高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语(新高考)专题1 NO.3　易错防范•警惕6个高频易错点

高考总复习优化设计GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2024专题一阅读理解NO.3易错防范•警惕6个高频易错点易错点1易错点2目录索引0102易错点303易错点404易错点505易错点606易错点1忽视干扰项中的以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围[典例印证1]

(2022全国甲卷,B)Goffin’s

cockatoos,a

kind

of

small

parrot

native

to

Australasia,have

been

shown

to

have

similar

shape-recognition

abilities

to

a

human

two-year-old.Though

not

known

to

use

tools

in

the

wild,the

birds

have

proved

skilful

at

tool

use

while

kept

in

the

cage.In

a

recent

experiment,cockatoos

were

presented

with

a

box

with

a

nut

inside

it.The

clear

front

of

the

box

had

a

“keyhole”

in

a

geometric

shape,and

the

birds

were

given

five

differently

shaped

“keys”

to

choose

from.Inserting

the

correct“key”

would

let

out

the

nut.In

humans,babies

can

put

a

round

shape

in

a

round

hole

from

around

one

year

of

age,but

it

will

be

another

year

before

they

are

able

to

do

the

same

with

less

symmetrical(对称的)

shapes.This

ability

to

recognize

that

a

shape

will

need

to

be

turned

in

a

specific

direction

before

it

will

fit

is

called

an

“allocentric

frame

of

reference”.In

the

experiment,Goffin’s

cockatoos

were

able

to

select

the

right

tool

for

the

job,in

most

cases,by

visual

recognition

alone.Where

trial-and-error

was

used,the

cockatoos

did

better

than

monkeys

in

similar

tests.This

indicates

that

Goffin’s

cockatoos

do

indeed

possess

an

allocentric

frame

of

reference

when

moving

objects

in

space,similar

to

two-year-old

babies.The

next

step,according

to

the

researchers,is

to

try

and

work

out

whether

the

cockatoos

rely

entirely

on

visual

clues(线索),or

also

use

a

sense

of

touch

in

making

their

shape

selections.27.Which

can

be

a

suitable

title

for

the

text?A.Cockatoos:Quick

Error

CheckersB.Cockatoos:Independent

LearnersC.Cockatoos:Clever

Signal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:Skilful

Shape-Sorters[错因]考生易错选C项。部分学生认为整篇文章都在介绍凤头鹦鹉的形状识别能力,凤头鹦鹉之所以能够认出形状,是因为它很聪明,能读懂信号,所以误选了C项,选择C项的学生思路过度延伸,夸大了凤头鹦鹉的能力。[点拨]本篇说明文主要介绍澳大利亚的凤头鹦鹉已被证明具有与两岁儿童相似的形状识别能力。第一段的第一句是主旨句,表明凤头鹦鹉有识别形状的能力,接着提到鹦鹉擅长使用工具,能够选择不同形状的钥匙。[自主解答]

D[典例印证2]

(2021新高考全国Ⅰ卷,C)When

the

explorers

first

set

foot

upon

the

continent

of

North

America,the

skies

and

lands

were

alive

with

an

astonishing

variety

of

wildlife.Native

Americans

had

taken

care

of

these

precious

natural

resources

wisely.Unfortunately,it

took

the

explorers

and

the

settlers

who

followed

only

a

few

decades

to

decimate

a

large

part

of

these

resources.Millions

of

waterfowl(水禽)

were

killed

at

the

hands

of

market

hunters

and

a

handful

of

overly

ambitious

sportsmen.Millions

of

acres

of

wetlands

were

dried

to

feed

and

house

the

ever-increasing

populations,greatly

reducing

waterfowl

habitat(栖息地).In

1934,with

the

passage

of

the

Migratory

Bird

Hunting

Stamp

Act(Act),an

increasingly

concerned

nation

took

firm

action

to

stop

the

destruction

of

migratory(迁徙的)

waterfowl

and

the

wetlands

so

vital

to

their

survival.Under

this

Act,all

waterfowl

hunters

16

years

of

age

and

over

must

annually

purchase

and

carry

a

Federal

Duck

Stamp.The

very

first

Federal

Duck

Stamp

was

designed

by

J.N.“Ding”

