APS公司技术宣讲

APSTechnology,Inc.

技术交流-May20,2010交流目录COMPANY公司介绍PRODUCTS产品介绍BACKGROUNDERS背景资料Introduction介绍MWD随钻测斜PulserDesign脉冲器原理InfrastructureandAssets设施设备WPR随钻测井PropagationResistivity电磁波电阻率原理CompanyVideo公司录像DrillingOptimizationRSM旋转导向FormationEvaluation地层评价WPRCases实际测井资料：Canada

ChinaVibrationPrediction,MeasurementandControl振动预测、测量和控制HALT/HASS试测

Russia

AVD主动式振动优化仪DDM钻井监测短节Introduction

介绍3APS成立于1993超过25年专业化MWD/LWD设计、开发、制造经验四大服务公司之外开发MWD/LWD经验最为丰富的公司超过35%的工程技术人员来自原来TelecoOilfieldServices的设计团队，Teleco是世界上首台商用MWD的开发制造商独立的制造商4历史与现在全球第二大独立的MWD/LWD制造、供应商四大服务公司重要的供应商和合作伙伴：Schlumberger,BakerHughesINTEQ,Halliburton,Weatherford,GE,CNPC,COSL工业界公认的最佳泥浆脉冲器井下振动分析、预测、利用的领导者全球超过700支脉冲器、280套MWD系统在作业完全的产品工程、设计、支持、测试能力拥有25项专利，6项在申请专利,5项DOE大奖5历史与现在6重点产品和目标核心生产线:MWD&LWD测量工具钻井工具–旋转导向螺杆(RSM)振动工具–AVD,VMS&,ShockIsolators产品目标:#1：2013年成为独立的MWD/LWD系统供应商#1：独立的旋转导向工具供应商#1：可靠性/高质量/客户支持#1：技术&创新新的技术用来降低钻进成本提高可靠性更高的产品来服务市场WPR：电阻率工具EM：与泥浆脉冲集成的电磁波传送技术HDR：高速数据传输脉冲器RSM：旋转导向螺杆AVD：智能振动控制仪DDM：钻井监测短节7能力发展8CurrentFutureAPS

locationsDeployedSystems全球产品布局图示InfrastructureandAssets

设备设施9资源与设施工厂Connecticut总部拥有60,000平方尺的设计、测试和制造中心休斯敦拥有20,000平方尺的销售、维修服务中心阿联酋迪拜拥有5,000平方尺的销售、维修服务中心2000平方尺的中国成都维修服务基地设备业界前10的名制造能力多相流循环模拟体系(650HP,700lpm,1000psi)高温高压全尺寸压力测试罐(27000psi,200℃,5m)振动测试台、环境应力测试箱全尺寸工具疲劳强度及可靠性试验架HALT/HASS(-50℃-200℃,0-50g)综合的ERP管理系统10公司地点Houston中心JebelAli中心11Wallingford,CT总部成都中心机械加工能力拥有现代化一流的数控机床能够加工大至10-¼”x20’的工具短节3-4

&5轴各式数控机床4-5轴数铣、车综合性加工中心数控的深孔钻、侧孔钻激光对焊机数字化生产12机加工中心13加工中心14电子实验室15客户支持与服务众多的维修中心–Houston;Dubai;Nizhnevartovsk;Wallingford,CT;Chengdu,China丰富的库存为客户快速提供各种消耗配件负责任的客户支持工程师队伍脉冲器10天返修承诺探管10天返修承诺，APS提供替代探管客户支持网站维护培训提供完善的支持仪器和工具16MWD

