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高中英語語法之小茂解析第一章主谓一致主谓一致(Subject-VerbAgreement),指”人称”和”数方面的一致关系.如:Heisgoingabroad.Theyareplayingfootball.可分為:語法一致,内容一致,就近一致.(一)語法一致原则:即主語為單数,谓語用單数,主語為复数,谓語也用复数.如下為注意事项:1.單数主語虽然背面带有with,alongwith,togetherwith,like(象),but(除了),except,besides,aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan(而不是),including,inadditionto引导的短語,谓語動詞仍用單数.如:Airaswellaswaterismatter.空气和水都是物质.Nooneexcepttwoservantswaslateforthedinner.除了两個仆人外,没有一种人迟来用餐。2.用and连接的并列主語,假如主語是同一种人,同一事,同一概念,谓語動詞用單数,否则用复数.如:Thepoetandwriterhascome.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一种人)Ahammerandasawareusefultools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成對名詞习惯上被當作是一种整体,如:breadandbutter(黄油抹面包),knifeandfork(刀叉)等作主語時,谓語動詞用單数。3.不定式(短語),動名詞(短語),或從句作主語時,谓語動詞用單数.如:Servingthepeopleismygreathappiness.為人民服务是我最大的幸福.Whenwe’llgooutforanoutinghasbeendecided.我們什么時候出去郊游已决定了。4.用连接的并列主語被each,every或no修饰時,谓語動詞用單数.Everyboyandeverygirllikestogoswimming.每個男孩和每個女孩都喜欢去游泳.Noteacherandnostudentwasabsentfromthemeeting.没有老師也没有學生開會缺席.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙。5.eachof+复数代詞,谓語動詞用單数.复数代詞+each,谓語動詞用單数.如:Eachofushassomethingtosay.我們每個人均有话要說。6.若主語中有morethanone或manya/an,尽管從意义上看是复数,但它的谓語動詞仍用單数。但more+复数名詞+thanone做主語時,谓語動詞仍用复数.如:Manyaboylikesplayingbasketball.許多男生都喜欢打篮球.Morethanonestudentwaslate.不只一种學生迟到Morepersonsthanonecometohelpus.不止一种人来协助我們。7.none做主語時,谓語動詞可用單数,也可用复数;但在代表不可数的東西時總是看作單数,因而谓語動詞要用單数.如:Noneofusare(is)perfect.人無完人。Noneofthisworriesme.這事一點不使我著急。8.名詞如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses等作主語時,谓語動詞必须用复数.如:Hisclothesaregood.但這些名詞前若出現apairof,谓語一般用單数.如:Apairofglassesisonthedesk.桌上有一副眼镜。9.形复意單名詞如:news;以ics結尾的學科名称如:physics,mathematics,economics;国名如:theUnitedStates;报紙名如:theNewTimes;書名如:ArabianNight<天方夜談>;以及TheUnitedNations<联合国>等作主語時,谓語動詞用單数。10.“a+名詞+andahalf“,“oneandahalf+名詞”,“thenumberof+名詞”等作主語時,谓語動詞要用單数.如:Onlyoneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.注意:oneortwo+复数名詞作主語,谓語動詞用复数形式,如:Oneortwoplaceshavebeenvisited.参观了一两個地點。(二)内容一致原则:1.主語中有all,half,most,therest等,以及”分数或百分数+名詞”做主語時,谓語動詞單复数取决于连用的名詞.如:Therestofthebikesareonsaletoday.剩余的自行車,今天发售。60%oftheapplewaseatenbylittleboy.這個苹果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了。Mostoftheappleswererotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。Mostoftheapplewaseatenbyarat.這個苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。2.不定数量的詞组,如:partof,alotof,lotsof,oneof,anumberof,plentyof等作主語時,谓語動詞的單复数取决于量詞背面名詞的数.如:Apartofthetextbookshavearrived.一小部分教科書已运到。Apartoftheapplehasbeeneatenupbythepig.這個苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3.加減乘除用單数.如:Fifteenminusfiveisten.15減去5等于10。4.表达時间,金钱,距离,度量等的名詞做主語時,尽管是复数形式,它們做為一种單一的概念時,其谓語動詞用單数.如:Tenmilesisagooddistance.拾英裏是一种相称的距离。