大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷17（共230题）

大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷17（共9套）（共230题）大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷第1套一、词汇理解(本题共30题，每题1.0分，共30分。)Inthepast12months,Nigeriahassufferedfromashrinkingeconomy,aslidingcurrency,andaprolongedfuelshortage.Now,Africa'slargestinfacingafoodcrisisasmajortomatofieldshavebeendestroyedbyaninsect,leadingtoanationwideshortageandescalatingprices.Theinsect,Tutaabsoluta,hasdestroyed80%offarmsinKaduna,Nigeria'slargesttomatoproducingstate,leadingthegovernmenttheretodeclareastateof【C1】______.Theinsect,alsoknownasthetomatoleafminer,devastatescropsby【C2】______onfruitsanddiggingintoandmovingthroughstalks.It【C3】______incrediblyquickly,breedingupto12generationsperyearifconditionsarefavorable.Itisbelievedtohave【C4】______inSouthAmericaintheearly1900s,andlaterspreadtoEuropebeforecrossingovertosub-SaharanAfrica.InNigeria,wheretomatoesareastapleoflocaldiets,theinsect'seffectsaredevastating.Retailpricesfora【C5】______oftomatoesatlocalmarketshaverisenfrom$0.50to$2.50.Farmersarereportingsteeplossesandanew$20milliontomato-pastefactoryhas【C6】______productionduetotheshortages.Giventhemoth'sabilityalsotoattackcropslikepepperandpotatoes,AuduOgbeh,Nigeria'sministerofagriculture,haswarnedthatthepestmay"createseriousproblemsforfood【C7】______"inthecountry.Ogbehsaysexpertsareinvestigatinghowtocontrolthepest'sdamageandpreventitsspread,whichhasgonelargely【C8】______untilnow.Despitebeingthecontinent'ssecond-largestproduceroftomatoes,Nigeriais【C9】______on$1billionworthoftomato-pasteimportseveryyear,asaround75%ofthelocalharvestgoestowastethankstoalackofproperstoragefacilities.Afurther【C10】______inlocalsuppliesisyetanotherunwelcomesetbacktotheindustry.A)dependentB)embarkingC)emergencyD)feedingE)grazesF)haltedG)handfulH)multitudeI)originatedJ)reductionK)reproducesL)securityM)terrorN)uncheckedO)unchecked1、【C1】标准答案：C知识点解析：空格前为介词of，故空格处应填名词或者动名词，且需填入的词应与astateof构成固定搭配。根据句意：这种名叫番茄叶虫的昆虫使80％的农场都遭受到了破坏，导致当地政府宣布进入______状态，故名词emergency符合题意，与of构成固定搭配，意为“紧急状态”。故选C。2、【C2】标准答案：D知识点解析：空格前为介词by，故空格处应填入动名词，且与后文digginginto和movingthrough构成平行结构。同时，还应与on构成固定搭配，故feeding为正确答案．feedingon意为“以……为食”。embarkingon“开始做某事”不符合原文语义，排除。故选D。3、【C3】标准答案：K知识点解析：划分句子成分可知，空格处应填入谓语动词，故备选项grazes，halted，originated和reproduces均在选择范围。根据后文“条件适宜的话，它一年可以繁衍12代”可推断出，这种昆虫的繁衍速度非常快，因此reproduces“繁殖”符合题意。故选K。4、【C4】标准答案：I知识点解析：根据空格前助动词have可知，空格处应填入过去分词，备选项有originated和halted。根据后文“它在横跨至撒哈拉以南的非洲之前就已经传播到了欧洲”可知，originated“起源”符合题意。故选I。5、【C5】标准答案：G知识点解析：根据空格前冠词a及空格后介词of可知，空格处所填词应与a和of构成固定搭配。根据句意“______西红柿的零售价格从0．5美元涨到2．5美元”，将备选项reduction“减少”、security“安全”和terror“恐怖行为”代入原文可知，它们均不符合句意，故排除。ahandfulof意为“一把”符合题意。故选G。6、【C6】标准答案：F知识点解析：根据助动词has可知，空格处所填单词应为动词过去分词，以构成现在完成时，因此halted“停止”符合题意。故选F。7、【C7】标准答案：L知识点解析：根据空格前的food和介词for可知，空格处所填单词与food一起作for的宾语，由此可知，空格处应填入名词。本句句意为：这种害虫可能对国家的粮食______造成危害，因此foodreduction“粮食减少”不符合语义，foodsecurity“粮食安全”符合题意。故选L。8、【C8】标准答案：N知识点解析：空格前hasgonelargely中的go为系动词，故空格处应填入形容词，构成系表结构。备选项有：dependent，unchecked，untouched。