SureShot

MT

随钻测量工具MWD

SureShot

TM

系统187年现场服务历史，近300套系统为超过90多家用户服务泥浆脉冲与电磁波传输方式集成1.50bps-4.0bps传输速度3.5”-9”BHA范围175℃，20000psi标配是WPR，RSM，PWD，AVD等工具的平台适用各种泥浆体系，过平衡、欠平衡体系开放式系统设计特点是高温和深井MWD最新发展无刷电机动作控制高可靠性–没有电刷和整流器减少30%的工作电耗和70%静止电耗带2,400小时的诊断内存脉冲器的轴磁耦合改进FlowStat的改进改善了FlowStat在各种温度下的表现深度跟踪系统集成到SIU深度跟踪系统和解码集成到同一个箱子降低了成本和空间要求19MWD最新发展新的井下CPU编码电路板32MB内存更低的电耗更高的作业温度改善了电能管理系统新的电路板工作耗电更低改善的电能管理系统将把没有工作的元件关闭振动监控模块测量并记录轴向、横向和Stick-slip实时传输传输速度提高DSP20SureShot

简装地面系统21SureShot

简装地面系统22PrintrexlogplotterSurfaceInterfaceUnit(SIU)RigfloordisplayHookload

sesoranddrawworksencoderSureShot

重装地面系统23SIU–SurfaceInterfaceUnitBlade

ComputerKeyboardandmonitor司钻房显示器24现场测试箱自动检测坚固耐用行/不行简单逻辑指示灯显示颜色区分25SSCC截屏26MWD

SureShot

TM

系统27固定式与可打捞式28可打捞配置固定、不可打捞式配置可打捞式脉冲器29PulserShroudMuleshoeStingerRotorStatorSpearpoint旋转脉冲器业界最强劲的脉冲器，往复式振荡运动专利的防堵“openflow/singleflowpath”设计专利设计，服务油田超过7年超过700脉冲器正在作业被许多不同的MWD系统采用Schlumberger，BHI采用，美国30%Tensor系统采用可打捞和固定式配置现场维护内存诊断能力1.5bps-4.0bps数据传输速度30SureShot

电池组标准LiDD-cells电池组每组电池可连续作业140–150小时组装和更换电池组十分简单提供合格的供应商名单测试、批准合格的供应商31涡轮发电机175℃操作温度150W发电能力当TA工作时不会消耗电池大范围泥浆排量可代替电池组200℃可选32SureShot

TM

带涡轮发电机336-3/4in.FlowSubConfiguration4-3/4in.FlowSubConfiguration3-1/2in小井眼脉冲器343-1/2in.FlowSubConfiguration模块间的连接可靠的旋转连接方式军用Deutsch22conductorconnectors，为MWD各个模块间提供可靠的连接方式最强的压力外筒连接避免失效的机理:没有拉伸、扭转和弯曲载荷没有接触失效没有断裂、磨损或湿连接没有冲蚀35APS脉冲器服务例子2Wells–TexasPanHandleDepth7,200’MW15.8ppg.Temp.160FProblemsSeveresolidscontrol&LCMproblems.Holesinshakerscreens.Motorandtopsubcompletelypluggedoffwithsolids.ResultsAPSpulserstillpulsing&unplugged.AllsolidspassedbyAPSpulserlandingbelowinMudmotor.Trippedtounplugandimprovesolidscontrolonrig.36SureShot定向和伽玛探管APS设计并制造探管定向探管可带32MB内存175℃作业温度自然伽玛探管RuggedNaI

scintillator/photomultipliertube(PMT)业界公认优秀的供应商37PWD–随钻测压测量井底环空压力测量井底钻具内压力集成到SureShotMWD测量ECD&ESD测量Surge&Swab实时3839Electromagnetic