5.(1)一般作复数的集体名詞.包括police,people,cattle等,這些集体名詞一般用作复数.如:TheBritishpolicehaveonlyverylimitedpowers.(2)一般作不可数名詞的集体名詞.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage等.(3)可作單数也可作复数的集体名詞.包括audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public等.如:Thecommitteehas/havedecidedtodismisshim.委员會决定解雇他。6.the+形容詞/過去分詞形式”表达一类人或事物,作主語時,谓語動詞用复数.如:Theinjuredweresavedafterthefire.(三)就近原则1.由here,there,where等引导的倒装句中,(有時主語不止一种時)谓語動詞与靠近它的主語在数上一致.如:Herecomesthebus公共汽車来了.Hereisapenandsomepiecesofpaperforyou.給你一支钢笔和几张紙。Whereisyourwifeandchildrentostaywhileyouareaway?你不在這儿的時候,你愛人和孩子在哪儿呆呢?2.用连詞or,eitheror,neither….nor,notonly….butalso等连接的并列主語,谓語動詞与靠近它的主語在数上一致。如:Neitherthestudentsnortheteacherknowsanythingaboutit學生和老師都不懂得這事.Heoryouhavetakenmypen.他或你拿了我的钢笔。注意:oneof+复数名詞+who/that/which引导的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞為复数。如:Maryisoneofthosepeoplewhokeeppets.玛丽是喂养宠物者之一。Theonlyoneof+复数名詞+who/that./which引导的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞应為單数。Maryistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhokeepspets.玛丽是唯一一种喂养宠物的人。主谓一致练习1.About60percentofthestudents_____fromthesouth,therestofthem_____fromthenorthandforeigncountries.A.are/isB.are/areC.is/areD.are2.Halfoftheworkershere_____under30_____.A.is/yearsB.are/yearoldC.is/yearsoldD.are/yearsofage3.NowTomwithhisclassmates_____footballontheplayground.A.playB.areplayingC.playsD.isplaying4.Thenumberofpagesinthisdictionary_____abouttwothousand.A.areB.hasC.haveD.is5.Thirtydollars_____tooexpensive.A.areB.isC.wereD.be6.Theaudience_____solargethatnoseatwasleftunoccupiedinthegreathall.A.isB.areC.wasD.has7.Thesecretaryandprincipal_____atthemeetingnow.A.arespeakingB.isspeakingC.weremakingaspeechD.haveaspeech8."Ifanybody_____,pleaseputdown_____name,"saidtheteachertothemonitor.A.wantstobuythebook/hisB.wanttobuythebook/theirC.willbuythebook/one'sD.wantstohavethebookbought/her9.Nothingbutonedeskandsixchairs_____intheroom.A.areB.isstayedC.isD.areleft10.Havingarrivedatthestation,_____.A.itwasfoundthatthetrainhadleft&nb,sp;B.th,etrai,nhadleftC.thetrainwasfoundleftD.hefoundthatthetrainhadleft11.Betweenthetworoads_____aTVtowercalled"SkyscraperTower".A.standsB.standingC.whichstandsD.stand12.Eitherofyou_____goingtheretonight.A.willB.wasC.isD.are13.Youaswell_____right.A.IareB.IamC.asIamD.asIare14.AllbutDick_____inClassThreethisterm.A.areB.isC.wereD.was15.--ShallIwaithereforthreehours?