根据空格处所在句意“奥贝赫说专家们正在研究如何控制病虫害并控制其传播，而直到现在，这个问题都一一”可知，unchecked“未受制止的”符合题意。故选N。9、【C9】标准答案：A知识点解析：空格前为系动词is，由此可知，空格处应填入形容词，并与后面介词on相搭配。将备选项带入空格处可知，bedependenton“依赖于……”符合题意。故选A。10、【C10】标准答案：J知识点解析：空格前为冠词a和形容词further，通过谓语动词is可知，空格处所在位置为主语，因此空格处应填入名词。本句句意为：当地西红柿供给的进一步______将成为该行业的另一个障碍，因此reduction“降低”符合题意。故选J。Moneycanbuyhappiness,butonlyifyouspenditonsomeoneelse,researchersreported.Spendingaslittleas$5adayonsomeoneelsecouldsignificantly【C1】______happiness,theteamattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaandHarvardBusinessSchoolfound.Theirexperimentsonmorethan630Americansshowedtheywere【C2】______happierwhentheyspentmoneyonothers—eveniftheythoughtspendingthemoneyonthemselveswouldmakethem【C3】______."Wewantedtotestourtheorythathowpeoplespendtheirmoneyisatleastasimportantashowmuchmoneythey【C4】______,"saidElizabethDunn,apsychologistattheUniversityofBritishColumbia.Theyaskedtheir600volunteersfirstto【C5】______theirgeneralhappiness,reporttheirannualincomeanddetailtheirmonthlyspendingincludingbills,giftsforthemselves,giftsforothersanddonationstocharity."【C6】______ofhowmuchincomeeachpersonmade,thosewhospentmoneyonothersreportedgreaterhappiness,whilethosewhospentmoreonthemselvesdidnot,"Dunnsaidinastatement.Dunn'steamalsosurveyed16employeesatacompanyinBostonbeforeandaftertheyreceivedanannualprofit-sharing【C7】______ofbetween$3,000and$8,000."Employeeswho【C8】______moreoftheirbonustopro-socialspendingexperiencedgreaterhappinessafterreceivingthebonus,andthemannerinwhichtheyspentthatbonuswasamoreimportant【C9】______oftheirhappinessthanthesizeofthebonusitself,"theywroteintheirreport,publishedinthejournalScience.Theygavetheirvolunteers$5or$20andhalfgotclear【C10】______onhowtospendit.Thosewhospentthemoneyonsomeoneorsomethingelsereportedfeelinghappieraboutit.A)wealthierB)boostC)rateD)actuallyE)focusedF)earnG)devotedH)bonusI)regardlessJ)discussK)predictorL)instructionM)happierN)InspiteO)improve11、【C1】标准答案：B知识点解析：空前是情态动词could和副词significantly，空后是名词happiness，故此处应填一个动词，文章第一段提到把钱花在别人身上可以买到快乐，由此可推知．每天为别人花5美元可以增加快乐感。选项中，B项boost意为“增加，促进”，O项improve意为“改善，提高”，improve和boost均可以用来修饰happiness，不过boost语气更强烈，与文中空前副词significantly相呼应，更符合句意。因此选择boost“增加，促进”。12、【C2】标准答案：D知识点解析：空前是be动词were，空后是形容词比较级happier，则此处应填一个副词，联系上下文，可推知此句意为“即使实验对象认为为自己花钱会更快乐，但实际结果显示，他们为别人花钱时其实更加快乐”。D项actually意为“事实上，实际上”。因此选择actually“事实上，实际上”。13、【C3】标准答案：M知识点解析：空前是动宾结构，则此处应填一个动词或形容词，该空所在句破折号前句意为“实际结果显示，他们为别人花钱时其实更加快乐”，破折号后是由evenif引导的与前半句意思相反的句子，由此可推知，此空所在句意为“即使实验对象认为为自己花钱会更快乐”。M项happier意为“更快乐的”。因此选择happier“更快乐的”。14、【C4】标准答案：F知识点解析：空前是人称代词they，they前是名词money，那么此处应填一个动词，和they结合构成money的后置定语，此空所在句是由asimportantas将前后部分联系起来，此空和spend对应，花钱和赚钱对应，则此处应填earn。因此选择earn“获得，挣得”。15、【C5】标准答案：C知识点解析：空前是asksb．to结构，空后是名词theirgeneralhappiness，则此处应填一个动词，根据下一段内容“为别人花更多钱的人称自己的快乐感增强，而为自己花较多钱的人则没有这种感受”。这是作者对志愿者针对自己快乐感的评价的转述，C项rate意为“评价”。因此选择rate“评价”。16、【C6】标准答案：I知识点解析：根据此空所在句后半句内容“为别人花更多钱的人称自己的快乐感增强，而为自己花较多钱的人则没有这种感受。”可推知，前半句应是一个让步状语从句，I项regardless与空后of结合构成短语regardlessof，意为“无论，不管”。因此选择regardless“不管，不顾”。17、【C7】标准答案：H知识点解析：空前是profit-sharing(分红制)，空后是具体的金额范围，则此处应填一个与金钱有关的名词，选项中H项bonus意为“奖金”，加之下文中多次出现bonus，故bonus符合题意。