Telemetry

电磁波传输方式APS–电磁波MWD系统集成成熟系统，第三代电池波厂商与固定式泥浆脉冲方式集成一起与泥浆脉冲方式可以现场互换与泥浆脉冲方式共享井下供电、测量模块共享Sureshot地面系统APS改进系统4041电磁波信号传输系统发射天线绝缘短节EM电子模块MWD悬挂短节流量控模块欠平衡钻进空气或泡沫钻进极高LMC42绝缘短节MWD悬挂短节电磁波信号传输系统悬挂扶正器发射天线EM电子模块43EM绝缘短节EM发射天线EM电子模块MWD悬挂短节扶正器电磁波信号传输系统图示4445电磁波信号传输系统即插即用特性，与泥浆脉冲现场互换使用根据岩性自动调节信号强度，优化电耗新一代的地面接收系统，提高了弱信号的灵敏度特殊设计的绝缘短节，提高了绝缘特性TA-增强了发射信号强度、不受电池限制46电磁波信号传输系统47电磁波信号传输系统WPR™：电磁波电阻率工具48WPR™：电磁波电阻率工具49APS生产的电阻率LWD名称是WPR，是WavePropagationResistivitySub的简称。该工具是双频、双间距、带真实实时补偿的随钻测井工具WPR可以应用于各种类型的井眼，可进行地质导向、井眼纠正、孔隙压力趋势分析、套管下深选择、代替测井、起钻测井作业等。WPR可以用于各种类型的泥浆，油基和水基，为作业者提供实时地层电阻率数据。高精度的测量数据也储存在工具的内存中，便于起钻后精确分析。APS提供完整的地质导向软件用来计算和分析。SureShot

带电阻率WPR50WPR背景在电阻率工具上有丰富的、被实践验证的经验和积累设计、制造GECenterfire电阻率工具

与BHIMPR类似采用油田普遍使用的材料和被证明了的技术采用被实践证实的原理

技术上由ex-Teleco/BHI电阻率工具高级工程师带队产品水平与目前主要服务商的同类产品相当51WPR基础规范外径:3.5in.(89mm),4.75in.(121mm),6.75in.(171mm),8.0in.(203mm)通过RS-485Interface与

APSSureShot™MWD相连接两种操作频率：

2MHzand400kHz内存:32MB由2x–3x36v电池组或1x涡轮发电机+

0x–2x电池供电可实现LWD和“MeasurementAfterDrilling”(MAD)作业模式测试/编程/下载数据等高安全性设计8.0in.,6.75in.and4.75in.尺寸的工具可集成随钻测压最高作业温度：175℃最大承压:20kpsi(137.9MPa)52WPR工作原理53TR1R2幅度差相位差从发射极发出的电磁波，通过地层到达中间的接收天线，由于地层的导电性不同，因此电磁波到达接收天线处出现相位差和幅差。由于不同的地层出现相位差和幅差不同，故可以判别地层。电磁波的传导受井眼情况的影响较小WPR工作原理示意图WPR补偿原理54WPR工作原理示意图对称天线结构设计可实现最佳井眼补偿补偿可提高测量精度、消除接收天线和电路板测量漂移接收天线置于仪器中间位置，可消除测量时间差造成的补偿误差

T2T4R2R1T3T1mm-914.40-571.50-107.90107.90571.50914.40APSWPR补偿原理

T2

T4

R2

R1

T3

T1WPR优势真实直接的井眼补偿，而不是复杂的运算补偿钻进时提供实时补偿的电阻率测量由设计消除了接收天线的漂移55

T2

T4

R2

T3

R1

T1WPR优势工业界标准的频率和天线间距业界最佳的脉冲发生器，正脉冲、顶置高速数据传输，泥浆与EM电磁波集成传输提供随钻测压PWD集成井下涡轮发电机供电，没有电池的限制提供地质导向软件和培训现场操作简单容易、可靠性高天线现场容易维修更换不含湿连接56Catoosa,OK现场测试572009年2月11-12日Samoltor

油田现场测试582010年4月27日WPR提供随钻测压PWD选择59DrillingOptimization

RSM

旋转导向螺杆60RSM优点大幅提高ROP提高轨迹控制精度提高轨迹质量延长钻进井段提高井眼清洁状况降低钻井综合成本61旋转导向螺杆(RSM™)旋转导向螺杆*“推钻头式”，全旋转定向、稳斜、垂直钻进导向部分被集成在泥浆螺杆的轴承壳体内，上面与标准螺杆动力相连*USPatent#7,389,830,issuedJune24,200862独特设计63所有部件全部旋转独特设计与普通螺杆连用充分发挥泥浆螺杆与顶驱的动力所有泥浆螺杆均可采用不影响钻头水利参数的设计带“近钻头”参数密封轴承每周导向块伸出一次导向块伸出力量、距离固定RSM与螺杆动力部分泥浆螺杆动力部分5.24米柔性短节1.52米RSM4.42米

