第06讲　定语从句（知识讲解即时演练过关检测）

第06讲定语从句目标1学习定语从句引导词运用目标2相关解题技巧在复合句中，修饰某一名词、代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句放在先行词的后面。考点精讲一关系代词引导的定语从句【情境导入】Arealfriendissomeonewho①walksinwhentherestoftheworldwalkout.Arealfriendissomeonewhose②supportwecancounton.Arealfriendissomeonewho①seesourtrueself，notjustthefacewho/whom/that③weshowtotheworld.Yetthesedays，themoderntoolsthatkeepusconnectedareeatingawayatthemeaningoffriendship.Wemaybeabletomakemanyfriendsonline，butthesefriendshipscanbequiteshallow.Socialmedialikeblogshasebetweenusandthefriendswho/whom/that③welove.Textingandmessagingcannottaketheplaceoffacetofacechatting.“Sharing”ourexperiencesonsocialmediaisnotenoughtoexpressthevalueswhich/that④mattermosttous.“Liking”ourfriends’photosonlinedoesnotdeveloptheconnectionwhich/that④weshare.Tomakefriendsarealpartofourlives，weshouldputdownoursmartphonesandmeettheminperson.[规则感悟]①关系词指人作主语，可以用who，that引导。若先行词为someone，anyone，one等时，关系词只能用who。②关系词作定语，用whose引导，既可以指人也可以指物。③关系词指人作宾语，可以用who，whom，that引导。④关系词指物作主语或宾语，可以用which，that引导。1．who，whom和whose引导的定语从句。(1)who和whom都指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。(2)whose指人的或物的，在定语从句中作定语，指物时可用ofwhich代替，指人时可用ofwhom代替。Somepeoplewhoaresuccessfullanguagelearnersoftenfailinotherfields.有些成功的语言学习者，在其他领域常常会失败。Ihavemanyfriends(who/whom)I’mgoingtosendpostcardsto.我有很多朋友，我打算寄明信片给他们。Myeldestson，whoseworktakeshimallovertheworld，isinNewYorkatthemoment.我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使他在全世界到处跑。2．that和which引导的定语从句that代替的先行词可以是人也可以是物，但是which代替的先行词只能是物。使用这两个关系词要注意以下两点：(1)6种只用that引导定语从句的情况。①先行词是all，everything，anything，nothing，something，little，much，none，few，theone等不定代词时。②先行词被all，any，few，every，no，little，much，some等修饰时。③先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身是序数词或形容词最高级时。④先行词被theonly，thevery(正是，恰是),thelast修饰时。⑤先行词既有人又有物时。⑥当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。(2)4种只用which引导定语从句的情况。①引导非限制性定语从句时。②先行词为物，关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时。③先行词本身是that时。④关系代词后有插入语时。3．as引导的定语从句as引导限制性定语从句主要用于thesame...as...，such...as...和so...as...结构中。as既可以指人也可以指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。Wehavefoundthesamematerialsasareusedintheirfactory.我们已经找到了和他们工厂里使用的一样的材料。Thesehousesaresoldatsuchalowpriceaspeopleexpected.这些房子以人们期望的低价出售了。4．引导非限制性定语从句时as与which的区别关系词位置不同表意不同as既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多用see，know，expect，say，mention，report等which通常放在主句之后意为“这一点”或“这件事”等Asanybodycansee，theelephantislikeasnake.正如每个人所看到的一样，这头大象像一条蛇。Thenumberofsmokers，asisreported，hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.正如报道的那样，吸烟者的数量仅在一年内就已经减少了百分之十七。Shemarriedagain，whichwasunexpected.她再婚了，这是始料未及的。5．定语从句中的主谓一致(1)关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致；先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数。Therecorderthathasbeengiventomeishomemade.给我的那台录音机是国产的。(2)“oneof＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词，且关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词常用复数，但当one前有the、theonly、thevery等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。Heisoneofthestudentswhohavemadegreatprogress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohasmadegreatprogress.他是这些学生中唯一一个取得很大进步的学生。对点练习1．