--Yes.Threehours___,__t,,,,,owaitforsuchadoctor.A.arenotverylongforyouB.isnotlongenoughfo,,,,,ryouC.wasnotlongenoughforyouD.willbetoolongforyou16.Wheretogetthematerialsandhowtogetthem_____atthemeeting.A.havenotdiscussedB.havenotbeendiscussedC.hasnotdiscussedD.hasnotbeendiscussed17.ItookmathematicsandphysicsbecauseIthinkthat_____veryimportantformetomakefurtherresearchinthisfield.A.whatisB.theyareC.thisD.whichare18.Everystudentandeveryteacher_____.A.aregoingtoattendthemeetingB.haveattendedthemeetingC.hasattendedthemeetingD.isattendedthemeeting19.Threefourthsofthebread_____byBob,andtherestofthebread_____leftonthetable.A.waseaten/wereB.wereeaten/wasC.wereeaten/wereD.waseaten/was20.Thispairofshoes_____.A.isherB.ishersC.arehersD.areher21.There______nolifeonthemoon.A.issaidtohaveB.aresaidtohaveC.issaidtobeD.aresaidtobe22.Agroupof______areeating______and______atthefootofthehillA.sheep;grass;leavesB.sheepsgrassesleavesC.sheep;grassleafD.sheepsgrassleafs23.Myfamilyraisealotof_______,includingtwo______.A.cattlescowsB.cowscattleC.cattlecowsD.cow,cattles24.Whathesaysandwhathedoes_______.A.doesnotagreeB.donotagreeC.doesnotagreewithD.notagree25.Theboyandthegirleach______toys.A.havetheirownB.hastheirownC.haveherownD.hasherown26.Sheistheonlyoneamongthe______writerswho______storiesforchildren.A.woman,writesB.womenwriteC.womenwritesD.womanwrite27.Therailwaystationis______fromourschool.A.twohour`sdriveB.twohours`driveC.twohourdriveD.twohoursdrive28.MikeandJohn`s______.A.fatherisateacherB.fathersareteachersC.fatherareteachersD.fathersareteacher29.Agreatdealoftalkingandlisteningthat______undercasualcircumstancemayseemtobeaimless.A.isoccurredB.areoccurredC.occursD.occur30._______theclassroomneedstobecleaned.A.EithertheofficesorB.TheofficesandC.BoththeofficeandD.Theofficeand31.Three-fourthsofthehomework______today.A.hasfinishedB.hasbeenfinishedC.havefinishedD.havebeenfinished32.Morethan60percentoftheworld’sradioprogrammes______inEngland.A.isB.wasC.areD.be33.______workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople`slivingstandardA.AgreatdealofB.AgreatmanyC.AlargenumberofD.Many34.Therestofthemagazines______withinhalfanhour.A.issoldoutB.aresoldoutC.wassoldoutD.weresoldout35.There______alotofsugarinthejar.A.hasB.haveC.isD.are36.“All______presentandall______goingonwell”,ourmonitorsaid.A.isisB.are,areC.areisD.isare37.YesterdaytheLeaguesecretaryandmonitor______askedtomakeaspeechatthemeeting.A.isB.wasC.areD.were.38.Maryaswellashersisters______ChineseinChina.A.arestudyingB.havestudiedC.studiesD.study39.Therich______notalwayshappy.A.areB.isC.willD.may40.______canbedone______done.A.All,havebeenB.Allthat,havebeenC.AllhasD.Allthat,hasbeen41.Eitheroftheplans______equallydangerous.A.areB.isC.hasD.have42.Thepolice______themurderereverywherewhenhesuddenlyappearedinatheatre.A.issearchingB.weresearchingforC.aresearchingD.wassearchingfor43.Yourtrousers______dirty,youmusthave______washed.A.isitB.areitC.arethemD.isthem44.TheOlympicgames______heldeveryfour______.A.isyearsB.areyearsC.isyearD.areyear45.Heistheolyoneofthestudentswho______elected.A.areB.haveC.hasD.is46.