导向块短距传输CVJoint(customer)

64关键点交流发电机–利用螺杆转子转动发电

叶轮泵–由螺杆转子驱动，为导向块提供液压动力导向块

–“推钻头”式控制导向探管

–测量井斜和提供动态工具面控制电路

–根据工具面，控制导向块伸出时间65主要部分下密封轴承驱动头液力泵和传动轴6个控制仓:交流发电机/整流器交流发电机控制电路3.控制电路4.导向探管

EM短距传输

GM预留上密封轴承滑套式扶正器3个导向块‏66可调试导向块67旋转导向系统68目前规格工具外径6.75”总长11.13m导向部分长度5.30m螺杆动力长度5.24m导向部分最大外径7.88”导向块推出外径8.5”,8.75”泥浆排量1100-2300lpm螺杆转速90-175rpm钻柱转速20-150rpm钻头扭矩8200ft-lbs造斜率0.5-5.2°/30m最大作业温度150℃最大承压20000psi69操作模式垂直钻进模式VDM直井段钻进保持井斜尽可能地小，井眼近似垂直导向模式RSM工具面由MWD提供，工程师调到设计方位Downlink具体的造斜率稳斜钻进模式TAH稳斜段钻进自动保持当前井斜钻进Downlinks调整方位漂移70如何工作的？-钻进磁力计用来测定转速和磁工具面加速度计用来测定井斜和高边工具面控制电路决定每个导向块在指定的方向上推出来导向力的大小由导向块伸出时间长短决定（最大到1/3圈)每个导向块每圈伸出一次71测斜时，RSM探管测量磁工具面和井斜

控制电路根据工具面伸出导向块和决定时间导向力根据井斜值的大小自动调节在接近垂直时将减小导向力自动操作垂直钻进VDM72RSM的工具面调整到设计的方位(一次性的操作)造斜率/降斜率是通过downlink告诉工具的控制电路测量钻具旋转速度，并反向推出导向块定向井工程师根据实测对方位进行调整，Downlink造斜率/降斜率旋转导向RSM73达到设定的井斜角时，RSM用最小的导向力来维持井斜角在测斜时，RSM测量MTF,GTF,INC:决定降斜或增斜趋势决定维持井斜角度所需要的导向力决定导向矢量来维持井斜值现场工程师通过Downlink来控制方位的漂移：向左/右推出漂移被纠正后，重新设置稳斜钻进TAH74通过开关泥浆泵来向下通讯，无需特殊设备简单、可靠、模式少“Dips”&“blips”：排量变化大于378

lpm,触发一个操作模式变化的信号排量升降变化>50gpm,<100gpm，触发一个模式内作业变化信号，如漂移控制，改变TF，改变造斜率向下通讯的时间范围是90-240秒所有向下通讯可以在钻具旋转情况下完成Downlink-向下通讯7576向下通讯-VDM模式77向下通讯-RSM模式78向下通讯-TAH模式79最近的一次油田应用VibrationProducts