因此选择bonus“奖金”。18、【C8】标准答案：G知识点解析：空前是定语从句引导词who，空后是名词moreoftheirbonus，则此处应填一个动词，联系上下文推知此句意为“这些员工领到奖金后，将较多钱花在别人身上的人快乐感更强”，选项中G项devoted意为“奉献”，与介词to搭配，意为“将……奉献给……”，符合题意。因此选择devoted“奉献”。19、【C9】标准答案：K知识点解析：空前是形容词important，空后是介词of．则此处应填一个名词，联系上下文推知，此句意为“他们支配这笔钱的方式比奖金本身的多少对快乐感的影响更大。”选项中K项predictor意为“预测器”，即他们支配这笔钱的方式是更重要的快乐感的预测器，这是一种打比方的说法，符合原文意思。因此选择predictor“预测器”。20、【C10】标准答案：L知识点解析：空前是形容词clear，空后是介词on，则此处应填一个名词，根据此段已有内容“研究人员向志愿者们分发了5美元至20美元金额不等的钱……结果发现，将钱用于别人或其他事情的人感到更快乐。”推知，研究人员告诉其中一组人花钱的方式，这样才会使两组实验人员形成对比。L项instruction意为“指示，指导”，符合文意。因此选择instruction“指示，指导”。Athirdofofficeworkerswouldrathergrabafewminutes【C1】______sleepthanbreakfast,accordingtoasurveythatestimatedpooreatinghabitswerecostingcompaniesdearlyintermsoflost【C2】______.AsurveybyIpsosMorifound17percentofBritishofficeworkersneverhavebreakfastand17percenthaveitjustonetothreetimesaweek.Itfoundeightpercentof1,051officestaffquestionedalso【C3】______skiplunch,withthesepooreatinghabitsestimatedtobecostingcompanies17billionpounds($34billion)ayearor97millionlostworkingdays."Worryingly,ofthosewho【C4】______ornevereatlunch,27percentalsonevereatbreakfastduringtheworkingweek,"saidIpsosMoriresearchersinastatement.Thesurvey,commissionedbyfoodservicecompanyBaxterStorey,【C5】______skippingbreakfastcostcompanies8.1billionpoundsor46.5millionlostworkingdays,withmanystudiesfindingalinkbetweeneatingbreakfastandattention【C6】______,learningabilityandgeneralwell-being.Whenotherpooreatinghabitssuchashavingnobreakfastandlunchorhavingnobreakfastandsnacks,areincluded,lostproductivity【C7】______tonearly17billionpounds.Thesurveyfoundmostemployees—percent—havelunch,with68percentoptingforsandwiches,butmostpeopledon'tdrinkenoughduringtheday.Only11percenthadthe【C8】______eightormoredrinksduringtheworkingday."Peoplewhoeatbreakfasthavebetterconcentration,problemsolvingability,mentalperformance,memoryandmood.Peoplewhoeatbreakfastarealsomore【C9】______energeticandhavebettercoordination,"saidnutritionspecialistMattBarker."Researchtellsusthatscoresonmemorytestswereabout15percentlowerinpeoplewhoskippedbreakfast.Andthosewhoskipittendtoeatsugary,fattyfoodslaterintheday,【C10】______theirproductivity."A)physicallyB)rarelyC)estimatedD)targetE)mentallyF)recommendedG)reducingH)adequateI)regularlyJ)extraK)specifiedL)enhancingM)productivityN)spanO)rocketed21、【C1】标准答案：J知识点解析：本文主要讲述了不良的饮食习惯导致工作效率下降的问题.由此可推知，此空所在句意为“三分之一的上班族早上宁愿多睡几分钟，也不愿起床吃早餐”。选项中，J项extra意为“额外的”，符合句意。因此选择extra“额外的”。22、【C2】标准答案：M知识点解析：空前是形容词lost(丧失的)，则此处应填一个名词，结合句意推知，员工不良的饮食习惯导致工作效率丧失，从而给公司造成了巨大损失。M项productivity意为“效率，生产力”，符合句意。因此选择productivity“效率，生产力”。23、【C3】标准答案：I知识点解析：空前的中心词是名词officestaff，空后是动词skip，则此处应填一个副词，修饰动词skip，根据后半句中的withthesepooreatinghabits可推知，此处指的是不良的饮食习惯，那么应该指经常不吃午餐的员工。I项regularly意为“经常地”，符合句意。因此选择regularly“经常地”。24、【C4】标准答案：B知识点解析：此空所填的词与副词never并列，故应填一个具有否定意义的副词，选项中，只有B项rarely(很少地)是具有否定意义的副词，填进去后句意为“令人担忧的是，在那些很少或从来不吃午餐的人中，27％的人也从不吃早餐。符合原文意思，因此选择rarely“很少地”。25、【C5】标准答案：C知识点解析：空前的中心词是Thesurvey，空后是省略掉that的从句，故此处应填一个动词，根据前文类似句子“withthesepooreatinghabitsestimatedtobecostingcompanies17billionpounds($34billion)ayearor97millionlostworkingdays．