______agoodenoughpriceforthisbookA.TwoyuansareB.TwoyuanareC.TwoyuansisD.Twoyuanis47.Nobirdandnobeast______inthelonelyislandA.areseenB.isseenC.seeD.sees48.Everymeans______preventthewaterfrom______A.areusedtopollutingB.getusedtopollutingC.isusedto,pollutedD.isusedto,beingpolluted49.Eachofthe______intheship.A.passengerhashisownroomB.passengershavetheirownroomC.passengerhavetheirownroomD.sengershashisownroom50.Whatweneed______goodtextbooks.A.isB.areC.haveD.has51.Whatyousaidjustnow______todowiththematterwearediscussing.A.havesomethingB.hassomethingC.hadsomethingD.wassomething52.Eitheryourparentsoryourelderbrother______toattendthemeetingtomorrow.A.isB.areC.aregoingD.have53.Neitherofthenovelswhich______popularwithus______beentranslatedintoChinese.A.arehasB.arehaveC.ishaveD.ishas54.Everyboyandeverygirl______toattendtheeveningparty.A.wishB.wishesC.hopeD.arehoping55._______hasbeendone.A.nety—ninepercentsoftheworkB.HalfofwhathepromisedC.Two-fifthsofthearticlesD.Threequarterofthebusiness答案:1-5BDDDB6-10ABACD11-15ACDAB16-20DBCDB21-25CACBA26-30CBACA31-35CCADC36-40CBCAD41-45BBCBD46-50DBDDB51-55BAABB第三章:非谓語動詞不定式(infinitive)、分詞(participle)、動名詞(gerund)是非谓語動詞,在句子中不能作谓語。如下表格列出了他們各自在句中的作用。(√表达可以在句中担任的語法成分,×则表达不可以。)作用种类主語宾語宾語补足語表語定語状語不定式√√√√√√動名詞√√×√√×分詞××√√√√非谓語動詞在句中的特點、性质、使用方法、区别及使用注意事项分述如下:第一节、非谓語動詞作主語可作主語的非谓語形式為:不定式和動名詞。其体現形式為:不定式:积极态todo;被動态tobedone;動名詞:积极态doing;被動态beingdone。例1:Toactlikethatisfoolish.例2:Itisimpossibleformetobuythecarwithcash.要我用現金买那辆車是不也許的。例3:Walkingisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.例4:——Whatmadeyousolateforworktoday?——Drivingtotheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecauseofheavytraffic.由于交通拥挤,今早開車上班非常慢。一般說来,動名詞和不定式作主語,可以互换,其意义没有多大差异,但须注意如下两點:1.表达详细的,尤其是未发生的動作,倾向用不定式(如例2)。表达無時限的泛指動作(如例3)或描述當時的状况(如例4),倾向用動名詞。2.在下列句型用動名詞作主語Itisnogooddoing.(……没有用)Thereisnodoing.(……不也許)Itisnogoodarguingwithhim.和他争论没有用。Thereisnoknowingwhatmayhappen.=Itisimpossibletoknowwhatmayhappen.练习:1.(改錯)Asisknown,learnaforeignlanguagewellrequiresgreatefforts.2.(改錯)Thoughflyingballoonsareeasy,balloonistsmustwatchtheweathercarefully.3.(选择)_______tosunlightfortoomuchwilldoharmtoone’sskin.A.ExposedtoB.ExposingC.HavingexposedD.Beingexposed答案:1.learn→learning原形動詞不能作主語。2.are→is單個動名詞作主語,谓語用單数。3.答案D。句义:遭太阳暴晒對皮肤有害。本題考察動名詞作主語。分析句子构造可知,待选项在句中作主語,又由于人与expose為被動关系,因此选D。第二节、非谓語動詞作表語可作表語的非谓語動詞為:不定式,動名詞。1.YourtaskthismorningistodeliverthemailtoProfessorSmith.你今天上午的任务是把這個邮件送給史密斯专家。(不定式解释主語内容)2.Myhobbyiscollectingstamps.(動名詞解释主語内容)1.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,____itmoredifficult.(99全国)A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake2.分析句子与否對的:Whatwedoisprepareourstudentstofacefiercecompetitionswhentheyentersociety.1、答案B。is後有两個表語,两者必须在构造上對称。第一种表語為不定式tomakelifeeasier,则第二個表語也应當為不定式,因此选B。2、對的。