BMIisaninternationallyrecognizedmeasurementtoolwhich/thatgivesanindicationofwhethersomeoneisahealthyweight.(2021·浙江1月)2．DrRowan，whosesecretaryresignedtwoweeksago，hashadtodoallhisowntyping.3．Theladywhois(be)standingbehindthecounterismysister.4．Asiswidelyaccepted，intheMiddleEastArabsgreeteachotherbytouchingnoses，butthisisnotapolitewayofgreetinginothercultures.5．Whentheymetagain，thetwofriendstalkedaboutlotsofthingsandpersonsthattheycouldrememberintheschool.6．ThenMrGreenreadsomereviewsoftheplay，whichsaiditwasaterribleone.考点精讲二关系副词引导的定语从句【情境导入】Arecentsurveyhasfoundthatmanypeoplesufferfromsleepproblems.Someareunabletofallasleep，somewakeupinthemiddleofthenight，andotherssimplydonotgetenoughsleep.Oneofthereasonswhy①peoplefailtogetagoodnight’ssleepispressurefromschoolorwork.Noisepollutionandlightpollutioninbigcitiesmayalsocontributetosleepproblems.Intheshortterm，peoplewithsleepproblemsoftenfeeltiredandhavetroubleconcentrating.Inthelongterm，theymaybeatincreasedriskofhavingapoormemory，beingoverweightandsufferingaheartattack.Sleepproblemsareespeciallydangerousforteenagers.Theyarestillgrowing，andnightisthetimewhen②theirbodiesgrowfaster.Teenagerswhodonotsleepwellmayexperiencesituationswhere③bodydevelopmentslowsdown，andtheirhealthsuffers.So，ifyouhavetroublegettingagoodnight’ssleep，itmightbetimetomakesomechangesinyourlifestyle.[规则感悟]①先行词表示原因，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词why。②先行词表示时间，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词when。③先行词表示情况，关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。1．关系副词指代的先行词及其作用。先行词关系副词在从句中的作用与“介词＋关系代词”的关系表示时间的名词：time，day，year等when作时间状语＝at/in/on/duringwhich表示场所的名词：park，place，country，house等where作地点状语＝in/at/to/onwhich表示原因的名词：reasonwhy作原因状语＝forwhichWeliveinanagewhen(inwhich)moreinformationisavailablewithgreateasethaneverbefore.我们生活在一个比以前任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。Theschoolwhere(atwhich)Istudiedforonlytwoyearswasthreekilometresaway.我只在那里上了两年学的那所学校离这里有3000米远。Thereasonwhy(forwhich)hedidn’tpassthedrivingtestwasthathelackedpractice.他没有通过驾照考试的原因是他缺乏练习。2．有时先行词是表示抽象地点的名词，像activity，business，career，case，job，point，position，race，stage，situation等，当从句中缺少状语时，用关系副词where。Theyhavereachedthepointwheretheyhavetoseparatefromeachother.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。3．先行词occasion意为“时机”时，用关系副词when；意为“场合”时，用关系副词where。Icanrememberveryfewoccasionswhenhehadtocancelameetingbecauseofillhealth.我记得他很少有因为健康不佳而不得不取消会议的情况。Takingherwithmeonofficialoccasionswheremanyimportantfiguresarepresenthasbeenachallenge.在很多大人物到场的正式场合带上她对我而言是一种挑战。4．当先行词way意为“方法、方式”，且在从句中作状语时，关系词可用that，inwhich或省略关系词。It’snotwhatyousay；it’stheway(that/inwhich)yousayit.问题不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。5．关系副词与关系代词的选择。选用关系代词与关系副词时，首先应明确关系副词不可作主语或宾语。若定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，则定语从句需用关系代词引导；从句的谓语是及物动词，而其后无宾语，就必须用关系代词替代先行词充当其宾语；若为不及物动词，则从句中不需要宾语，需要用关系副词。如：eq\x(典例1)Thefactoryheonceworkedisclosednow.eq\x(分析)work与factory不能直接构成动宾关系，只有后面加上介词in才能构成正确的表达形式，workinthefactory。因此可推知work为不及物动词。因此此处应使用关系副词where作地点状语。eq\x(典例2)Thefactoryhesetuplastyearisoperatingwell.eq\x(分析)该题从句谓语动词可以和先行词构成动宾结构setupthefactory，所以setup是及物动词短语。其后缺宾语，因此此处用关系代词that或which。对点练习1．