结合备选动词中C项estimated“估计”，K项specified“明确”，O项rocketed“快速增加”可知，C项动词estimated符合题意。26、【C6】标准答案：N知识点解析：此空所填词和ability并列，故应填一个名词，根据常识判断，不吃早餐的人很难长时间集中注意力，也就是“是否吃早餐与注意力集中时间长度、学习能力及总体幸福感有关”。选项中N项span意为“跨度，范围”，符合句意。因此选择span“跨度，范围”。27、【C7】标准答案：O知识点解析：空前句意为“如果将其他一些不良的饮食习惯也算上，如早餐和午餐都不吃或不吃早餐而吃零食，公司所遭受的损失……”，空后是具体数据：近170亿英镑，与上一段中提到的“81亿英镑”对比，突显出损失额的增加幅度之大。选项中O项rocketed有“快速增加”之意，与介词to搭配，意为“迅速增加到”，符合句意。因此选择rocketed“快速增加”。28、【C8】标准答案：F知识点解析：空前主谓结构完整，空后中心词是drinks，故此处应填一个形容词，根据常识，科学的饮水习惯是每天喝八杯水左右，即每天喝八杯水左右是受人推荐的饮水习惯。选项中，F项recommended意为“被推荐的”，符合句意。因此选择recommended“被推荐的”。29、【C9】标准答案：A知识点解析：空前中心词是be动词are，空后是形容词energetic，故此处应填一个副词．吃早餐的人更具活力，当然指的是身体状态，A项physically意为“身体上地”，符合句意。因此选择physically“身体上地”。30、【C10】标准答案：G知识点解析：空前句结构完整，空后是名词theirproductivity．则此处应填一个动词的现在分词形式，表伴随意义。根据此段内容“研究人员称，不吃早餐的人记忆力测试得分约低15％。而且早上不吃饭的人之后可能会吃甜食和高脂肪食品……”，可知，前后两甸是递进关系，故此句应为否定意义，即“降低他们的效率”，G项reducing意为“减少”，符合句意。因此选择reducing“减少”。大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷第2套一、词汇理解(本题共10题，每题1.0分，共10分。)It'shardtothinkofanearlyretirementasanythingotherthanapositive.Whowouldn'twanttotradeintheirsuitandtieforapairofbeachshorts?Whileretiringaheadofschedulemaybeeasieronthebody,anewsetofresearchhasfoundthatitmaynotbesobeneficialforthe【C1】________.Thestudy,conductedatBinghamtonUniversity,findsthatanearlyretirementcanacceleratetheusualrateofcognitive【C2】________amongtheelderly.TheresearchteamanalyzedChina'snewruralpensionscheme(NRPS),aswellasChina'smostrecentRetirementLongitudinalSurvey(CHARLS),inorderto【C3】________theeffectsofearlyretirementandpensionbenefitsonindividualcognitionamongadultsovertheageof60.Forreference,CHARLSisarepresentativenationalsurveyofChina'spopulationovertheageof45thattestsrespondentsregarding【C4】________cognition,episodicmemory,andoverallmentalwellbeing.LifeexpectancyratesinChinahavesteadilyincreasedoverthepastfewdecades,coincidingwithadeclineinfertility.ThesetwotrendshaveresultedinalargeelderlypopulationintheAsiannation,【C5】________creatinganurgentneedformorerobustpensionprograms.Aftergoingoverallofthedata,theresearchteam【C6】________acleartrend:individualsreceivingpensionbenefitswereexperiencingmuchmorerapidmentaldeclinethantheir【C7】________stillontheworkforce.Themostprominentindicatorofmentaldeclineamongretireeswasdelayedrecall,atraitwidelyconsideredtobean【C8】________predictorofdementia.Surprisingly,femalesseemedtoexperienceevensharpermentaldeclineafterretiringearly.Overall,theresultssupportthehypothesisthatdecreasedmentalactivityacceleratescognitivedecline.Thisstudy'sfindingsweresimilartopreviousresearchthathadfocusedonthe')ofretirementonelderlyindividualslivingintheUnitedStates,England,andtheEuropeanUnion.So,thisis10atrendlimitedtoAsia.A)menialF)investigateK)intensityB)notedG)accurateL)declineC)mindH)hardlyM)subsequentlyD)followingI)detailedN)impactE)witJ)initiallyO)counterparts1、【C1】标准答案：C知识点解析：空格前为定冠词the，因此空格处应填入名词（n.）。由句意可知，空格处的名词应与“大脑”表意相近。只有C项mind“头脑，大脑”符合句意。故本题选C。2、【C2】标准答案：L知识点解析：空格前为形容词cognitive，空格后为介词among，因此空格处应填入名词（n.）