當主語部分有实义動詞do時,作表語的不定式可以省略to;若没有实义動詞do,表語中to不能省略。第三节、非谓語動詞作宾語可作宾語的非谓語動詞為:不定式和動名詞。1.不定式作宾語例1.Hedemandedtoknowthetruth.例2.Thecarfailedtostopattheredlight.那辆轿車看到紅灯没有停。英語中有相称数量的動詞,只能以不定式作宾語。如:agree(同意),decide,refuse,pretend(假装),manage(设法),promise,seem,happen,hope,wish,offertodo(表达愿望)affordtodo(买得起,承担得起),bothertodo(特意),choosetodo(乐意或决定)attempt/seektodo(试图)learntodo(學习或學會)短語wouldlike(love)todo,wouldprefertodo(更乐意),beabouttodo(即将),介詞but/excepttodo例1)Ihavenochoicebuttogiveuptheplan.2)Therewasnothingwecoulddoexceptwait.注:but/except前有实义動詞do,其後to必须省去請注意如下几點:1)疑問代詞如what,which;疑問副詞如when,whether(why除外)引导的不定式可作know,decide等的宾語,在意义上相称与一种未曾发生的宾語從句。例1.Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepstotakenext.→Wehaven’tdecidedwhatstepsweshouldtakenext.2.Ireallydon’tknowwhethertowritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.→Ireallydon’tknowwhetherIshouldwritetoherorgiveheraphonecall.這种构造也可以作主語和表語例1.Whattodonextremainstobediscussed.下一步该怎么办有待于讨论。例2.Ourdifficultyiswheretogetenoughmoney.2)為了防止反复,不定式可省去与前边反复的動詞原形,而保留“to”。例:——Wouldyouliketogoforapicnicwithme?——I’dloveto,butIcan’tspareanytimeatpresent.(to後省略了goforapicnicwithyou)3)不定式的時态与語态:主動語态被動語态形式時间概念形式時间概念todo(一般時)1)未发生2)和谓語動作同步tobedone同左tobedoing(進行時)谓語動作发生時,正在進行tohavedone(完毕時)发生在谓語動作之前tohavebeendone同左不定式的進行時和完毕時常用在下列句型中:seem/appear(似乎)to1)S(人,物)happen(碰巧)topretendtobesaid(听說)tobethought/supposed/considered/believed(据认為)to2)S(人,物)bereported(据报导)tobeknown(懂得)to請注意:考察不定式的時态和語态,重要集中在以上句型中,是高考的重點和热點。Ihappenedtobestandingnexttohimwhenhefelldown.Thebankisreportedinthelocalnewspapertohavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightyesterday.据當地报紙指导,這家银行昨天在光天化曰之下遭到抢劫。Heisknowntohavebeenarrestedbythepolice.人們都懂得他曾被警察逮捕過。4)was/weretohavedone;wouldliketohavedonewished(hoped/wanted/intended/meant)tohavedone表达當時想做,而实际不能做到Iwastohavepickedyouupattheairport,butIforgotaboutit.IintendedtohavehelpedyououtbutIhadnomoneythen.我當時真想协助你挣脱困境,可是我那時身無分文。2.動名詞作動詞或介詞的宾語Ican’timaginemarryingagirlofthatsort.我很难想象与那种女子結婚後的情形。Inarrowlymissedbeingkilledinthecaraccident.在那次車祸中我死裏逃生。Headmittedhavingstolenmybicycle.他承认偷了我的自行車。Thereisnopointinarguinganyfurther.再争议下去毫無意义。1)下列動詞必须带動名詞构造作宾語:understand(理解),admit(承认),keep(on)(继续),practise(练习),finish(完毕),imagine(想象),miss(錯過,防止),avoid(防止),escape(逃避),suggest(提议),dislike(讨厌),enjoy(喜欢),delay(推迟),excuse(原谅),mind(介意),appreciate(感謝),oppose(反對)。此外,有的詞既可带動名詞做宾語,亦可带不定式做宾語补足語,請区别清晰。如:allowdoing(比较:allowsb.todo)advisedoing(比较:advisesb.todo)2)下列短語必须带動名詞构造作宾語:beworth(值得),payattentionto(注意),objectto(反對),can’thelp(情不自禁),devoteoneselfto(致力于),putoff(推迟),be/getusedto(习惯于),feellike(想要),lookforwardto(期望),getdownto(開始做,认真做某事),how/whatabout(……怎么样),Thereisnopoint(in)doingsth(做某事毫無意义)3)下列動詞可以用不定式作宾語,也可以用動名詞作宾語,但有明显的語义差异。