Darling,a

political

cartoonist

from

Des

Moines,Iowa,who

at

that

time

was

appointed

by

President

Franklin

Roosevelt

as

Director

of

the

Bureau

of

Biological

Survey.Hunters

willingly

pay

the

stamp

price

to

ensure

the

survival

of

our

natural

resources.About

98

cents

of

every

duck

stamp

dollar

goes

directly

into

the

Migratory

Bird

Conservation

Fund

to

purchase

wetlands

and

wildlife

habitat

for

inclusion

into

the

National

Wildlife

Refuge

System—a

fact

that

ensures

this

land

will

be

protected

and

available

for

all

generations

to

come.Since

1934,better

than

half

a

billion

dollars

has

gone

into

that

Fund

to

purchase

more

than

5

million

acres

of

habitat.Little

wonder

the

Federal

Duck

Stamp

Program

has

been

called

one

of

the

most

successful

conservation

programs

ever

initiated.31.Which

of

the

following

is

a

suitable

title

for

the

text?A.The

Federal

Duck

Stamp

StoryB.The

National

Wildlife

Refuge

SystemC.The

Benefits

of

Saving

WaterfowlD.The

History

of

Migratory

Bird

Hunting[错因]考生易错选D项。部分学生根据第一段中“the

explorers

first

set

foot

upon

the

continent

of

North

America”“Millions

of

waterfowl

(水禽)

were

killed

at

the

hands

of

market

hunters

and

a

handful

of

overly

ambitious

sportsmen.”等信息误选了D项。虽然原文第一段中提到了hunting,但它只是文章的一个小细节,不足以概括文章的主要大意。[点拨]本篇说明文一共分三段:第一段介绍水禽丧失赖以生存的湿地的历史背景,第二段介绍了发行“联邦鸭票”的措施,第三段说明这一措施的影响。纵观全文,本文是在介绍联邦鸭票的故事。[自主解答]

A易错快攻

以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围的干扰项常出现在需要归纳概括的主旨大意类题目中,对该类题目可以通过以下方法避免干扰:(1)结合文章主旨提炼中间段落的要点;(2)用“逆向推理”法,反推文章的写作方向,看与原文是否相符,不一致的则排除。易错点2忽视干扰项中的偷换概念,曲解原意[典例印证](2020全国Ⅰ卷,C)But

the

sport’s

strange

form

does

place

considerable

stress

on

the

ankles

and

hips,so

people

with

a

history

of

such

injuries

might

want

to

be

cautious

in

adopting

the

sport.In

fact,anyone

wishing

to

try

race

walking

should

probably

first

consult

a

coach

or

experienced

racer

to

learn

proper

technique,she

says.It

takes

some

practice.30.What

is

Dr.Norberg’s

suggestion

for

someone

trying

race

walking?A.Getting

experts’opinions. B.Having

a

medical

checkup.C.Hiring

an

experienced

coach. D.Doing

regular

exercises.[错因]考生易错选C项。C项对应的原文表达是“consult

a

coach

or

experienced

racer”,而C项偷偷地将“consult”换成了“hire”,所以C项即使在宾语“an

experienced

coach”对应的情况下,它依然是错误选项。迷惑选项常常置换动词。[点拨]根据最后一段倒数第二句“她说,事实上,任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走者,学习适当的技术。”可知,诺伯格博士建议想尝试竞走运动的人先听一听专家的意见。[自主解答]

A易错快攻

偷换概念一般指在阅读理解题的选项中,干扰项的表达与原文信息句吻合程度较高,仅有部分词汇原文中没有体现或者和原文不一致,这容易给考生造成一种错觉,从而误选。这种干扰项常常偷换了动作的发出者、动作的承受者、动作本身或积极、消极语义等。曲解原意也是干扰项设置中的常见方法,有些选项来自文章中的某一句或某几句话,看似表达文章的意思,其实是对原句意思的曲解。针对此类选项,考生在解题时要根据题干中的关键词回文定位,认真分析原文相关语句,字斟句酌,准确理解原文表达的意思,避免误选。易错点3不熟悉正确项中的同义转述,简化概括[典例印证]