。由句意可知，空格处的名词应与“衰退，下降”表意相近。名词中只有L项decline“衰退，下降，减少”符合句意。故本题选L。3、【C3】标准答案：F知识点解析：空格前为inorderto，空格后为定冠词the，因此空格处应填入动词原形（v.）。由句意可知，空格处的动词应与“调查，研究”表意相近。动词中只有F项investigate“调查，研究”符合句意。故本题选F。4、【C4】标准答案：A知识点解析：空格前为介词regarding，空格后为名词cognition，因此空格处应填入形容词（a.）。由句意可知，空格处的形容词应与“心理上的”表意相近。形容词中只有A项mental“心理上的；精神上的”符合句意。故本题选A。5、【C5】标准答案：M知识点解析：空格前为逗号，空格后为动词creating，因此空格处应填入副词（ad.）。由句意可知，空格处应填表示顺承关系的副词。副词中只有M项subsequently“接着；后来”符合句意。故本题选M。6、【C6】标准答案：B知识点解析：空格前为名词team，空格后为不定冠词a，空格所在句缺少谓语，且文章用的是过去时，因此空格处应填入动词的过去式（v.-ed）。由句意可知，空格处的动词应与“发现”表意相近。只有B项noted“注意；指出”符合句意。故本题选B。7、【C7】标准答案：O知识点解析：空格前为形容词性物主代词their，空格所在句的主干为individualswereexperiencingmuchmoredeclinethan________，因此空格处应填入名词（n.），空格后的stillontheworkforce为后置定语，修饰空格处的名词。由句意可知，空格处的名词应与“对应的事物”表意相近。名词中只有O项counterparts“职位（或作用）相当的人；对应的事物”符合句意。故本题选O。8、【C8】标准答案：G知识点解析：空格前为不定冠词an，空格后为名词predictor，因此空格处应填入形容词（a.）。由句意可知，空格处的形容词应与“准确的”表意相近。形容词中只有G项accurate“准确的”符合句意。故本题选G。9、【C9】标准答案：N知识点解析：空格前为定冠词the，空格后为介词结构ofretirement作后置定语，因此空格处应填入名词（n.），且能与后面的介词on构成搭配。由句意可知，空格处的名词应与“影响”表意相近。名词中只有N项impact“影响”可与on构成搭配，意为“对……的影响”，符合句意。故本题选N。10、【C10】标准答案：H知识点解析：空格前为be动词is，空格后为不定冠词a，空格所在句不缺主干成分，因此空格处可填入副词（ad.）。由句意可知，空格处的副词应与“不仅”表意相近。副词中只有H项hardly“几乎不”符合句意。故本题选H。二、长篇阅读(本题共10题，每题1.0分，共10分。)TheImpossibilityofRapidEnergyTransitions[A]Politiciansarefondofpromisingrapidenergytransitions.Whetheritisatransitionfromimportedtodomesticoilorfromcoal-poweredelectricityproductiontonatural-gaspowerplants,politicianslovetotalkbig.Unfortunatelyforthem(andoftenthetaxpayers),ourenergysystemsareabitlikeanaircraftcarrier:theyareunbelievablyexpensive,theyarebuilttolastforaverylongtime,theyhaveahugeamountofinertia(meaningittakesalotofenergytosetthemmoving),andtheyhavealotofmomentumoncetheyaresetinmotion.Nomatterhowhardyoutry,youcan'tturnsomethingthatlargeonadime(10美分硬币),orevenafewthousanddimes.[B]Inphysics,movingobjectshavetwocharacteristicsrelevanttounderstandingthedynamicsofenergysystems:inertiaandmomentum.Inertiaistheresistanceofobjectstoeffortstochangetheirstateofmotion.Ifyoutrytopushaboulder(大圆石),itpushesyouback.Onceyouhavestartedtheboulderrolling,itdevelopsmomentum,whichisdefinedbyitsmassandvelocity.Momentumissaidtobe"conserved,"thatis,onceyoubuilditup,ithastogosomewhere.Soaheavyobject,likeafootballplayermovingatahighspeed,hasalotofmomentum—thatis,onceheismoving,itishardtochangehisstateofmotion.Ifyouwanttochangehiscourse,youhaveonlyafewchoices:youcanstophim,transferring(possiblypainfully)someofhiskineticenergy(动能)toyourownbody,oryoucanapproachalongsideandslowlyapplypressuretograduallyalterhiscourse.[C]Butthereareotherkindsofmomentumaswell.Afterall,wedon'tspeakonlyofobjectsorpeopleashavingmomentum;wespeakofentiresystemshavingmomentum.Whetherit'sasportsteamorapresidentialcampaign,everybodyrelisheshavingthebigmomentum,becauseitmakesthemhardertostoporchangedirection.