct.Havingamismatcheddonorworsenstherecipient'ssurvivaloddsbecausethetransplanted

tissueisoftenrejected.

AstudyintheOct.22NewEnglandJournalofMedicinebrightensthepictureforleukemia

patients.Bygivingthemamassivedoseofstemcells—themarrowcellsthatharborblueprintsfor

new,healthybloodcells—researchersinIsraelandItalyfindtheycanoverwhelmarecipient's

remainingimmunecellsandthwartrejection.Thedoseofstemcells,collectedfrombloodinstead

ofbonemarrow,isupto10timesgreaterthanamarrowtransplantwouldnormallyprovide.

Evenwhenthedonatedstemcellsaremismatchedforthreeofthesixmarkers,thesurvival

rateofrecipientsapproachesthatofpatientsreceivingbloodfromwell-matched,unrelateddonors.

Inboththemarrowandnewstem-celltransplantprocedures,patientstypicallyreceive

radiationtreatment,chemotherapy,anddrugstosuppressimmunerejectionandwardoffdisease.

Evenso,thepatientscanencounteracancerrecurrence,infection,transplantrejection,or

graft-versus-hostdisease,inwhichthedonor'simmunecellsattackthepatient.

Theresearchersextractedstemcellsfromthebloodofdonorswhohadbeenprimedwith

hormonestoproducethesecellsprodigiously.Tolessentheriskofgraft-versus-hostdisease,the

techniquealsoremovesthedonor'simmuneTcells.

Of43terminallyillleukemiapatientstreatedwiththisprocedure,12survivedandwere

healthy18monthsafterthestem-celltransplant,saysstudycoauthorYairReisnerofthe

WeizmannInstituteinRehovot,Israel.Theotherpatientsdiedorsufferedarelapseofleukemia.

"Forpatientswhod