rememberdoing回忆起過去做過的事remembertodo记住要做的事forgetdoing忘掉了曾做過的事forgettodo忘掉该做的事regretdoing對已发生的事表达懊悔regrettodo對目前要发生的事表达抱歉meandoing意味著,意思是meantodo打算,想要trydoing试一试某种措施trytodo设法去做一件事比较1.Idon’tmeantogiveuptheplan.我不打算放弃這個计划。Abreakdownonourwaywouldmeanourwalkingforhours.汽車半路抛锚意味著我們要步行几种小時。比较2.Ihavealwaysdeeplyregrettedselling(havingsold)thefarm.我一直為卖掉這個农場而懊悔不已。Weregrettotellyouthatyouowethebank&100.我們很遗憾地告诉你,你欠银行100英镑。第四节、非谓語動詞作状語作状語的非谓語動詞為:分詞和不定式1.目前分詞和過去分詞的区别1)目前分詞表达积极,译為“令人……”;過去分詞表达被動,译為“感到…”,這是两者最重要的区别Theweatherofthissummerisdisappointing.MyparentswillbedisappointedwithmeifIfailtheexam.描述事物或事情的性质一般用目前分詞。描述人的情感一般用過去分詞。Idon’tthinkitsurprisingforsuchabadmantohavebeenpunished.(it指“象這样的壞人受到惩罚”這件事)Therewasasurprisedexpressioninhereyes.她的眼裏流露出惊讶的神情。(人的表情是情感的详细体現,故应用過去分詞来修饰expression)2)目前分詞一般表达動作正在進行;過去分詞一般表达動作已完毕。Powerstationsemployfallingwatertoproduceelectricity.Thegroundiscoveredwithfallenleaves.2.目前分詞的時态与語态主動語态被動語态形式時间概念形式時间概念doing1)正在進行2)与谓語動作同步beingdone動作正在進行havingdonehavingbeendone同左3.分詞表达時间、原因、条件、让步、伴随或补充阐明等a)分詞做時间、原因、条件、让步状語的体現形式如下:doingdonehavingdoneS(主語)+VhavingbeendoneS(主語)+V(积极关系)(被動关系)Notunderstandingitsmeaning,heaskedtheteachertoexplaintheword.(表原因:understanding与句子主語he之间是积极关系,同谓語動詞asked同步发生)Havingmadeadecision,theyimmediatelysetouttowork.(表時间:makeadecision与句子主語之间是积极关系且发生于谓語動詞setout之前)Havingbeenexperimentedmanytimes,thisnewproductwillbeputintomassproduction.由于這一新产品已试验過多次,很快将投入批量生产。(表原因:experimented与主語product為被動关系,且先于谓語動詞put之前发生)詞作上述状語時,它的位置可置于主句之前,也可置于主語之後。例:They,havingmadeadecision,setouttowork.选择:Theresearchissodesignedthatonce_____nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(02全国)A.beginsB.havingbegun C.beginning D.begun本題考察状語從句的省略,难度较大。若時间、原因、条件和让步状語從句的主語与主句主語相似,且從句部分有be時,可省略從句主語及be。省略後的形式如下:(1)when(while,until,once,as,if,though等)+doing從句谓語動詞与主語為积极关系(2)when(while,until,once,as,if,though等)+done從句谓語動詞与主語為被動关系表达“某一事件的開始”,begin既可用积极态,也可以用被動态。状語從句体現形式:(1)Onceitbeings。這种形式,不具有省略条件。(2)Onceitisbegun。具有省略条件(有be)。省略後的形式為:Oncebegun。因此本題选D。b)分詞作伴随状語時,其形式為:(1)doing(2)done。究竟用目前分詞還是過去分詞,取决于该動作与句子主語是积极還是被動关系“Wecan’tgoingoutinthisweather,”saidBob,lookingoutofthewindow.(04重庆)Theboysatinthedarkroom,frightenedandtrembling.男孩一种人做在黑洞洞的房间裏,吓得浑身发抖。注意:作伴随状語的分詞,与谓語動作同步。這是判断一种動詞与否作伴随状語的重要尺度。請注意下列固定短語在作状語時的体現形式:Generallyspeaking一般地說Strictlyspeaking從严格意义上說Judgingfrom/by…根据…判断Given/Allowingfor考虑到Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.在缺乏經验的状况下,他們的工作算是做得不錯。4.不定式用作表目的,成果,方式和形容詞原因状語1)目的Towinovertheundecidedvoters,theyareworkingtwiceashard.為了把尚未拿定主意的选民争取過来,他們正在加倍努力工作。Hegotupearlynottomissthefirstbus.(notto也可用soasnotto或inordernotto這一强调形式)2)成果不定式作成果状語,常見构造有:tooadj/advtodo;tooadj+a+ntodosoadj/advastodo;such+nastodoTheboyistooyoungtodresshimself.Hewastooshrewd(精明的)abusinessmantoacceptouroffer.他是個非常精明的商人,不會接受我們的開价。Willyoubesokindastoturndowntheradio?