(2023江西新高三第一次摸底)Biological

age

might

help

determine

your

quality

of

life

as

you

get

older,since

your

cells

and

organs

have

ages

varying

from

your

regular

age.Many

aging-research

scientists

believe

that

knowing

your

biological

age

could

help

you

postpone

or

avoid

age-related

illnesses,and

better

predict

an

individual’s

lifespan(寿命).Other

scientists

argue

that

there’s

no

standard

way

to

measure

biological

age.At

the

center

of

the

debate

are

hopes

that

people

can

extend

their

lives

by

changing

their

behaviors.Since

everybody’s

genes(基因)

are

different,tracking

your

biological

age

could

help

determine

your

most

helpful

habits

and

customize

them.People

can

also

attempt

to

lower

their

biological

age

through

ways

of

effectively

managing

stress.Q:What

can

people

do

after

knowing

their

biological

ages?A.Improve

their

calendar

ages

to

prevent

diseases.B.Determine

ways

to

effectively

manage

stress.C.Get

personalized

nutrition

plan

to

improve

health.D.Lengthen

their

lives

by

changing

their

conduct.[错因]本题易错选B项或C项,部分考生根据题干定位到文章中的“People

can

also

attempt

to

lower

their

biological

age

through

ways

of

effectively

managing

stress”,发现这句话中的“ways

of

effectively

managing

stress”出现在了B项中,因而错选B项;也有部分考生在第一段中看到“knowing

your

biological

age

could

help

you

postpone

or

avoid

age-related

illnesses”,认为要推迟或避免和年龄相关的疾病,“制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康”非常合理,因而错选C项。[点拨]B项“确定有效管理压力的方法”是对原文“人们也可以尝试通过有效地管理压力来分析减小自己的生理年龄”的曲解;C项“制定个性化的营养计划来改善健康”在文中没有提及,属于无中生有。由第一段中的“...hopes

that

people

can

extend

their

lives

by

changing

their

behaviors”和第二段中的“tracking

your

biological

age

could

help

determine

your

most

helpful

habits

and

customize

them”

可知,人们希望通过改变行为来延长寿命,了解生理年龄有助于确定对自己最有帮助的习惯并定制这些习惯,因此人们在知道了自己的生理年龄之后,就可以通过改变行为来延长寿命。D项“Lengthen

their

lives

by

changing

their

conduct”是对原文“extend

their

lives

by

changing

their

behaviors”

进行的同义转述。[自主解答]

D易错快攻

同义转述是命题人常用的手段。这种转述是指考题与原文的关键内容用同根词、同义词或近义词进行转换,有时也会在常用词组或短语之间进行转换。这种情况下正确选项和原文的关键句相同的词汇不一定多,但意思的表述却是一致的,考生在平时的学习中要注意进行同根词、同义词和近义词的积累,并在解题时认真比对。简化概括则是把原文中较为复杂的、详细的信息进行简化或概括,正确答案比较隐蔽,考生要仔细对原文信息句进行观察和分析,再进行简化或归纳概括。易错点4忽视语境逻辑,过度推断[典例印证](2023江苏南京、镇江10月八校联考)Cores

taken

from

350

Douglas

firs(花旗松)

showed

that

annual

tree

ring

growth

was

related

to

the

extent

of

fungal

connections

a

tree

had

with

other

trees.They

had

much

higher

growth

than

those

that

had

only

a

few

connections.The

research

also

showed

that

trees

with

more

connections

to

many

unique

fungi

had

much

greater

growth

than

those

with

only

one

or

two

connections.“If

you

have

this

network

that

is

helping

trees

grow

faster,that

helps

capture

more

carbon

year

after

year.These

networks

may

help

trees

grow

more

steadily

even

as

conditions

become

more

stressful,and

could

even

help

protect

them

against

death,”

