2019考研英语一真题

2019年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigation

appsareavailableonoursmartphones._1_ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoods

withoutaphone.Butphones_2_onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwe

realize._3_yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou_4_can'tfind

north,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5_tocivilization,oneofwhichis

tofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourselfwell_6_atrail,butnotinacompletely_7_area,you

havetoanswertwoquestions:Which_8_isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?And

whereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andon

suppliesoffreshwater._9_,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,you

shoulcTTOseesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmay

beU__Fiowquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockoctreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another:Plimbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13'

evenindenseforest,youshouldbeablefo-ITgapsinthetreelineduetoroads,

traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve_T5thewoods.Headtoward

these-16-tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonforTZlightsources,such

asfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

—18。」assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfor

the型weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeatures

can20youtocivilization.

英语试题

.1.(❷14Ji)

1.[AJSome[BJMost[CJFew[DJAll

2.[AJput[BJtake[CJrun[DJcome

3.[AJSince[BJIf[CJThough[DJUntil

4.[AJformally[BJrelatively[CJgradually[DJliterally

5.[AJback[BJnext[CJaround[DJaway

6.[AJonto[BJoff[CJacross[DJalone

7.[AJunattractive[BJuncrowded[CJunchanged[DJunfamiliar

8.[AJsite[BJpoint[CJway[DJplace

9.[AJSo[BJYet[CJInstead[DJBesides

10.[AJimmediately[BJintentionally[CJunexpectedly[DJeventually

11.[AJsurprised[BJannoyed[CJfrightened[DJconfused

12.[AJproblem[BJoption[CJview[DJresult

13.[AJAboveall[BJIncontrast[CJOnaverage[DJForexample

14.[AJbridge[BJavoid[CJspot[DJseparate

15.[AJfrom[BJthrough[CJbeyond[DJunder

16.[AJposts[BJlinks[CJshades[DJbreaks

17.[AJartificial[BJmysterious[CJhidden[DJlimited

18.[AJFinally[BJConsequently[CJIncidentally[DJGenerally

19.[AJmemories[BJmarks[CJnotes[DJbelongings

20.[AJrestrict[BJadopt[C]lead[DJexpose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

英语试题2(❷14Ji)

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebosses

ofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbe

delayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themain

purposeofthis"clawback"ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-taking

andtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuch

largerbenefit:morelong-termdecisionmaking,notonlybybanksbutbyall

corporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

"Short-termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytraded

companies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesa

giantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatience

asactinglike"childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce"

ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,he

notes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm's

effortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeen

dubbed"quarterlycapitalism."

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,

quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.

"Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseof

long-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesand

ExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniesto

deferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelping

reduce"short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfinds

that"asubstantialpar"ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage"long-termism,"suchaschangesinthe

taxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswho

holdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmore

votingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

stakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestin

theirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.

英语试题.3.(❷14Ji)

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto

[AJenhancebankers'senseofresponsibility.

[BJhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.

[CJbuildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

[DJguaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

[AJtheconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

[BJgovernments'impatienceindecision-making.

[CJthesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

[DJ"short-termism"ineconomicactivities.

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

[AJindirect.

[BJadverse.

[CJminimal.

[DJtemporary.

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate

[AJtheobstaclestopreventing"short-termism".

[BJthesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

[CJtheapproachestopromoting"long-termism".

[DJtheprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[AJFailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

[BJPatienceasaCorporateVirtue

[CJDecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

[DJFrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

英语试题.4.(❷14Ji)

Text2

Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)

overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhigher

education,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,

relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled"grade

forgiveness"-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceiveda

lowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcounts

incalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascolleges

continuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)and

improvetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwas

usuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirst

yeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmost

colleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andeven

graduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessisless

aboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescritical

totheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty."Ultimately,"

saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,"weseestudentsachievemore

successbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormaster

thecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime."

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges'ownneedsas

well.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetrics

suchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigures

likethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymake

students-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervalue

fortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingto

consumers'expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpecta

collegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnout

graduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students'

andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.

英语试题.5.(O14Ji)

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

[AJThechangeofcoursecatalogs.

[BJStudents'indifferencetoGPAs.

[CJColleges'neglectofGPAs.

[DJTheinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

[AJTohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

[BJTomaintaincolleges'graduationrates.

[CJTopreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

[DJToincreaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

[AJobtainmorefinancialsupport.

[BJboosttheirstudentenrollments.

[CJimprovetheirteachingquality.

[DJmeetlocalgovernments'needs.