請把收音机開小一點。Hecan’thavedonesuchaterriblethingastokeepyouwaitingsolong.他不也許做出這样糟糕的事,让你等這样長的時间。注意:表达一种事先没有预料的成果,用不定式。不定式前可用only来加强意想不到的語气。如:(04福建卷)Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,onlytobetoldthefilmstarshadleft.然而,要表达在事情发展過程中必然會产生的成果,就要用分詞来体現。分詞前可加thus,加强必然的語气。Thenewmachinewillworktwiceasfast,thusgreatlyreducingcosts.新机器的运转速度提高一倍,因而大大減少了成本。3)方式状語构造:S(人,物)be+adjtodo特點(1)句子的主語在逻辑关系上為不定式動作的宾語(2)形容詞為:easy,hard,difficult,comfortable,dangerous等。1.Somebooksareinterestingtoread,butboringtolearn.有些書讀起来很有趣,但學起来很讨厌。2.Thetelephonenumberiseasytoremember.他的電话号码很难记。3.Thatmanisdifficulttodealwith.那個人很难對付。4.Theriverisdangeroustoswimin.注意:以上句子,尽管句子的主語和不定式動作為被動关系,但只能用积极形式;若不定式動詞為不及物,应加上合适介詞,如例4。4)形容詞原因状語。此类形容詞一般是表达情感或评价行為体現的形容詞。Iamshockedtohearthenewsofhissuddendeath.Youweresillynottohavelockedyourcar.(04湖南)第五节、非谓語動詞作宾語补足語作宾語补足語的非谓語動詞是不定式和分詞。英語中有相称一批動詞必须以不定式作宾語补充語。Myparentsdon’tallowmetostayoutlate.Shewaitedimpatientlyforhimtomakeuphismind.這些動詞和短語為:wish,want,ask,require/request(规定);order,warn(警告)allow/permit,forbid(严禁),expect,remind(提醒),encourage,inspire(鼓励)callon(号召,规定),dependon,longforsb.todo(渴望)請尤其记住下列動詞的宾补形式,体現的意义及判断的根据。do宾語与宾补動作為积极关系。1.make(使)+O+Cdone宾語与宾补動作為被動关系。todo主語与不定式動作為积极关系。S+bemadedone主語与分詞動作為被動关系。注:句型“O”代表宾語,為名詞或代詞;“C”代表宾补。例:Thosewhowon’tworkshouldbemadetowork.那些不愿工作的人应强制他們去工作。Hecouldn’tmakehimselfheard.他無法让他人听到他說的话。2.Keep(leave)+O+Cdoing宾語与宾补動作為积极关系。(使……处在某种状态)done宾語与宾补動作為被動关系。doing主語与分詞動作為积极关系。S+be+kept(left)done主語与分詞動作為被動关系。例:Nowstudentsarekeptburyingthemselvesinbooksallday.目前的學生被迫成天埋頭讀書。Hisworkwasleftundone.他丢下工作不去干。3.doing宾語与宾补動作為积极关系。find(发現)+O+Cdone宾語与宾补動作為被動关系。doing主語与分詞動作為积极关系。S+be+founddone主語与分詞動作為被動关系。例:(03全国)Acookwillbeimmediatelyfiredifheisfoundsmokinginthekitchen.4.doing宾語与宾补動作為积极关系with+O+Cdone宾語与宾补動作為被動关系todo(動作未发生)例:1.Helayonthegrasslandwithhisjacketcoveringhisstomach.他躺在草地上,把上衣盖在肚子上。2.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewly-electedpresidentishavingahardtime.(02上海春季)由于诸多棘手的問題要处理,那為新當选的總统处境艰难。5.catchsb.doing;becaughtdoing该句型表达(偶尔或忽然)撞見、发現。例:Helookedaroundandcaughtamanputtinghishandintothepocketofapassenger.(04北京春季)他向四面看,忽然发現一种人把手伸進一种旅客的口袋6.do宾語与宾补動作為积极关系。让某人做某事。have(使)+O+Cdoing宾語与宾补動作為积极关系。让某一動作一直在進行。done宾語与宾补動作為被動关系。(表达:1)让某事由他人做。2)体現主語的遭遇。)例:1.Whomwouldyouliketohavehandlethecomplicationproblem?2.Paulhadhishandburnedseriouslywhilecookingdinner.保罗在做饭時,手被严重烫伤。7.todo宾語与宾补動作為积极关系。Getsbtodo=havesb.do。get(使)+O+Cdone宾語与宾补動作為被動关系。getsthdone=havesth.done。例:You’llnevergethertoagree.Whenaregoingtogetyourhaircut?8.感官動詞hear,listento,see,lookat,notice,watch,observe,feel等。do宾語与宾补動作是积极关系。该動作全過程已結束,或常常性发生。hear+O+Cdoing宾語与宾补動作是积极关系。该動作正在進行。done宾語与宾补動作是被動关系。todo主語与不定式動作為积极关系。该動作全過程已結束或常常发生S+be+hearddoing主語与分詞動作為积极关系。该動作正在進行。done主語与分詞動作為被動关系。