[D]Onekindofmomentumistechnologicalmomentum.Whenatechnologyisdeployed,itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself.Considertheincandescent(白炽灯的)bulb,anobjectcurrentlyhatedbymanyenvironmentalistsandenergy-efficiencyadvocates.Theincandescentlightbulb,inventedbyThomasEdison,whichcametobethesymbolofinspiration,hasbeendevelopedintohundreds,ifnotthousands,offorms.Today,avisittoalightingstorerevealsastunningarrayofchoices.Therearestandard-shapedbulbs,flame-shapedbulbs,coloredglobe-shapedbulbs,andmore.Itisquiteeasy,withallthatchoice,tochangealightbulb.[E]Butthemomentumofincandescentlightingdoesnotstopthere.Allofthosespecializedbulbsledtothebuildingofspecializedlightfixtures,fromthedesklampyoustudyby,totheuglybutbelovedhand-paintedChineselampyouinheritedfromyourgrandmother,totheceilingfixtureinyourcloset,tothelightinyourovenorrefrigerator,andtothelightthatthedentistpointsatyou.Itiseasytochangealightbulb,sure,butitishardertochangethebulbanditsfixture.[F]Andthereismoretothestory,becausenotonlyarethedevicesthathouseincandescentbulbsshapedtotheirunderlyingcharacteristics,butroomsandentirebuildingshavebeendesignedinaccordancewithhowincandescentlightingreflectsoffwallsandwindows.[G]AslightingexpertHowardBrandstonpointsout,"Generally,therearenobadlightsources,onlybadapplications."TherearesomeverycommendablecharacteristicsoftheCFL[compactfluorescent(荧光的)lightbulb],yettheselectionofanylightsourceremainsinseparablefromtheluminaire(照明装置)thathousesit,alongwiththespaceinwhichbothareinstalled,andlightingrequirementsthatneedtobesatisfied.Thelamp,thefixture,andtheroom,allthreemustworkinconcertforthetruebenefitsofend-users.IftheCFLshouldbeusedforlightingaparticularspace,oranobjectwithinthatspace,thefixturemustbedesignedtoworkwiththatlamp,andthatfixturewiththeroom.Itisasymbiotic(共生的)relationship.ACFLcannotbesimplyinstalledinanincandescentfixtureandthenexpectedtoproduceavisualappearancethatismorethanwashedout,foggy,anddim.Thewholefixturemustbereplaced—lightsourceandluminaire—andthisisneveraninexpensiveproposition.[H]AndBrandstonknowsathingortwoaboutlighting,beingthemanwhoilluminatedtheStatueofLiberty.[I]Anothertypeofmomentumwehavetothinkaboutwhenplanningforchangesinourenergysystemsislabor-poolmomentum.Itisonethingtosaythatwearegoingtoshift30percentofourelectricitysupplyfrom,say,coaltonuclearpowerin20years.Butitisanotherthingtohaveasupplyoftrainedtalentthatcouldletyoucarryoutthispromise.Thatisbecausetheengineers,designers,regulators,operators,andalloftheotherskilledpeopleneededforthenewenergyindustryarespecialistswhohavetobetrainedfirst(orretrained,iftheyaretheonesbeinglaidoffinsomerelatedindustry),andeducation,likeanyothercomplicatedendeavor,takestime.Andnotonlydoourprospectivenewenergyworkershavetobetrained,theyhavetobetrainedintherightsequence.Oneneedsthedesigners,andperhapstheregulators,beforethebuildersandoperators,andeachgroupofworkersintraininghastoknowthereisworkwaitingbeyondgraduation.Insomecases,collegesanduniversitiesmighthavetochangetheirtrainingprograms,addinganotherlayerofdifficulty.