Inthespring，aseasonwhenwearelearningnewrhythmsoflife，manyofusfindfortinthenaturalworld.(2021·天津6月)2．Theyarenowinasituationwheretheyneedtomakeapracticalplan.3．Thatevening，whichIwilltellyoumoreaboutlater，Iendedupworkingverylate.4．Oneday，mentallyexhausted，Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproblemcouldnotbesolved.考点精讲三“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句【情境导入】Asisuniversallyknown，highschoollifeisanimportantturningpointandhighschoolcampusisanimportantplaceinwhich①studentsstudyandlive.Heretherearemanykindteacherstowhom②wecanturnforhelpwhenweareintrouble.MyclassmatesandIdecidedtodosomethingfortheinggraduation.Havinghadaheateddiscussion，weagreedonmakingavideowithwhich③wecouldrecordourexperiencesatschool.Materialcollectingtookusawholeweek，duringwhich④weinterviewedourteachersandtookpicturesofeveryaspectofschoollife.Somepromiseswereunavoidable，butthevideoturnedoutperfect.Thatdayonwhich⑤thevideowasplayed，itwaswellreceived.Thestudentsandteacherssharedagreattime，whichsurelygaveusagreatsenseofachievement.[规则感悟]“介词＋关系词”可以引导定语从句，如果先行词是物，关系词用which，如：①③④⑤；如果先行词是人，关系词用whom，如：②。介词可以根据与先行词的关系进行选择，如：①③④⑤，也可以根据与从句中谓语动词的搭配进行选择，如：②。1．若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。Heisthepersononwhomyoucandepend.他是你可以信赖的人。Hewasthemanfromwhoseroomthethiefhadstolenhisbag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。LastSundayIboughtsomebooksfromthebookstore，threeofwhichwereEnglishnovels.上周日我从书店买了一些书，其中三本是英文小说。2．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定：(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定Iboughtagreatmanybooks，onwhichIspentallmymoneythatIhadsaved.我买了很多书，花光了所有的积蓄。(2)依据先行词的某种习惯搭配来确定I’llneverforgetthetimeduringwhichIspentmychildhoodinthecountry.我永远不会忘记在乡下度过的童年时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定Thecolourlessgaswithoutwhichwecannotliveiscalledoxygen.没有它我们就不能生存的无色气体叫氧气。3．whose引导的非限制性定语从句修饰物时，“whose＋名词”可以换为“the＋名词＋ofwhich”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋ofwhom”。Thenewlybuiltcafe，thewallsofwhich(＝whosewalls)arepaintedlightgreen，isreallyapeacefulplaceforus，especiallyafterhardwork.这家新建成的咖啡馆，它的墙壁被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，这真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。对点练习1．WilliamHastieoncesuggestedthathistoryinformsusofpastmistakesfromwhichwecanlearnwithoutrepeatingthem.(2021·天津3月)2．HuaMulan，thestoryofwhomhasbeentoldbygenerationsinChina，isafighterfromtheNorthernWeiDynasty(386－534)．3．ThelargestcollectioneverfoundinEnglandwasoneofabout200,000silverpennies，allofthemover600yearsold.4．Ihaveanewbook，thecoverofwhichisverynice.INCLUDEPICTURE"D:\\邵园园\\00做ppt\\2023大一轮语文老教材宁陕蒙青川\\语法专题\\解题策略4.TIF"INCLUDEPICTURE"D:\\邵园园\\00做ppt\\2023大一轮语文老教材宁陕蒙青川\\语法专题\\解题策略4.TIF"INETINCLUDEPICTURE"D:\\邵园园\\00做ppt\\2023大一轮英语人教版老教材\\教师用书\\语法专题\\解题策略4.TIF"INETINCLUDEPICTURE"D:\\邵园园\\00做ppt\\2023大一轮英语人教版老教材\\教师用书\\语法专题\\解题策略4.TIF"INETINCLUDEPICTURE"\\\\邵园园\\d\\邵园园\\00做ppt\\2023大一轮英语人教版老教材\\教师用书\\语法专题\\解题策略4.TIF"INETINCLUDEPICTURE"D:\\邵园园\\00做ppt\\2023大一轮英语人教版老教材\\教师用书\\语法专题\\解题策略4.TIF"INETINCLUDEPICTURE"E:\\马珊珊\\2023\\一轮\\英语外研版新教材\\教师用书Word版文档\\语法专题\\解题策略4.TIF"INET【解题策略】1．IdecidedthatifIlearnedofapanywhich/thatusedalotofplastic，I’dsenditanemailurgingittocutback.