例:Hehasneverheardhersingsowellbefore.Ididn’tnoticeyoucarryingapackwhenyoucamein.Neverbeforehadhefelthimselfsopowerfullyattractedtothescientificidea.改錯:1)NowmoretalentedyoungpeoplearehopedtogotoworkinWesternChina.ABCD2)Idemandyoualltotakeyourworkquiteseriously.ABCD3)Hisappearanceimmediatelymadeallthechildrenbecomingexcited.ABCD4)Thissonghasneverbeenheardtobesungsowell.ABCD5)Withmuchworkremainedtobedone,wehavetoputoffthetripuntilnextweek.ABCD答案:1)B錯arehoped→arewishedhopesb.todo經典病句2)B錯totake→(should)takedemand句型:1)demandtodo2)demandthat(should)do3)C錯becoming→become目前分詞doing不能做make的宾补。4)C錯tobesung→sung5)B錯remained→remaining。remain“剩余”是不及物動詞,只有积极形式。注意:以上動詞的宾补形式的考察是高考的重點和难點。第六节、非谓語動詞作定語1.不定式作定語在三种状况下需用不定式作定語:1)動作未发生,被修饰的名詞在逻辑关系上是不定式動作的宾語。不定式用积极形式還是被動形式,由句子的主語与不定式的逻辑关系决定。ItseemstomethatIhavenothingtotakehometomychildren.在我看来今天我們没有東西可以带給孩子了Shewilltelluswhyshefeelssostronglythateachofushasaroletoplayinmakingtheearthabetterplacetolive.(03上海春季)她會告诉我們為何她强烈地认為在使地球成為更好住处這一點上,我們每個人均有可以发挥的作用。若作定語的不定式動詞為不及物動詞,需加适合介詞。如:NowIfeelverylonelybecauseIcan’tfindanyonetotalkwith.2)被修饰的詞為抽象名詞,如need,way,reason,right等,不定式解释其内容。Thereisnoneedtoquarrelwithhim.Pleasegiveyourreasontorefusehim.3)被修饰的詞,其前有序数詞first,second,last,only作定語。Heisalwaysthefirst(one)togettoschooleveryday.Shewastheonlyonetosurviveintheaircrash.她是這次空难中唯一的幸存者。2.分詞作定語如下状况常用分詞作定語:1)被修饰名詞与作定語的動詞為积极关系,该動作正在進行,或与谓語動作同步進行,或是常常性行為時,用目前分詞。WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoorreading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”(99全国)目前分詞作定語在意义上相称于一种時态為進行時或一般時的定語從句。reading“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”=whichread“sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”2)若被修饰的名詞与作定語的動詞為被動关系,動詞采用如下三种形式:a)動作已发生或為常常性行為,用done。b)若動作正在進行用beingdone。c)動作未发生,用tobedone。例1:Manythingsimpossibleinthepastarecommontoday.A.consideringB.toconsiderC.consideredD.beingconsidered2:Peoplearetalkingabouttheplayintwodaysatthetheatre.A.toperformB.beingperformedC.performedD.tobeperformed例1答案為C。例2答案為D。非谓語動詞练习一、高考經典考題重現1.Youweresillynotyourcar.(04湖南卷)A.tolockB.tohavelockedC.lockingD.havinglocked2.Havingbeenillinbedfornearlyamonth,hehadahardtime________theexam.(04福建卷) A.pass B.topass C.passed D.passing3.I'veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhat________inmynewjob.(全国)A.expectedB.toexpectC.tobeexpectingD.expects

4.Theoldman,_________abroadfortwentyyears,isonthewaybacktohismotherland.(04江苏卷)A.toworkB.workingC.tohaveworkedD.havingworked5.______lateinthemorning,Bobturnedoffthealarm.(01北京春季) A.TosleepB.SleepingC.SleepD.Havingslept6.Thenewsreportershurriedtotheairport,only________thefilmstarshadleft.(04福建卷) A.totell B.tobetold C.telling D.told7.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorsto

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