Prediction,MeasurementandControl80DrillStringVibrationThreetypesAxialVertical“bounce”LateralHorizontalTorsionalTwistingVibrationProductsVibrationControlActiveVibrationDamper(AVD)VibrationIsolationSub(VIS)‏MWDIsolatorsVibrationPredictionWellDesignerDrillstringModelingSuiteBHABendBHAVibBHAPredictVibrationMeasurementVibrationMemorySub(VMS)VibrationMemoryModule(VMM)WellDesignerTheWellDesignersuitemodelsthedownholedrillingenvironmentWellDesigneraidsinoptimizingdrillingparameters,improvingthedrillingefficiency.BenefitsincludeincreasedROP,extendeddrillstringlifeandimprovedeconomics83WellDesignerWellDrillTorque&DragStick-SlipHydraulicsVMS84WellDesignerincludes:WellDrill85WellDrillWellDrillapplicationsinclude:OptimizingdrillingperformanceDesigningdrillingtoolsAvoidingcriticalspeeds86WellDrillWellDrillincludes:BHABend–BHAbendinganalysisofdeflections,sideloads,bendingmomentsandnominalstressBHAVib–BHAcriticalspeedanalysisBHAPredict–BHAdrill-aheadtendency87WellDrillWellDrillinputincludeswellparametersandBHAcomponents88WellDrill–BHABend89DeflectionsSideForcesBendingMomentStressWellDrill-BHAPredictPredictsbuildrate90WellDrill-BHAPredictCalculatingsagcorrection91BitMWDSensorWellDrill-BHAPredictMudmotorrotaryandslidingbuildrates92WellDrill-BHAPredictEffectofWOBonbuildrates93WellDrill–BHAVibPredictingcriticaldrillingspeeds94WellDrill-BHAVib95LateraldeflectionsAxialTorsionalBitcriticalspeedsMotorcriticalspeedsRotarycriticalspeedsWellDrillWellDrillincludesmanypreprogrammedelements96WellDrillToolBuildersavescommonlyusedtoolsandBHAs97Torque&Drag98Torque&Drag99Torque&Drag100Torque&Drag101FrictionandtortousityTorque&Drag102Torque&Drag103Stick-Slip104Stick-SlipStick-SlipusestheresultsfromtheTorque&DragprogramBitdragiscalculatedbasedBittypeBitconditionFormationhardness105Stick-SlipForthiscasetherotaryspeedattherigis170rpm.Thebitspeedisnearlyconstant106Stick-SlipThiscase,thespeedisdecreasedto60rpm107Thebitspeedvariesbetween0and335rpmVMS–VibrationMemorySubTheVMStoolmeasuresandrecordsdownholevibrations:Whirling(lateralvibrations)Bitbounce(axialvibrations)Stick-slip(rotaryvibrations)108VMS–VibrationMemorySubRecordedandstoreddata:Lateralvibration–RMS&MaxAxialvibration–RMS&MaxStick-Slip–MinandMaxRPM7–40secburst,rawdatasets109VMS–VibrationMemorySubMeasuresandrecordsAxial,LateralvibrationsandRPMMemorymodulerecordsmaximumvibrationandaverageRPMvaluesevery4secondsRecordsseven40seccontinuous“snapshot”time-basedspectrumwhenlevelfirstpassespre-setlimitsViewersoftwaregraphsrecordeddataformeaningfulconclusions.110VMS–VibrationMemorySubMemory:8MB(250hoursofdata@4sec)‏Datadump:viaportincollarorendcapofsondeThetoolprovidesdataintheformofASCIItextfileswhichcananalysedbyAPS'sVibrationDataViewersoftwareoryourownanalysissoftware111VMS–VibrationMemorySub112VMS–VibrationMemorySubStick-SlipExample113VMS–VibrationMemorySub114RunninginholeOnbottom,drillingSeveredrillingvibrationsVMS–VibrationMemorySub115Burstdataset#2StuckRotating(Slip)VibrationincreaseswithrpmVMS–VibrationMemorySubVMSdatacombinedwithrigdataprovidesinsighttothedownholedrillingconditions.Inthisexample,drillingbetween20–24klbsreducesvibrations.116Hydraulics117Hydraulics118VibrationMeasurementApplicationsPost-wellanalysisoffailuresWarrantyviolationsFutureBHAplanningWithreal-timetransmission:OptimizationofdrillingparametersAvoidanceoffailuresVibrationMemorySubVibrationMemorySub(VMS)isacollar-basedtoolusedforstandalonevibrationrecordingVibrationMemorySubFeatures