[J]Byfarthebiggesttypeofmomentumthatcomesintoplaywhenitcomestochangingourenergysystemsiseconomicmomentum.Themajorcomponentsofourenergysystems,suchasfuelproduction,refining,electricalgenerationanddistribution,arecostlyinstallationsthathavelengthylifespans.Theyhavetooperateforlongperiodsoftimebeforethecostsofdevelopmenthavebeenrecovered.Wheninvestorsputupmoneytobuild,say,anuclearpowerplant,theyexpecttoearnthatmoneybackovertheplannedlifeoftheplant,whichistypicallybetween40and60years.SomecoalpowerplantsintheUnitedStateshaveoperatedformorethan70years!Theoldestcontinuouslyoperatedcommercialhydro-electricplantintheUnitedStatesisonNewYork'sHudsonRiver,anditwentintocommercialservicein1898.[K]AsVaclavSmilpointsout,"Alltheforecasts,plans,andanticipationscitedabovehavefailedsomiserablybecausetheirauthorsandpromotersthoughtthetransitionstheyhopedtoimplementwouldproceedunlikeallpreviousenergytransitions,andthattheirprogresscouldbeacceleratedinanunprecedentedmanner."[L]Whenyouhearpeoplespeakingofmakingarapidtransitiontowardanytypeofenergy,whetheritisaswitchfromcoaltonuclearpower,oraswitchfromgasoline-poweredcarstoelectriccars,orevenaswitchfromanincandescenttoafluorescentlight,understandingenergysysteminertiaandmomentumcanhelpyoudecidewhethertheirplansarefeasible.11、Notonlymovingobjectsandpeoplebutallsystemshavemomentum.标准答案：C知识点解析：题干：不仅运动的物体和人，而且所有系统都具有动量。题干的关键词movingobjectsandpeople和havemomentum分别与原文C段第二句中的objectsorpeople和havingmomentum相对应，题干是对C段第二句的同义替换。故本题选C。12、Changingthecurrentenergysystemrequiresthesystematictrainingofprofessionalsandskilledlabor.标准答案：I知识点解析：题干：改变当前的能源系统需要对专业人员和熟练的劳动力进行系统培训。题干的关键词training和skilledlabor分别与I段第四句中的trained和skilledpeople相对应，且题干关键词Changingthecurrentenergysystem与I段第一句中的changesinourenergysystems相对应，题干是对I段第一、四句的概括总结。故本题选I。13、Changingalightbulbiseasierthanchangingthefixturehousingit.标准答案：E知识点解析：题干：更换灯泡比更换承载灯泡的灯具更容易。题干的关键词Changingalightbulbiseasierthanchangingthefixture分别与原文E段末句中的Itiseasytochangealightbulb,sure,butitishardertochangethebulbanditsfixture相对应，题干是对E段末句的同义替换。故本题选E。14、Effortstoacceleratethecurrentenergytransitionsdidn’tsucceedasexpected.标准答案：K知识点解析：题干：加速当前能源转型所作的努力并没有像预期的那样成功。题干的关键词accelerate与原文K段中的accelerated对应，且题干关键词didn’tsucceed是K段中havefailed的同义替换，题干是对K段的概括总结。故本题选K。15、Tochangethelightsourceiscostlybecauseyouhavetochangethewholefixture.标准答案：G知识点解析：题干：更换光源成本很高，因为你必须更换整个灯具。题干的关键词change，thelightsource，costly，thewholefixture分别与原文G段最后一句中的bereplaced，lightsource，never…inexpensive，Thewholefixture相对应，题干是对G段最后一句的同义替换。故本题选G。16、Energysystems,likeanaircraftcarriersetinmotion,havehugemomentum.标准答案：A知识点解析：题干：能源系统，就像一艘启动的航空母舰，有着巨大的动量。题干的关键词Energysystems，anaircraftcarrierhavehugemomentum分别与A段第三句中的energysystems，anaircraftcarrier和havealotofmomentum相对应，题干是对A段第三句的同义替换。故本题选A。17、Theproblemwithlighting,ifitarises,oftendoesn’tlieinlightsourcesbutintheirapplications.标准答案：G知识点解析：题干：照明这一问题，如果出现的话，通常不在于光源，而在于它们的应用。题干的关键词lightsources；~applications分别在原文G段第一句中原词复现，且题干中的doesn’tliein…butin是G段第一句中thereareno…only的同义替换。题干是对G段第一句的同义替换。故本题选G。18、Thebiggestobstacletoenergytransitionisthatthepresentenergysystemistooexpensivetoreplace.标准答案：J知识点解析：题干：能源转型的最大障碍是现有的能源系统过于昂贵而难以替代。题干的关键词Thebiggestenergysystem别与J段第一句中的thebiggest和energysystems对应，且J段第二句指出装置的成本太高(costlyinstallations)，和题干的关键词tooexpensive相对应，题干是对J段第一、二句的概括总结。