said

Birch.Birch

hopes

his

findings

lead

to

further

studies

in

different

kinds

of

forests

in

other

geographical

areas,because

it’s

likely

that

the

connections

among

trees

change

from

year

to

year.He

said,“Knowing

whether

fungal

networks

are

operating

the

same

way

in

other

tree

species

could

inform

how

we

reforest

areas

after

harvesting

them,and

inform

how

we

plant

trees

to

preserve

these

networks.”Q:What

can

be

inferred

from

what

Birch

has

put?A.The

fungal

networks

support

one

another

in

times

of

stress.B.The

fungal

networks

enable

us

to

know

more

about

reforestation.C.The

findings

can

apply

to

different

kinds

of

forests

in

other

geographical

areas.D.The

fungal

networks

will

help

trees

grow

more

steadily

if

conditions

become

more

stressful.[错因]考生易错选D项。部分考生看到第一段中

Birch

所说的话“These

networks

may

help

trees

grow

more

steadily

even

as

conditions

become

more

stressful”,经过比对认为这与D项表述的内容一致,忽视了原文是may

help(可能有助于),而选项中是will

help(将有助于),过度推断,把可能变成事实,从而错选D项。[点拨]根据最后一段Birch所说的话可知,了解真菌网络在其他树种中是否以同样的方式运作,可以影响我们在采伐后如何重新造林,也可以告诉我们如何种植树木来保护这些网络;由此可知,真菌网络使我们能够更多地了解重新造林,和B项吻合。[自主解答]

B易错点5混淆事实与观点,答非所问[典例印证](2023浙江杭州11月教学质量检测改编)For

most

of

our

history,humans

have

been

short,a

study

has

found.Until

around

150

years

ago,few

people

grew

taller

than

170

centimeters.Christiane

Scheffler

at

the

University

of

Potsdam

and

Michael

Hermanussen

in

Altenhof

have

spent

several

years

studying

the

height

of

people

from

a

wide

range

of

populations.In

their

latest

paper,they

combined

an

existing

data

of

more

than

6,000

prehistoric

human

skeletons

with

multiple

studies

of

more

recent

historical

populations

from

Europe

and

the

US.They

also

included

their

own

data

on

1,666

present-day

school

children

from

Indonesia.In

the

prehistoric

populations,the

maximum

height

for

men

was

165

to

170

centimeters,while

women

topped

out

at

160cm.Today,men

in

England

have

an

average

height

of

around

175cm,while

for

women

it

is

about

162cm.But

there

is

significant

variation

between

modern

countries.The

Indonesian

school

children

in

the

study

were

shorter

than

similarly

aged

children

from

the

US,despite

being

well-nourished.Subramanian

at

Harvard

University

isn’t

convinced

by

the

pair’s

interpretation.His

team

previously

showed

that

the

best

predictor

of

a

child’s

height

is

the

height

of

their

parents.This

suggests

that

the

influence

of

other

factors,such

as

social

mobility,is

limited.After

assessing

nearly

163,000

children

living

in

55

low

and

middle-income

countries,Subramanian’s

team

found

that

42.9

percent

had

poor

nutrition

but

no

sign

of

stunting(阻碍发育)

or

other

physical

indicators

off

this

fact.This

implies

there

is

a

lot

of

hidden

malnutrition

that

doesn’t

reveal

itself

through

stunting.“A

person’s

nutritional

condition

should

be

assessed

by

looking

at

their

diet

not

their

height,”

says

Subramanian.Q:What

can

we

infer

from

Subramanian’s

study?A.Poor

nutrition

delays

physical

development.B.A

balanced

diet

contributes

to

growing

taller.C.High

social

classes

can

reach

a

greater

height.D.A

human’s

height

has

little

to

do

with

nutrition.[错因]在很多考生的认知里,A项(营养不良延缓了身体的发育)是符合事实的表达,因此考生会错选A项。[点拨]根据倒数第二段内容可知,在对55个低收入和中等收入国家的近16.3万名儿童进行评估后,Subramanian的团队发现42.9%的儿童营养不良,但没有发育受阻的迹象。由此可知,考生认为正确的A项和Subramanian的研究发现并不相符。根据最后一段内容可知,有很多隐藏的营养不良,它们并不能通过发育不良表现出来;一个人的营养状况应该通过观察他们的饮食而不是身高来评估。由此可推断出,Subramanian的研究表明:一个人的身高和营养没有太大关系。[自主解答]

D易错快攻

混淆事实与观点是阅读理解常见的干扰项的特征。干扰项的内容和原文的表述是一致的,或者干扰项的表述是客观事实,因此迷惑性很强,考生很容易错选。破解这类题目的办法是从题干出发,忠实于原文,根据题干关键词锁定原文中的信息句,再将其选项进行认真比对。易错点6主观臆断取代作者观点[典例印证](2023浙江丽水、湖州、衢州11月质检)Have

you

ever

walked

through

a

door

and

thought

to

yourself,“What

was

I

going

to

do?”