29.Whatdoesthephrase"tobealigned"(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?

[AJTocounterbalanceeachother.

[BJTocomplementeachother.

[CJTobeidenticalwitheachother.

[DJTobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

[AJassessingitsfeasibility.

[BJanalyzingthecausesbehindit.

[CJcomparingdifferentviewsonit.

[DJlistingitslong-runeffects.

英语试题.6.(❷14Ji)

Text3

Thisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationof'Frankenstein;or,

TheModemPrometheus,"byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectric

lightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwould

foreshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(Al)raisesfundamentalquestions:

"Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?"

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitate

thewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedby

theideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothose

recentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas"Westworld"and"Humans."

Just/?oivpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist."Wearejust

inasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactually

isandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAlaren'tathand.The

cominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.

Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybe

acomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,and

whattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.Al"vision"todayisnotnearlyas

sophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituation

isadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,"y°uQuicklygetintoalotof

ethicalquestions,"notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagency

thatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAL

AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningto

establishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.Indiareleased

itsAlethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto"designordeployAl"thatwouldcause"overall

harm,"ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAlforsurveillancethatwould

violateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAlwhoseusewouldviolate

internationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheidea

thatdecisionsmadebyAlsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligent

machinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeusefulservants

andnotFrankenstein'sout-of-controlmonster.

英语试题.7.(❷14Ji)

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

[AJfascinatesAlscientistsallovertheworld.

[BJhasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

[CJinvolvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

[DJhassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

32.InDavidEagleman'sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

[AJhelpsexplainartificialintelligence.

[BJcanbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

[CJinspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

[DJistoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

[AJcanhardlyeverbefound.

[BJisstillbeyondourcapacity.

[CJcauseslittlepublicconcern.

[DJhasarousedmuchcuriosity.

34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof

[AJaffirmation.

[BJskepticism.

[CJcontempt.

[DJrespect.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[AJAl'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

[BJFrankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

[CJTheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

[DJAlShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

英语试题.8.（。14Ji）

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonline

purchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswith

lighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt'sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthat

statessaidcostthembillionsoftlollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmore

difficultfrstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer's

purchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasa

warehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.

Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselves

iftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyear

thephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsin

significantrevenuelossestotheStates,"hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.

Kennedywrotethattherule"limitedstates'abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhas

preventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincethey

usuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbecharging

salestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestax

nationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseis

beingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestax

ineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateora

fewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddresses

outsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsfor

smallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.Undertheruling

Thursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssales

taxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocal

andonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-only

retailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwith

variousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCouncil

advocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursare

notwellservedatallbythisdecision."

英语试题.9.(❷14Ji)

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

[AJbetterbusinesses'relationswithstates.

[BJputmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.

[CJmakemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.

[DJforcesomestatestocutsalestax.

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

[AJhaveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.

[BJhavecostconsumersalotovertheyears.

[CJwerewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.

[DJwereconsideredunfavorablebystates.

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

[AJhinderedeconomicdevelopment.

[BJbroughtprosperitytothecountry.

[CJharmedfairmarketcompetition.

[DJboostedgrowthinstates'revenue.

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?

[AJInternetentrepreneurs.

[BJBig-chainowners.

[CJThird-partysellers.

[DJSmallretailers.

40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

[AJgivesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.

[BJdescribesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.

[CJpresentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.

[DJcitessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.

英语试题.10.C-*'-14Jf)

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelist

A-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeen

correctlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseof

beatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthat

dividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandwork

togetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightor

tennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,and

undertanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto"win"an

argument.

[BJOfcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnot

toaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowto

evaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,

butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesame

criticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessin

yourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.

[CJNoneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttime

youstateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestly

askyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwith

someonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spell

outtheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raise

objectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

[DJCarnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkof

them.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Even

whenyouwin,youendupnobetteroff.Yourprospectswouldbealmostas

dismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairs

英语试题.11.(O14yf)

ofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwho

entered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletryto

avoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

[E]Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:

"Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit."

Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewof

argumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-and

inmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

[F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasa

fightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.

Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheir

viewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelp

youunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycan

helpyouwin-inoneway.

[G]Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufvorincreasingthe

minimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell,"No,"

neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,and

wehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougivea

reasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.

ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwage

willforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecan

understandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sinceweboth

careaboutneedyworkers.

|_41.©I42.11F1帆43.1帆^45._|

英语试题.12.C-*'-14Jf)

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,

andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbad

muchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofa

badpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanone

kiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosuffer

lateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindof

nonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelay

press,generatesbothhealthsca