故本题选J。19、Theapplicationofatechnologycanimpactareasbeyonditself.标准答案：D知识点解析：题干：一项技术的应用可以影响其本身以外的领域。题干的关键词application，atechnology，impactareasbeyonditself与原文D段第二句中的deployed，atechnology，itsimpactsreachfarbeyonditself相对应，题干是对D段第二句的同义替换。故本题选D。20、Physicalcharacteristicsofmovingobjectshelpexplainthedynamicsofenergysystems.标准答案：B知识点解析：题干：运动的物体的物理特征有助于解释能量系统动力学。题干的关键词Physicalcharacteristics，movingobjects，explain，thedynamicsofenergysystems分别与原文B段第一句中的physics，characteristics，movingobjects，understanding，thedynamicsofenergysystems相对应，题干是对B段第一句的同义替换。故本题选B。三、仔细阅读(本题共10题，每题1.0分，共10分。)Fiftyyearsagotoday,whentheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA)openeditsdoors,Americanworkplaceswerefullofdangers.ThelawthatcreatedOSHAwasrevolutionary:Itestablished,forthefirsttime,therighttoasafeworkplace,freeofserioushazards.Businesseshadtocomplywithfederalregulationsandpermitinspectorstoexaminetheirfacilities.TheagencyhasimprovedworkingconditionsforgenerationsofAmericans.Ithaspreventedthousandsofdeathsandmillionsofinjuries.Butinresentyears,progresshasslowed.OSHA'slimitationspredatethepandemic.Theagency'senforcementstaffissosmallthatifOSHAsentinspectorstoeveryworkplace,itwouldtake162yearstovisitthemall.Newregulationsoftenlake10ormoreyearstobefinalized.What'smore,theemergenceoftheonlineplatformeconomyhasallowedmorebusinessestoabdicateresponsibilityforthepeopledoingworkontheirbehalf,sincegigworkersaren'taffordedtheprotectionsavailabletoregularemployees.Inaddition,severalothergroups—independentcontractors,peopleworkingonsmallfarms,eightmillionpublicsectorworkersin24statesandtheDistrictofColumbia-havenolegalrighttoasafeworkplace.Temporaryworkers,whoareatgreaterriskofinjuryanddeaththantraditionallyemployedworkers,alsooftenfallbetweenthecracks.WhileOSHAbadlyneedsmoreinspectors,itwillneverhaveenoughtovisitallworkplaces.Tobroadenitsimpact,theagencyshouldaugmenttheconsequencesforviolatingsafetyregulationsinordertoencourageemployerstoaddressthreatsbeforeOSHAinspects,andbeforeworkersgethurt.Publicizingsafetyviolationscanserveasaneffectivedeterrent:OnestudyfoundthatOSHAwouldhavetoconduct210inspectionstoachievethesameamountofdeterrenceasasinglenewsreleasedetailingaseveresafetyviolation.OSHAalsoneedstoadapttothechangingnatureoftheAmericanlabormarket.ItcantakeacuefromcountrieslikeAustraliaandNewZealand,whichhaveembracedanewmodelcalled"dutyofcare",inwhichcompaniesmustensurethattheiractivitiesdonotendangerthehealthandsafetyofanyworker,regardlessoftype.ThankstoOSHA'sefforts,countlessworkershavebeensparedinjuries,illnesses,disabilityandprematuredeath.Buttoomanyarestillbeinghurtonthejob.TheCovid-19pandemichastaughtusthevalueoftheofteninvisibleworkerswhomakeoureconomyfunction.OSHAshouldmodernizetoensurethatallworkersareabletodotheirjobsandattheendoftheirshiftsgohomesafeandhealthy.21、Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutOSHAinrecentyears?A、Itsperformanceisnotasbrilliantasbefore.B、Itsauthorityischallengedduetoinaction