If

you

have,you

are

not

alone.Psychologists

believe

that

walking

through

a

door

and

entering

another

room

creates

a

“mental

block”

in

the

brain.This

is

generally

referred

to

as

the

doorway

effect.A

new

research

led

by

psychologist

Oliver

Baumann

from

Bond

University

in

Australia

suggests

that

it’s

not

so

much

the

doorways

that

cause

a

memory

wipe,as

moving

from

location

to

a

significantly

different

one

and

that

it’s

the

abrupt

change

of

scene

that

prepares

our

minds

for

something

new.“A

good

example

is

moving

around

in

a

department

store,”

says

Baumann.“Taking

the

elevator

between

floors

may

have

no

effect

on

our

memory,but

moving

from

the

store

to

the

parking

lot

might

cause

us

to

forget

something

that

we

need

to

buy.”

Baumann

also

points

out

that

a

busy

and

perhaps

overloaded

brain

does

seem

to

play

some

art

in

this

phenomenon.In

other

words,walking

through

open

doors

is

thought

to

reset

memory

to

make

room

for

a

new

episode.The

good

news

is

that

experiencing

such

forgettable

episodes

after

entering

another

room

does

not

tell

you

anything

about

your

memory

and

intelligence.So

when

you

enter

a

room

and

suddenly

forget

why

you

are

there,you

should

not

think

that

Alzheimer’s

disease

is

creeping

up

on

you!Q:What

does

the

author

think

of

the

“doorway

effect”?A.Insignificant.

B.Beneficial.C.Influential.

D.Damaging.[错因]考生易错选B项或D项。部分考生在最后一段中看到“The

good

news”,便误以为作者的态度是正向的,因此错选B项。也有考生根据第一段中的“creates

a‘mental

block’in

the

brain”推断作者认为“doorway

effect”是有破坏性的,因此错选D项。这些考生没有仔细分析作者字里行间要表达的观点,而是根据文中的只言片语,凭自己的主观臆断做出了选择。[点拨]作者在最后一段指出,在进入另一个房间后经历这种忘事的情节并不能反映出关于你的记忆力或者智力的信息;所以,当你进入一个房间,突然忘记你为什么在那里的时候,你不应该认为是阿尔茨海默病在悄悄靠近你。由此可以推断出,作者认为“doorway

effect”与记忆力或智力无关,也不是阿尔茨海默病的表现,是无足轻重的。[自主解答]

A易错快攻

在推断作者观点态度的试题中,考生由于思维定式,或受到文中某些非关键信息的干扰很容易凭主观臆断做出错误的选择。做该类题目时,在文中没有直接表明作者观点态度的词句时,考生要根据作者在文中的措辞,尤其是表达情感色彩的词,以及作者所举的事例,读懂弦外之音,来正确推断其观点态度。课堂应用A(2022新高考全国Ⅱ卷,B)Wejournalistsliveinanewageofstorytelling,withmanynewmultimediatools.Manyyoungpeopledon’tevenrealizeit’snew.Forthem,it’sjustnormal.ThishithomeformeasIwassittingwithmy2-year-oldgrandsononasofaovertheSpringFestivalholiday.Ihadbroughtachildren’sbooktoread.Ithadsimplewordsandcolorfulpictures—aperfectmatchforhisage.