MeasuresandrecordsaxialandlateralvibrationsandRPMMemorymodulerecordsmaximumvibrationandaverageRPMvaluesevery4secondsRecordsa1minutecontinuous“snapshot”time-basedspectrumwhenlevelfirstpassespre-setlimitsViewersoftwaregraphsrecordeddataformeaningfulconclusions.Memory:8Mb(250hoursofdata@4sec)‏Datadump:viaportincollarorendcapofsondeVibrationMemoryModule(VMM)InterfaceswithSureShotMWDNormaltransmissionMaximumlevelsineachmodeIncludeinstandarddiagnosticFIDsAlerttransmissionsWhenmaximumexceedspre-setlimitsInterruptsaftercurrentdatawordSendsalarmFIDandlevelsVibrationMemoryModule(VMM)123InterfaceswithSureShotMWDNormaltransmissionMaximumlevelsineachmodeIncludeinstandarddiagnosticFIDsAlerttransmissionsWhenmaximumexceedspre-setlimitsInterruptsaftercurrentdatawordSendsalarmFIDandlevelsVMS/VMMData124VMS/VMMDataVMSdatacombinedwithrigdataprovidesinsighttothedownholedrillingconditions.Inthisexample,drillingbetween20–24klbsreducesvibrations.125Stick-SlipDetection126RunninginholeOnbottom,drillingSeveredrillingvibrationsStick-SlipDetection127Burstdataset#2StuckRotating(Slip)Vibrationincreaseswithrpm128井下钻进监测短节与MWD可以组成实时的井下安全钻进系统也可单独记录井下参数，取出后下载数据并分析DDM实时监测或记录钻头处：钻压、扭矩、弯曲、环空压力、钻具内压力、温度DDM还可增加振动监测和计算轴向、横向、扭转冲击和振动钻井监测短节DDM系统&功能DDM-钻井监测短节DDM-

DrillingDynamicsMonitor129井底钻头处钻压测量（WOB）6

¾

in

DDM

TOOL8

in

DDM

TOOL设计测量范围±100,000磅±150,000磅极限测量范围›

700,000磅作业测量范围±60,000磅±100,000磅分辨率125磅195磅精度±5%绝对值±5%绝对值重复率±1%绝对值±1%绝对值DDM-钻井监测短节130井底钻头处扭矩测量（TOB）6

¾

in

DDM

TOOL8

in

DDM

TOOL设计测量范围±45,000英尺-磅±75,000英尺-磅极限测量范围±45,000英尺-磅±62,000英尺-磅作业测量范围±30,000英尺-磅±50,000英尺-磅分辨率60英尺-磅100英尺-磅精度±5%绝对值±5%绝对值重复率±1%绝对值±1%绝对值DDM-钻井监测短节131井底钻头处弯矩测量（BOB）6

¾

in

DDM

TOOL8

in

DDM

TOOL设计测量范围±40,000英尺-磅±60,000英尺-磅极限测量范围连接强度连接强度作业测量范围±30,000英尺-磅±45,000英尺-磅分辨率60英尺-磅90英尺-磅精度±5%绝对值±5%绝对值重复率±1%绝对值±1%绝对值DDM-钻井监测短节132井底钻头处环空和钻具内压力测量（PWD）6

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DDM

TOOL8

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DDM

TOOL设计测量范围0-25,000psi0-25,000psi精度0.02%0.02%DDM-钻井监测短节井底钻头处温度测量6

¾

in

DDM

TOOL8

in

DDM

TOOL设计测量范围-25℃

-

150℃-25℃

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150℃精度1℃1℃133DDM一般特征6

¾

in

DDM

TOOL8

in

DDM

TOOL井眼尺寸范围8

3/8

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9

7/810

5/8

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17

1/2工具外径6.75in8.25in工具内径2.125in2.375in工具长度86in86in工具材料P550P550最大旋转狗腿度10〫/30m8〫/30m最大工作温度150℃150℃极限承压26,500psi26,500psiDDM-钻井监测短节DDM-钻井监测短节DDM-钻井监测短节136AVD智能减振装置井下振动的控制与应用降低BHA承受的冲击与振动增加井下工具如MWD的使用寿命增加机械钻速(ROP)减少起下钻作业节约成本和时间智能减振装置