(2021·新高考全国Ⅱ)2．AttheChineseartfestival，therearedifferentstandswhereartistsdemonstratetheirskillsandteachthevisitors.(2021·天津3月)3．Manywesternerswho/thatetoChinacookmuchlessthanintheirowncountriesoncetheyrealizehowcheapitcanbetoeatout.(2018·浙江6月)4．ButSarah，whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels，wantstoprovethatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.(2017·全国Ⅲ)层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1．Theoldmanturnedhisbusinessovertohisyoungerson，whichmadehiseldersondiscouraged.2．IwillneverforgetsuchabeautifulvillagewhereIspentmychildhoodwithmygrandparents.3．Theretheymetpeoplefromotherpartsofthecountry，whohadalsovolunteeredtohelp.4．Therearemanygoodwebsiteswhereyoucancheckoutthelatestinthescienceworld.5．HedecidedtogotoStanfordbecausethereweremanyopportunitiesforpeoplewho/thatwantedtoworkinSiliconValley.6．Hisintereststartedafewyearsago，whenhewasincollegeandstudyingwildlifescience.7．Overtheyears，Ihavemetsomeinterestingpeople.Twoofthemostinterestingpeopleweretwoelderlysisters，JoanandBernice，whosewayoftalkingaboutpeopleinspiredme.8．Asthesayinggoes，“Wherethereisawill，thereisaway.”9．ThereasonwhyTomlooksangryisthathehasquarreledwithhissister.10．YesterdayIcameacrossthemanaboutwhomyoutalkedlasttime.层级二高考真题练单句语法填空1．KimCobb，aprofessorattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnologyinAtlanta，isoneofasmallbutgrowingminorityofacademicswho/thatarecuttingbackontheirairtravelbecauseofclimatechange.(2022·浙江1月)2．Onthe1,100kilometerjourney，themanCaoShengkang，wholosthiseyesightattheageofeightinacaraccident，crossed40citiesandcountiesinthreeprovinces.(2022·全国甲)3．TheGPNPisintendedtoprovidestrongerprotectionforallthespeciesthatlivewithintheGiantPandaRangeandsignificantlyimprovethehealthoftheecosysteminthearea.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)4．Whenyousleep，yourbrainsortsthrougheverythingthathappenedduringtheday，tryingtolinknewexperiencestooldmemories.(2021·北京)5．Becausethemoon’sbodyblocksdirectradiomunicationwithaprobe，ChinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspotwhereitcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.(2020·全国Ⅰ)6．InancientChinalivedanartistwhosepaintingswerealmostlifelike.(2020·全国Ⅲ)7．The80,000objectscollectedbySirHansSloane，forexample，formedthecorecollectionoftheBritishMuseumwhich/thatopenedin1759.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)8．Theywerewelltrainedbytheirmasterswho/thathadgreatexperiencewithcaringfortheseanimals.(2019·全国Ⅲ)9．Thestudentsbenefitingmostfromcollegearethosewhoaretotallyengaged(参与)inacademiclife，takingfulladvantageofthecollege’schancesandresources(资源)．(2019·北京)10．Theirchildisatthestagewhereshecansayindividualwordsbutnotfullsentences.(2019·天津6月)层级三语篇提能练语法填空Therewasatime1.IwastiredoflearningEnglishanddislikedtospeakEnglish.Andthiswasthereason2.myfatherforcedmetojoinina30daytraininginanEnglishclubbeforeIwenttoseniorhighschool.WhenIfirstcametotheclub,3._____Imetmanystrangers，Imissedmyparentsverymuch.SoIpackedupmythingsandwantedtogohome.Fortunately，myguide,4.teacherwasYuMinhong，municatedwithmefacetoface.He，from5.Igainedsomeusefulinstructions，alsoshowedmeagoo