Picturethis:mygrandsonsittingonmylapasIholdthebookinfrontsohecanseethepictures.AsIread,hereachesoutandpokes(戳)thepagewithhisfinger.What’supwiththat?Hejustlikesthepictures,Ithought.ThenIturnedthepageandcontinued.Hepokedthepageevenharder.Inearlydroppedthebook.Iwasconfused:Istheresomethingwrongwiththiskid?ThenIrealizedwhatwashappening.Hewasactuallyastrangertobooks.Hisfatherfrequentlyamusedtheboywithatabletcomputerwhichwasloadedwithcolorfulpicturesthatcomealivewhenyoupokethem.Hethoughtmystorybookwaslikethat.Sorry,kid.Thisbookisnotpartofyourhigh-techworld.It’sanoutdated,lifelessthing.Anantique,likeyourgrandfather.Well,Imaybeold,butI’mnothopelesslychallenged,digitallyspeaking.Ieditvideoandproduceaudio.Iusemobilepayment.I’veevenbuiltwebsites.There’sonenotablegapinmynew-mediaexperience,however:I’vespentlittletimeinfrontofacamera,sinceIhaveafacemadeforradio.Butthatdidn’tstopChina

DailyfromaskingmelastweektoshareapersonalstoryforavideoprojectabouttheintegrationofBeijing,TianjinandHebeiprovince.Anyway,grandpaisnowaninternetstar—twominutesoffame!Ipromisenottoletitgotomyhead.ButIwillmakesuremy2-year-oldgrandsonseesitonhistablet.[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者曾经是一名记者,在春节期间,作者给孙子拿了一本儿童读物,孙子却以为是平板电脑,不停地戳书。1.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“hithomeforme”meaninparagraph2?A.Providedshelterforme.B.Becameverycleartome.C.Tookthepressureoffme.D.Workedquitewellonme.√解析

词句猜测题。第一段提道:作者是记者,生活在一个讲故事的新时代,有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说,这很正常。含有画线词语的句子承接上文,表示“而在春节假期,我和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上,尤其清楚地认识到了这一点”。故画线词语意思是“我很清楚”。故选B项。2.Whydidthekidpokethestorybook?A.Hetookitforatabletcomputer.B.Hedislikedthecolorfulpictures.C.Hewasangrywithhisgrandpa.D.Hewantedtoreaditbyhimself.√解析

细节理解题。根据第五段中的“He

was

actually

a

stranger

to

books.His

father

frequently

amused

the

boy

with

a

tablet

computer

which

was

loaded

with

colorful

pictures

that

come

alive

when

you

poke

them.He

thought

my

storybook

was

like

that.”可知,那个孩子戳故事书是因为他把它当成了平板电脑。故选A项。3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofhimself?A.Sociallyambitious.B.Physicallyattractive.C.Financiallyindependent.D.Digitallycompetent.√解析

细节理解题。根据第六段中的“Well,I

may

be

old,but

I’m

not

hopelessly

challenged,digitally

speaking.I

edit

video

and

produce

audio.I

use

mobile

payment.I’ve

even

built

websites.”可知,作者认为自己懂数字技术。故选D项。4.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorasajournalist?A.Helacksexperienceinhisjob.B.Heseldomappearsontelevision.C.Hemanagesavideodepartment.D.Heofteninterviewsinternetstars.√解析

细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“There’s

one

notable

gap

in

my

new-media

experience,however:I’ve

spent

little

time

in

front

of

a

camera,since

I

have

a

face

made

for

radio.”可知,作者作为一名记者很少上电视。故选B项。B(2023浙江1月卷,C)Amachinecannownotonlybeatyouatchess,itcanalsooutperformyouindebate.Lastweek,inapublicdebateinSanFrancisco,asoftwareprogramcalledProjectDebaterbeatitshumanopponents,includingNoaOvadia,Israel’sformernationaldebatingchampion.Brilliantthoughitis,ProjectDebaterhassomeweaknesses.Ittakessentencesfromitslibraryofdocumentsandprebuiltargumentsandstringsthemtogether.Thiscanleadtothekindsoferrorsnohumanwouldmake.Suchwrinkleswillnodoubtbeironedout,yettheyalsopointtoafundamentalproblem.AsKristianHammond,professorofelectricalengineeringandcomputerscienceatNorthwesternUniversity,putit:“There’sneverastageatwhichthesystemknowswhatit’stalkingabout.”WhatHammondisreferringtoisthequestionofmeaning,andmeaningiscentraltowhatdistinguishestheleastintelligentofhumansfromthemostintelligentofmachines.Acomputerworkswithsymbols.Itsprogramspecifiesasetofrulestotransformonestringofsymbolsintoanother.Butitdoesnotspecifywhatth