(AVD)工具监控钻柱，钻头的运动，实时调节，控制振动减少振动和跳钻保持钻头接触井底，传递钻压钻进增加机械钻速10%-30%阻隔振动的传递，保护MWD/LWD等井下工具138智能减振装置(AVD)AVD的特征包括:特殊设计的弹簧支撑、传递钻压轴向和横向承压轴承主动监测控制、实时程序控制振动ActiveVibrationDamper

(AVD)ActiveVibrationDamper(AVD)利用磁场瞬间改变MR流动特性LovingCounty,TX现场试验三口井的作业6趟PDC钻头+AVD作业；对比10趟PDC作业不带AVD1趟牙轮+AVD作业;4趟不带AVD：显著增加了ROP和钻头寿命

BitTypeAVDRunsOffsets

(w/oAVD)Feet/bitIncrease

ROPIncreasePDC51039%66%RockBit1423%48%AVDJob

LovingCo.,TX–March,2009AVDROPImprovementvs.RockStrength改善了PDC钻头的使用寿命Bit#6920ft/87hrsw/oAVD88ROSXOHCPRBit#81091ft/91hrsw/AVD24CTSXOWTPRLovingCounty,TXImprovedBitLife–RockBitsBit#5589ft/38.5hrsw/AVD22WTAEEEInWTTQBit#6424ft/26.5hrsw/oAVD55WTAEEE1WTTQTravisPeak-CentralTexasF90AVD现场试验总结显著提高钻井效率减少钻头振动减少切削齿的损坏提高了机械钻速显著增加单只钻头进尺减低了下部钻具组合的损害显著降低了钻井成本VibrationIsolationSub(VIS)‏ProtectdrillstringcomponentsfromdamagingshocksTwolooselythreadedcylindricalmembersRubberismoldedintothethreadedcavityProvidesvibrationabsorptionanddampeninginallthreeplanesCanbecustomizedbychangingrubbertypeorhelixdesignMWDVibrationIsolatorsProtectsensitiveMWDcomponentsfromdamagingshocksTwolooselythreadedcylindricalmembersRubberismoldedintothethreadedcavityProvidevibrationabsorptionanddampeninginallthreeplanesCanbecustomizedbychangingrubbertypeorhelixdesignPulserDesignAPSRotaryPulserAPSpulseristhefoundationofMWDsystemsOperationalforover7years>600pulserunitsUsedbymanyMWDcompaniesinmultiplearchitecturesFixedmount&retrievable151MudPulserTypesNegativePulseSondex-GeolinkHalliburton-SperrySun(BGDtool)BHI,AccutrakPositivePulsePilot-assistedvalveTensorBlueStarNewsco-CamberBHI-Navitrak,UPUPathfinder,MOPHalliburton-SperrySun,HDS1Closed-looppoppetvalve(BHI-Telecodesign)Siren(Schlumberger)Rotaryoscillatingvalve(APS)152MudPulserTypesNegativePulse–LargelyobsoleteexceptforGeoLinkGeolinkHalliburton–BGD(Obsoletebutstillbeingruninselectiveareas)SperrySun–Negativepulsetoolshavebeenobsoletedinfavorof“MarkSeries”ofpulsersBakerHughes,Accutrak–ObsoletebyTeleco,NaviTrak,andUPUPilot-assistedvalvesTensorBakerHughes-Navitrak,UPUBlueStar(nowG.E.)–WasaG.E.copycatdesignPathfinder,MOPHalliburton-SperrySun,HDS1Closed-looppoppetvalvesBakerHughes-TelecodesignSperrySunMarkdesignShearvalvesSchlumberger-Siren(continuousrotation)APS-OscillatingRotaryPulserBakerHughes-OscillatingRotaryPulser(BHIlicensedAPS’design)153MudPulserTypes154NegativePulseValvesPrinciplePressurepulseisgeneratedbyportingdrillingfluidfrominsideoftooltotheannulusviaaslidingvalveAdvantagesValvedesignisfairlysimpleDisadvantagesOldTechnology–AllmajorservicecompanieshaveabandonedthisdesigninfavorofpositivepulseDecodingisnotasreliableaspositivepulsePulseheightisafunctionofΔPthroughthetool;requiresarestrictorwhichisgenerallydisfavoredbyoperatorsPronetowashout,valveleakscancausecatastrophictoolwashoutManyoperatorswillnotrunnegativepulsetoolsNotretrievableNotverytoleranttodebris&LCMSlow155