美国经济-us-economy第一节

美国经济_us_economy第一节U.S.EconomyStatistics

2008

GDP$14.26trillion$4.98trillionGDPgrowth6.2%9.6%GDPpercapita$46,800$3739GDPbysectoragriculture(0.9%),industry(20.6%),services(78.5%)agriculture(11.3%),industry(48.6%),services(40.1%)Inflation

0.0%0.0%USChina●

biggestindustrialcountryintheworld●

economicandtechnologicalgiant

●theAmericanpeopleenjoyabetterstandardoflivingthanmostothernationsEconomicinfluenceoftheUS●

lessthan6%oftheworld’spopulationproducesabout25%ofthetotalworldoutput

WhyisittheNO.1economyinthewholeworld?IndustrialRevolution

endof18C-beginningof19C●birthoftheUS●

publicationofAdamSmith’sbook●

theIndustrialRevolution

AdamSmithAdamSmith

(1723

–1790)

●aScottish

moralphilosopher&apioneerofpoliticaleconomy

●theauthorofWealthofNations(hismasterpieceandthefirstmodernworkofeconomics)

●widelycitedasthefatherofmoderneconomicsTheWealthofNations

《国富论》一书是斯密最具影响力的著作，这本书对于经济学领域的创立有极大贡献，使经济学成为一门独立的学科。《国富论》一书的重点之一便是自由市场，自由市场表面看似混乱而毫无拘束，实际上却是由一双被称为“看不见的手”（invisiblehand无形之手）所指引，将会引导市场生产出正确的产品数量和种类。……斯密认为人的动机都是自私而贪婪的，自由市场的竞争将能利用这样的人性来降低价格，进而造福整个社会，而提供更多产品和服务仍具有利润的刺激。不过，斯密也对商人保持戒心，并且反对垄断的形成。ReasonsforIndustrialRevolution

AmericanlearnedmanytechnologiesfromBritainSomeearlydecisionsbyAmericanpoliticalleadersplantedtheseedsofindustrialgrowth(AlexanderHamilton)AtariffhighenoughtodiscourageimportsandgivedomesticindustriestimetogrowHamilton(1755–1804)◆aFoundingFather,soldier,economist,politicalphilosopher◆oneofAmerica'sfirstconstitutionallawyersandthefirstUnitedStatesSecretaryoftheTreasuryHiscontributions:

◆toestablishanationalbank

◆asystemoftariffs◆friendlytraderelationswithBritainTopicsWhatarethefivedevelopmentsofindustrialrevolutioninUS?FiveDevelopmentsofIndustrialRevolutioninUStheintroductionofthefactorysystem(gatheredmanyworkerstogetherinoneworkplace&producedgoodsfordistributionoverawidearea)

SamuelSlater:buildacottonclothfactoryin1793Slater(1768–1835)

◆anearlyAmericanindustrialist◆"FatheroftheAmericanIndustrialRevolution"or“oftheAmericanFactorySystem"◆broughtBritishtextiletechnologytoAmerica◆builtthefactoryfrommemory

◆EnglishmanSamuelSlateratNewYorkin1789

◆UnderSlater'sexpertise,America'sfirstprofitabletextilefactorywasopenedinRhodeIslandin1793

◆manyotherfactories,mostlyinthenortheasternUS

◆notonlytextiles,manyotherproducts,e.g.firearms,clocks,andwatchesSlaterMill2.“Americansystem”ofmassproduction(1)firearmsindustryrequiringprecisionengineering(2)EliWhitney:inventingthecottongin(轧棉)toremovetheseedsfromthebollsofcottonquickly

(3)HenryFord:introducingthe"movingassembly"linein1913

EliWhitney:anAmericaninventor,cottongin(removetheseedsfromthebollsofcottonmucheasier)beganmanufacturingrifleswithmachinery,usinginterchangeable

part3.theapplicationofnewtechnologiestoindustrialtasks4.theemergencyofnewformsofbusinessorganization,notablythebankandthecorporation,whichfacilitatedthegrowthofindustry▼1780s,firstAmerican,commercialbank▼until1863,trulynationalbankingsystemwithastandardpapercurrency5.TheconstructionofrailroadsmarkedthestartofanewerafortheUnitedStates(1830s)FREEENTERPRISEPeoplestart

theirownbusinessesforanumberofreasons,includingthedesiretobetheirownboss,tosettheirownhours,andtomakemoremoney.

I.CorporationsCompanyLogoTheUnitedStatesishometo139oftheworld's500largestcompanies,whichisalmosttwicethatofanyothercountry.Corporationaformofbusinessorganizationthecorporation（股份（有限）公司)maysurvivethedeathofitsfounderorfoundersforitcoulddrawonapoolofinvestoramuchmoreefficienttoolforraisingthelargeamountsofcapitalneededbyexpandingbusinessenjoyslimitedliability,soinventorsonlyrisktheamountoftheirinvestmentandnottheirentireassetsVeryearly,peopleintheUnitedStatessawthattheycouldmakemoneybylendingittothosewhowantedtostartortoexpandabusiness.Thatledtothecreationofanimportantpatofthecurrenteconomicscene:thesellingofstockinabusiness.TherolesofstockRaisecapitalforbusinessesMobilizesavingsforinvestmentFacilitatecompanygrowthProfitsharingCorporategovernanceCreateinvestmentopportunitiesforsmallinvestorsGovernmentcapital-raisingfordevelopmentprojectsBarometer(晴雨表

)oftheeconomyNewYorkStockExchange

NYSENewYorkStockExchange(NYSE)

●at11WallStreetinlowerManhattan,NYCity,US

●theworld'slargeststockexchange

●AveragedailytradingvaluewasapproximatelyUS$153billionin2008TopicsWhataretherootsofAmerica’saffluence?TheRootsofAffluenceBountifulresourcesPopulationtrends

InstitutionalstructuresAmericanpeopleFourthlargestareaintheworldCourage,hardworkanddeterminationVastdimensionsandlenatureresourcesApopulationofmorethan250millionpeopleAvarietyofinstitutionalfactorshavefavoredthesuccessofAmericanbusiness(government)GeographicalsizeIICurrentAmericanEconomyAgriculture1Manufacturing

Industry2ServiceIndustry3ForeignTrade4AmericanAgricultureAgricultureprovidesthesustenancethatmeetspeople’smostbasicneeds1.AgricultureConditionsfordevelopingagriculture

vastnessofthelandgenerosityofnaturerainfall,riversandundergroundwaterallowingforirrigationwherenecessaryAmericanfarm—462acres(1870000km)largecapitalinvestmentshighlytrainedlabornewmethodsforraisingcropsSuccessofagriculture

●

1/3ofcropsforexport:Europe,Asia,Africa&LatinAmerica●importslagfarbehind;asurplusintheagriculturalbalanceoftradeTopic

WhataretheproblemsofAmerica’sagriculture?ProblemsCropsurplusesandlowpriceshavemadeittoohardformanyfarmerstomakeaprofitAperiodofeconomicdifficultybeganintheearly1980s.Agriculturalexportsdeclined,partlyduetothehighvalueoftheUnitedStatesdollar(whichraisedthecostofAmericanproductstoforeignbuyers)2.ManufacturingIndustryLargemanufacturingindustriesemployingmorethan24millionworkersHighlydevelopedmilitaryindustryAutocompanies—Ford,GeneralMotorsandChryslerOtherindustries:food,clothing,etc.Americahasformedanindustrialsystemwithlargeproductivity.Whataretheservicesindustry?Serviceindustriesindustriesthatsellase