Pilot-assistedValvesAdvantagesLowpowerrequirementLowpurchasecostAdaptabletoretrievableDisadvantagesPoorLCMtoleranceValvewearsquicklybecausesealsaremudlubricatedUnpredictablevalveperformancebecausepulsegenerationisdependentonmudpropertiesandhydraulicsLowdataratePoorreliability:<400hrs.MTBF156PilotOperatedValveOrifice(2)createspressuredifferential(P1>P2)Withpilotvalve(30)open,pressureincavity(42),P2’=P2Withpilotclosed,P2’=P1Areadifferenceacrossfrontofcavitycausespiston(34)tomoveforward,partiallyclosingorifice,andgeneratingpulseRalphF.Spinnler,U.S.Pat.#3,958,217,“PilotOperatedMud-PulseValve,”May18,1976.157Closed-loopPoppetValvesAdvantagesVerydebristolerantValveactuationisindependentoffluidproperties(directdrive)LargepositivepulsecapabilityRobustdesign(highlyreliable):>1000hrs.MTBFDynamicsealsareoillubricated;nomudhydraulicsModeratedatarateDisadvantagesHighpowerconsumption-impracticaltousewithbatterytoolsExpensiveRequiresskilledtechnicians&cleanroomenvironmentformaintenanceNotretrievable158MudSirenAdvantagesHighdataratecapabilityVerydebristolerantValveoperationsisindependentoffluidproperties(directdrive)RobustreliabledesignDisadvantagesComplicatedLimitedpulseheightNotretrievableSchlumbergerpatent159APSOscillatingRotaryPulser(ShearValve)AdvantagesContinuousimprovementprogram>1,000hoursMTBFFVerydebristolerant.PatentedopenflowdesignresistsjammingValveactuationisindependentoffluidproperties(directdrive)PulsermemoryrecordscriticaloperatingparametersMagneticcouplingeliminateshighspeedsealLowtomediumpowerrequirements;motionacrossmudflow,notagainstDynamicsealsareoillubricatedSimpledesign,highlyreliableModeratedatarateRetrievableDisadvantagesNotaspowerefficientaspilotoperatedvalve160Conventionalvs.InvertedValveDesign161InvertedValveConventionalValveAPSAdvantagesAPS’spatentedrotarypulseristhemostrobustandLCMtolerantpulseronthemarketTheAPSpulseristhepulserofchoiceformanyMWD/LWDplatformswhereharshdrillingconditionsareencounteredAvailableinfixedourretrievableconfigurationsCanbeoperatedinbatteryonly,turbinealternatoronlyorturbinealternatorwithbatterybackupInterconnectsareMIL-SPEC22-pinlockingconnectors;notpronetointermittentconnectionundershock&vibrationAllsensorsuseAPSpatentedvibrationisolationshockmounts162APSMWDAdvantagesvs.TensorRotarypulservs.pilotpulser–superiordesign&superiorreliabilityGreaterpulseheightSuperiorLCMtoleranceLesssusceptibletowashingoutPulserhasmemoryfordiagnosticsAvailableinfixedorretrievableTopmounted,movessensorclosertobitandmakesintegrationwithLWDsensorsmucheasierandmorereliable163PropagationResistivityResistivityisRelatedtoElectricalResistance165WPRTheoryTransmitterssendelectromagneticwaveintotheformation–signalpropagatesradiallyintotheformationSignalfrequencyremainsconstantbutvelocityandattenuationchange–changesaremeasuredacrossreceiversPhaseshift(velocity